Jump to content

Belly fetish: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Woopwiki (talk | contribs)
115 edits
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 12: Line 12:


====Evolutionary Perspective====
====Evolutionary Perspective====
The evolutionary need for ventral-ventral contact may arise from the need for physical contact, which is critical for human development.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harry F. Barlow |date=Dec 1, 1958 |title=The Nature of Love |work=Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Harlow-1958.pdf}}</ref> This connection to early human development, where close physical contact is essential for survival, could explain why belly-to-belly contact remains comforting and desirable in adult relationships. Of particular importance, skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between a mother and her child is essential for establishing healthy attachment bonds and for regulating the child's physiological responses, which overall support well-being and stability.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarah Blaffer Hrdy |date=Apr 15, 2011 |title=Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding |work=Harvard University Press |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Harlow-1958.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Gallace |last2=C. Spence |date=2010 |title=The science of interpersonal touch: An overview |work=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763408001723}}</ref> For example, one study of 3,472 women and their infants following [[cesarean section|cesarean birth]] concluded that SSC infants demonstrated better cardio-respiratory stabilization and higher blood glucose levels when compared to non-SSC infants; however, the authors reportedly need larger sample sizes to confirm these physiological benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=E. R. Moore |last2=N. Bergman |last3=G. C. Anderson |last4=N. Medley |date=2016 |title=Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=CD003519 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4 |pmid=27885658 |pmc=6464366 }}</ref> Another study examining the attachment bonds of 16 highly satisfied heterosexual married couples showed that simple touch not only reinforces healthy attachment but also attenuates the activation of neurological stress responses and negative emotions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James A. Coan |last2=Hillary S. Schaefer |last3=Richard J. Davidson |date=2006 |title=Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat |work=Harvard University Press |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x}}</ref>
The evolutionary need for ventral-ventral contact may arise from the need for physical contact, which is critical for human development.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Harry F. Barlow |date=Dec 1, 1958 |title=The Nature of Love |work=Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Harlow-1958.pdf}}</ref> This connection to early human development, where close physical contact is essential for survival, could explain why belly-to-belly contact remains comforting and desirable in adult relationships. Of particular importance, skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between a mother and her child is essential for establishing healthy attachment bonds and for regulating the child's physiological responses, which overall support well-being and stability.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarah Blaffer Hrdy |date=Apr 15, 2011 |title=Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding |work=Harvard University Press |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Harlow-1958.pdf}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=A. Gallace |last2=C. Spence |date=2010 |title=The science of interpersonal touch: An overview |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=246–259 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763408001723}}</ref> For example, one study of 3,472 women and their infants following [[cesarean section|cesarean birth]] concluded that SSC infants demonstrated better cardio-respiratory stabilization and higher blood glucose levels when compared to non-SSC infants; however, the authors reportedly need larger sample sizes to confirm these physiological benefits.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=E. R. Moore |last2=N. Bergman |last3=G. C. Anderson |last4=N. Medley |date=2016 |title=Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=11 |pages=CD003519 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4 |pmid=27885658 |pmc=6464366 }}</ref> Another study examining the attachment bonds of 16 highly satisfied heterosexual married couples showed that simple touch not only reinforces healthy attachment but also attenuates the activation of neurological stress responses and negative emotions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James A. Coan |last2=Hillary S. Schaefer |last3=Richard J. Davidson |date=2006 |title=Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat |work=Harvard University Press |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x}}</ref>


[[File:Kangaroo Care Laquintinie Hospital Cameroon.jpg|thumb|A mother provides skin-to-skin contact for her newborn infant]]
[[File:Kangaroo Care Laquintinie Hospital Cameroon.jpg|thumb|A mother provides skin-to-skin contact for her newborn infant]]
Line 19: Line 19:


====Psychological and Socioemotional Perspective====
====Psychological and Socioemotional Perspective====
For some, belly-to-belly contact can be a deeply sensory experience, evoking feelings of comfort, safety, and connection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiffany Field |date=2010 |title=Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review |work=Developmental Review |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273229711000025}}</ref> The warmth and softness of this contact can be soothing and contribute to emotional regulation, much like how infants are calmed by close physical contact with their caregivers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harry F. Barlow |date=Dec 1, 1958 |title=The Nature of Love |work=Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects |url=https://scottbarrykaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Harlow-1958.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=E. R. Moore |last2=N. Bergman |last3=G. C. Anderson |last4=N. Medley |date=2016 |title=Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=CD003519 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4 |pmid=27885658 |pmc=6464366 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=M. J. Hertenstein |last2=S. J. Weiss |date=2011 |title= The Handbook of Touch: Neuroscience, Behavioral, and Health Perspectives}}</ref> In adult relationships, this contact can reinforce a sense of closeness and emotional intimacy, extending beyond romantic contexts to include friendships and family bonds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Gallace |last2=C. Spence |date=2010 |title=The science of interpersonal touch: An overview |work=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149763408001723}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Debrot |last2=D. Schoebi |last3=M. Perrez |last4=A. B. Horn |date=2013 |title=Touch as an interpersonal emotion regulation process in couples' daily lives: The mediating role of psychological intimacy. |work=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251878881}}</ref>
For some, belly-to-belly contact can be a deeply sensory experience, evoking feelings of comfort, safety, and connection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiffany Field |date=2010 |title=Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review |journal=Developmental Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=367–383 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273229711000025}}</ref> The warmth and softness of this contact can be soothing and contribute to emotional regulation, much like how infants are calmed by close physical contact with their caregivers.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=M. J. Hertenstein |last2=S. J. Weiss |date=2011 |title= The Handbook of Touch: Neuroscience, Behavioral, and Health Perspectives}}</ref> In adult relationships, this contact can reinforce a sense of closeness and emotional intimacy, extending beyond romantic contexts to include friendships and family bonds.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Debrot |last2=D. Schoebi |last3=M. Perrez |last4=A. B. Horn |date=2013 |title=Touch as an interpersonal emotion regulation process in couples' daily lives: The mediating role of psychological intimacy. |work=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251878881}}</ref>


[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-20) (35497089465).jpg|thumb|Non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in a sports post-play celebration]]
[[File:AVP Professional Beach Volleyball in Austin, Texas (2017-05-20) (35497089465).jpg|thumb|Non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in a sports post-play celebration]]
Line 28: Line 28:


====Neuroscientific Perspective====
====Neuroscientific Perspective====
Belly-to-belly contact can stimulate release of [[oxytocin]], the "bonding hormone," which plays a key role in forming social bonds, enhancing trust, and reducing stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=M. Heinrichs |last2=B. von Dawans |last3=G. Domes |date=2009 |title=Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=341-349 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005 |pmid=19505497}}</ref> Touching sensitive areas like the belly further amplifies this "bonding" effect, as sensitive touch can stimulate neuronal firing in the brain's reward center, the [[nucleus accumbens]](NAc).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L. J. Elias |last2=I. K. Succi |last3=M. D. Schaffler |last4=W. Foster |last5=M. A. Gradwell |last6=M. Bohic |last7=A. Fushiki |last8=A. Upadhyay |last9=L. L. Ejoh |last10=R. Schwark |last11=R. Frazer |last12=B. Bistis |last13=J. E. Burke |last14=V. Saltz |last15=J. E. Boyce |last16=A. Jhumka |last17= R. M. Costa |last18=V. E. Abraira |last19=I. Abdus-Saboor |date=2023 |title=Touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity |journal=Cell Press |volume=186 |pages=577-590 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.034}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Maruyama |last2=R. Shimoju |last3=M. Ohkubo |last4=H. Maruyama |last5=M. Kurosawa |date=2012 |title=Tactile skin stimulation increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in rats |journal=Journal of Physiological Science |volume=62 |pages=259-266 |doi=10.1007/s12576-012-0205-z}}</ref> As a result, belly-to-belly contact neuropsychologically augments the emotional intimacy between two individuals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=John Howard, LMFT |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aumEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=More Than Words: The Science of Deepening Love and Connection in Any Relationship |date=2022 |publisher=S&S/Simon Element |isbn=1982182326 |pages=6,55}}</ref>
Belly-to-belly contact can stimulate release of [[oxytocin]], the "bonding hormone," which plays a key role in forming social bonds, enhancing trust, and reducing stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=M. Heinrichs |last2=B. von Dawans |last3=G. Domes |date=2009 |title=Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005 |pmid=19505497}}</ref> Touching sensitive areas like the belly further amplifies this "bonding" effect, as sensitive touch can stimulate neuronal firing in the brain's reward center, the [[nucleus accumbens]] (NAc).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=L. J. Elias |last2=I. K. Succi |last3=M. D. Schaffler |last4=W. Foster |last5=M. A. Gradwell |last6=M. Bohic |last7=A. Fushiki |last8=A. Upadhyay |last9=L. L. Ejoh |last10=R. Schwark |last11=R. Frazer |last12=B. Bistis |last13=J. E. Burke |last14=V. Saltz |last15=J. E. Boyce |last16=A. Jhumka |last17= R. M. Costa |last18=V. E. Abraira |last19=I. Abdus-Saboor |date=2023 |title=Touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity |journal=Cell Press |volume=186 |issue=3 |pages=577–590 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.034|pmc=9898224 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Maruyama |last2=R. Shimoju |last3=M. Ohkubo |last4=H. Maruyama |last5=M. Kurosawa |date=2012 |title=Tactile skin stimulation increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in rats |journal=Journal of Physiological Science |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1007/s12576-012-0205-z|pmc=10717409 }}</ref> As a result, belly-to-belly contact neuropsychologically augments the emotional intimacy between two individuals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=John Howard, LMFT |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aumEAAAQBAJ |title=More Than Words: The Science of Deepening Love and Connection in Any Relationship |date=2022 |publisher=S&S/Simon Element |isbn=978-1982182328 |pages=6,55}}</ref>


<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
Line 34: Line 34:
</gallery>
</gallery>


Moreover, as the torso contains numerous vital organs, belly-to-belly contact stimulates pathways related to [[thermoregulation]] and [[homeostasis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=A. Fotopoulo |last2=M. von Mohr |last3=C. Krahé |date=2022 |title=Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms |journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences |volume=43 |pages=80-87 |doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.008}}</ref> A study of 51 newborns found that SSC with belly-to-belly touch was significantly more effective at regulating newborn body temperature and homeostasis than using radiant heat alone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. A. Färdig |date=1980 |title=A comparison of skin-to-skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation |journal=Journal of Nurse-Midwifery |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19-28 |doi=10.1016/0091-2182(80)90005-1}}</ref> Therefore, belly-to-belly contact may help calm the [[autonomic nervous system]], reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=T. Field |date=2010 |title=Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review |journal=Developmental Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=367-383 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001}}</ref>
Moreover, as the torso contains numerous vital organs, belly-to-belly contact stimulates pathways related to [[thermoregulation]] and [[homeostasis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=A. Fotopoulo |last2=M. von Mohr |last3=C. Krahé |date=2022 |title=Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms |journal=Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences |volume=43 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.008}}</ref> A study of 51 newborns found that SSC with belly-to-belly touch was significantly more effective at regulating newborn body temperature and homeostasis than using radiant heat alone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. A. Färdig |date=1980 |title=A comparison of skin-to-skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation |journal=Journal of Nurse-Midwifery |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.1016/0091-2182(80)90005-1}}</ref> Therefore, belly-to-belly contact may help calm the [[autonomic nervous system]], reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=T. Field |date=2010 |title=Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review |journal=Developmental Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=367–383 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001}}</ref>


==Cultural background==
==Cultural background==
Line 44: Line 44:


Despite the prevalence of alvinolagnia, midriff exposure, and sexual belly-to-belly contact throughout Western pop culture, it is rare for belly-to-belly contact to be featured in Western media under a non-sexual tone. Nonetheless, non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in Western media generally represents either the establishment of a non-sexual friendship or the strengthening of an existing bond between two people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Larry Gross |date=26 Dec 2001 |title=Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America |work=Google Books |isbn=9780231529327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF3x8sUB1bEC&dq=will+and+grace+let%27s+touch+stomachs&pg=PA179}}</ref> For example, the North American sitcom ''[[Will & Grace]]'' features two characters, Jack and Karen, who initiate and periodically bolster their long-lasting friendship via non-sexual belly-to-belly touch,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali Velez |date=17 Jan 2017 |title=17 Times Jack & Karen from "Will & Grace" Were Friendship Goals AF |work=Buzzfeed |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/alivelez/17-times-jack-and-karen-were-the-real-stars-of-will-grace}}</ref> a quirk so infamous that it appeared on the show's holiday special.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Emily Longeretta |date=20 Nov 2017 |title='Will & Grace' Cast Throw It Back for Holiday Special |work=Weekly US News |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/will-grace-christmas-special-jack-karen-touch-stomachs-first-pics/}}</ref> More recently, non-sexual belly-to-belly touch became a key characteristic of [[Bayley and Sasha Banks]]' The Boss n' Hug Connection, a former women's professional wrestling tag team known for engaging in a post-match celebration involving belly-to-belly hugs.<ref>{{cite news |date=Jan 19, 2022 |title=Sasha Banks and Bayley Hug Moments |work=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2xI6bAjqYs}}</ref>
Despite the prevalence of alvinolagnia, midriff exposure, and sexual belly-to-belly contact throughout Western pop culture, it is rare for belly-to-belly contact to be featured in Western media under a non-sexual tone. Nonetheless, non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in Western media generally represents either the establishment of a non-sexual friendship or the strengthening of an existing bond between two people.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Larry Gross |date=26 Dec 2001 |title=Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America |work=Google Books |isbn=9780231529327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aF3x8sUB1bEC&dq=will+and+grace+let%27s+touch+stomachs&pg=PA179}}</ref> For example, the North American sitcom ''[[Will & Grace]]'' features two characters, Jack and Karen, who initiate and periodically bolster their long-lasting friendship via non-sexual belly-to-belly touch,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali Velez |date=17 Jan 2017 |title=17 Times Jack & Karen from "Will & Grace" Were Friendship Goals AF |work=Buzzfeed |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/alivelez/17-times-jack-and-karen-were-the-real-stars-of-will-grace}}</ref> a quirk so infamous that it appeared on the show's holiday special.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Emily Longeretta |date=20 Nov 2017 |title='Will & Grace' Cast Throw It Back for Holiday Special |work=Weekly US News |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/pictures/will-grace-christmas-special-jack-karen-touch-stomachs-first-pics/}}</ref> More recently, non-sexual belly-to-belly touch became a key characteristic of [[Bayley and Sasha Banks]]' The Boss n' Hug Connection, a former women's professional wrestling tag team known for engaging in a post-match celebration involving belly-to-belly hugs.<ref>{{cite news |date=Jan 19, 2022 |title=Sasha Banks and Bayley Hug Moments |work=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2xI6bAjqYs}}</ref>

===In animated media===
Belly-to-belly contact, when discussed in context of cartoons and animation, refers to the close physical interactions between characters, which can convey intimacy, empathy, or conflict. This type of contact plays a significant role in visual storytelling, impacting viewers' emotional responses and social perceptions.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

====Psychological impact====
The psychology behind belly-to-belly contact (see above) suggests it can enhance the emotional connection between the character and the viewer. In animation, belly-to-belly contact may symbolize closeness or confrontation, depending on the inherent context. For example, characters in a supportive embrace may evoke feelings of warmth and safety in the viewer, whereas a more confrontational stance may communicate tension or conflict.<ref name="auto4">{{cite news |first=Nalena |last=Kumar |title=Understanding the psychology of cartoons |website=Nalena |url=https://nalena.com/psychology-of-cartoons/}}</ref>

====Role in character development====
Belly-to-belly contact may be crucial in character design and development, especially when characters require complex relational and emotional dynamics. As a result, animators may use belly-to-belly contact to express complex narratives, allowing the viewer to infer a character's feelings and motivations via their physical closeness to or distance from other characters.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |first=David |last=Fessell |date=12 July 2021 |title=How Cartoons Boost Mood and Well-Being |website=Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/unlocking-your-potential/202107/how-cartoons-boost-mood-and-well-being}}</ref>

====Educational value====
Belly-to-belly contact may also serve educational purposes. In children's cartoons, belly-to-belly contact may teach valuable life lessons regarding relationships, interpersonal boundaries, reading one's bodily sensations, and emotional intelligence. For instance, seeing characters resolve their conflict via physical touch can assist younger viewers in understanding empathy and social skills.<ref name="auto4"/>

====Humor and comedy====
Cartoons may use humorous physical interactions to invoke audience response. For example, characters may inadvertently collide, often resulting in exaggerated reactions, playful chaos, and/or belly-to-belly contact. Such slapstick humor engages viewers visually and enhances character dynamics by showcasing the complexity of characters' interpersonal relationships and dynamic socioemotional states.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3"/> More specifically, cartoons may use belly-to-belly contact to exaggerate physical comedy. For example, characters aiming for a gentle embrace may accidentally collide with unexpected force, leading to humorous outcomes. This visual form of humor also relies on slapstick humor that resonates with audiences of all ages, making it a powerful tool in animated narratives.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto3"/>


===Middle Eastern culture===
===Middle Eastern culture===

Latest revision as of 11:49, 25 November 2024

A woman wearing a crop top and low rise jeans, leaving her belly exposed

A belly fetish (also known as a stomach fetish, or alvinolagnia)[1] is a partialism in which an individual is sexually attracted to the midriff[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] or belly.[11][12][13][14][15]

Description

[edit]

The belly is widely considered as an erogenous region,[16] meaning it holds multiple nerve endings that make it sensitive to various sensations.[17] Therefore, having a belly fetish usually coincides with belly-related sexual acts including but not limited to pressing a partner's belly, touching/rubbing the belly region, using sex toys and other objects (e.g., food, candles, ice, feathers, massage oils) to stimulate the belly region, rubbing one's belly against a partner's belly, or licking or sucking the navel.[18] For this reason, belly fetishism (alvinolagnia) often co-exists with navel fetishism (alvinophilia).[19][20] Overall, the belly fetish is a form of partialism.[17]

Belly-to-belly contact

[edit]

Individuals with alvinolagnia tend to enjoy having sexual intercourse in the missionary position given the position's heightened belly-to-belly contact between partners.[21] It is theorized that this sexual desire for belly-to-belly contact is linked to the evolutionary need for ventral-ventral contact when being nursed as an infant[22][23] or to entice feelings of being nurtured and loved.[24] One participant of a social experiment involving belly-to-belly contact described the act as "a very intimate thing, even when it's not meant to be."[25]

A couple demonstrating sexual belly-to-belly contact in the missionary position

Evolutionary Perspective

[edit]

The evolutionary need for ventral-ventral contact may arise from the need for physical contact, which is critical for human development.[26] This connection to early human development, where close physical contact is essential for survival, could explain why belly-to-belly contact remains comforting and desirable in adult relationships. Of particular importance, skin-to-skin contact (SSC) between a mother and her child is essential for establishing healthy attachment bonds and for regulating the child's physiological responses, which overall support well-being and stability.[27][28] For example, one study of 3,472 women and their infants following cesarean birth concluded that SSC infants demonstrated better cardio-respiratory stabilization and higher blood glucose levels when compared to non-SSC infants; however, the authors reportedly need larger sample sizes to confirm these physiological benefits.[29] Another study examining the attachment bonds of 16 highly satisfied heterosexual married couples showed that simple touch not only reinforces healthy attachment but also attenuates the activation of neurological stress responses and negative emotions.[30]

A mother provides skin-to-skin contact for her newborn infant

Belly-to-belly contact might also play a role in sexual selection, where close physical proximity and the sharing of warmth could be seen as indicators of a strong, nurturing partnership and the ability to provide nurturance to offspring.[31] This contact, whether in sexual or non-sexual contexts, can strengthen interindividual bonds, contributing to a sense of security and mutual support.[32]

Psychological and Socioemotional Perspective

[edit]

For some, belly-to-belly contact can be a deeply sensory experience, evoking feelings of comfort, safety, and connection.[33] The warmth and softness of this contact can be soothing and contribute to emotional regulation, much like how infants are calmed by close physical contact with their caregivers.[26][29][34] In adult relationships, this contact can reinforce a sense of closeness and emotional intimacy, extending beyond romantic contexts to include friendships and family bonds.[28][35]

Non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in a sports post-play celebration

These psychological undertones of ventral-ventral contact may also contribute to emotional and/or physiological arousal during objectively non-sexual belly-to-belly contact, which may happen when hugging or cuddling while wearing skin-revealing clothing (e.g., crop top, bikini);[36] taking part in some forms of partnered dance (e.g., bachata (dance), salsa (dance), tango (dance));[37] or participating in sports involving belly-to-belly contact either due to the sports' nature (e.g., wrestling, mixed martial arts)[38] or as a strategy for obtaining rest, breaking-up an opponent's rhythm, heightening camaraderie during play, and/or eliciting post-play celebration (e.g., boxing, beach volleyball).[39][40][41][42]

Band members wearing revealing clothing embracing post-concert, resulting in non-sexual belly-to-belly contact

Neuroscientific Perspective

[edit]

Belly-to-belly contact can stimulate release of oxytocin, the "bonding hormone," which plays a key role in forming social bonds, enhancing trust, and reducing stress.[43] Touching sensitive areas like the belly further amplifies this "bonding" effect, as sensitive touch can stimulate neuronal firing in the brain's reward center, the nucleus accumbens (NAc).[44][45] As a result, belly-to-belly contact neuropsychologically augments the emotional intimacy between two individuals.[46]

  • NAc (Green), Sagittal Sections
    NAc (Green), Sagittal Sections

Moreover, as the torso contains numerous vital organs, belly-to-belly contact stimulates pathways related to thermoregulation and homeostasis.[47] A study of 51 newborns found that SSC with belly-to-belly touch was significantly more effective at regulating newborn body temperature and homeostasis than using radiant heat alone.[48] Therefore, belly-to-belly contact may help calm the autonomic nervous system, reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation.[49]

Cultural background

[edit]

Western culture

[edit]

Some assume that alvinolagnia is a cause of the prevalent western fashion of female midriff exposure.[50] In the Victorian era, a small waist was considered the main trait of a beautiful woman.[51] The advent of bikinis in 1946,[52] the cheerleading fashion of the 1970s[53] and low-rise fashion started in the early 1990s[54] have contributed to widespread fascination of the belly region. Specific breakthroughs of the belly region being featured in American media include Cher in the 1970s "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour", as well as the character Ariel in Disney's The Little Mermaid (1989 film).[55] Midriff exposure also became common in the culture of 20th-century music with many famous female pop stars appearing on and offstage and in music videos with their midriff exposed.[56][57][58] Some get attracted to women wearing a crop top or bikini.[59]

Despite the prevalence of alvinolagnia, midriff exposure, and sexual belly-to-belly contact throughout Western pop culture, it is rare for belly-to-belly contact to be featured in Western media under a non-sexual tone. Nonetheless, non-sexual belly-to-belly contact in Western media generally represents either the establishment of a non-sexual friendship or the strengthening of an existing bond between two people.[60] For example, the North American sitcom Will & Grace features two characters, Jack and Karen, who initiate and periodically bolster their long-lasting friendship via non-sexual belly-to-belly touch,[61] a quirk so infamous that it appeared on the show's holiday special.[62] More recently, non-sexual belly-to-belly touch became a key characteristic of Bayley and Sasha Banks' The Boss n' Hug Connection, a former women's professional wrestling tag team known for engaging in a post-match celebration involving belly-to-belly hugs.[63]

In animated media

[edit]

Belly-to-belly contact, when discussed in context of cartoons and animation, refers to the close physical interactions between characters, which can convey intimacy, empathy, or conflict. This type of contact plays a significant role in visual storytelling, impacting viewers' emotional responses and social perceptions.[citation needed]

Psychological impact

[edit]

The psychology behind belly-to-belly contact (see above) suggests it can enhance the emotional connection between the character and the viewer. In animation, belly-to-belly contact may symbolize closeness or confrontation, depending on the inherent context. For example, characters in a supportive embrace may evoke feelings of warmth and safety in the viewer, whereas a more confrontational stance may communicate tension or conflict.[64]

Role in character development

[edit]

Belly-to-belly contact may be crucial in character design and development, especially when characters require complex relational and emotional dynamics. As a result, animators may use belly-to-belly contact to express complex narratives, allowing the viewer to infer a character's feelings and motivations via their physical closeness to or distance from other characters.[64][65]

Educational value

[edit]

Belly-to-belly contact may also serve educational purposes. In children's cartoons, belly-to-belly contact may teach valuable life lessons regarding relationships, interpersonal boundaries, reading one's bodily sensations, and emotional intelligence. For instance, seeing characters resolve their conflict via physical touch can assist younger viewers in understanding empathy and social skills.[64]

Humor and comedy

[edit]

Cartoons may use humorous physical interactions to invoke audience response. For example, characters may inadvertently collide, often resulting in exaggerated reactions, playful chaos, and/or belly-to-belly contact. Such slapstick humor engages viewers visually and enhances character dynamics by showcasing the complexity of characters' interpersonal relationships and dynamic socioemotional states.[64][65] More specifically, cartoons may use belly-to-belly contact to exaggerate physical comedy. For example, characters aiming for a gentle embrace may accidentally collide with unexpected force, leading to humorous outcomes. This visual form of humor also relies on slapstick humor that resonates with audiences of all ages, making it a powerful tool in animated narratives.[64][65]

Middle Eastern culture

[edit]
Belly dancing movements are considered to be seductive.

The eastern art of belly dancing places the female midriff on center stage.[66][67] The dance movements of the torso are considered to be seductive.[68]

Indian culture

[edit]
The exposure of midriff and navel in a sari
The exposure of midriff and navel in a sari

The bare female midriff is considered attractive and erotic in India.[69] Baring the midriff has always been a fashion in Indian women attire.[70][71] Indian women have traditionally worn saris[72] that bares the midriff, especially South Indian women.[73][74] The exposure of midriff in a sari is considered to be erotic.[75] The midriff is revealed in other traditional female attires like Ghagra choli.[76] Belly chains known as kamarband in India when worn with low-rise saris and lehengas are considered sensuous.[77] Most Indian women wear belly chains during weddings and other ceremonies as a show of culture and tradition. Nowadays, women have been pairing these chains with western outfits, mostly to draw attention to their figures.[78]

Men are intrigued by the demure floor-length attire and tantalising display of a bare midriff in the back.[79][80] Indian actress Ileana D'Cruz had commented that there were shots where a big porcelain seashell was thrown on her belly and flowers decorated around her waist during the shoot of her debut film and stated that the belly and navel is supposed to be a mark of a woman's beauty in South Indian films and they believe that the waist line is the most attractive part.[81][82][83][84] Indian singer Chinmayi once tweeted against a fan's request for saris during performances, saying, "Groups of men [...] take photographs of my waist + side of my chest, circle it and upload it on soft porn websites", adding that she "get[s] messages on how they're masturbating to it".[85]

Some Indian men are aroused by pinching a woman on her midriff bared by the sari.[86]

Accessories and tattoos

[edit]

Some people wear accessories like belly chains, navel piercings, tattoos etc., to enhance the appearance of the belly.[87] It can be a delicate thin or heavy thick chain.[78]

Navel piercing[88] and navel tattoos[89] have become more common among young women. The trend of piercing or tattooing the navel became popular in the 1990s.[90] It is popular among middle-aged women.[91][92] Some belly chains attach to a navel piercing; they are called "pierced belly chains".[93] Similar to navel piercings, hip piercings are also popular among women to express a bold personality.[94]

Some get stomach tattoos to attract attention of the onlookers,[95] but these tattoos are more commonly preferred by women. There are many variations in design, from tribal to flowers.[95][96] Some women even get these tattoos drawn on their lower backs[97] and flaunt them in low-rise jeans, shorts or skirts.[98]

Sometimes, looser clothing such as scarves or skirts around the female waist and curves can be sexually appealing.[99] Scarves wrapped around the waist are common among belly dancers.[98][100]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2002). "Sex crimes: patterns and behavior". Psychology (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Sage Publications. p. 19. ISBN 9780761924173.
  2. ^ "CRM 397 : Sex Offences" (PDF). Criminology - Missouri State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  3. ^ Sternberg, Rosalyn (16 April 2014). "Understanding Sexual Fetishes And Paraphilias". Kinsey Confidential. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  4. ^ Curra, John (8 May 2013). The Relativity of Deviance. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781483321202. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  5. ^ Ian Kerner; Steph Auteri. Good in Bed Guide to 52 Weeks of Amazing Sex. Good in Bed Guides. p. 221. ISBN 978-0984322152. Retrieved 6 July 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ Scutti, Susan (2014-06-12). "The Museum Of Sex Will Teach You About Your Sexual Nature And Possible Fetishes". Medical Daily. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  7. ^ "Dirty Sex Dictionary". Creative Loafing Tampa. Daily Loaf. Sep 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  8. ^ Purnis, Jan (2010). "Digestive Tracts: Early Modern Discourses of Digestion". University of Toronto: 25–26.
  9. ^ Maddan, Sean; Pazzani, Lynn (2017). "Sex Offenders: Crime and Processing in the Criminal Justice System". Aspen Criminal Justice Series: 56. ISBN 978-1454887232.
  10. ^ Snow, William Benham (1917). "The American Journal of Electrotherapeutics and Radiology, Volume 35". The American Journal of Electrotherapeutics and Radiology. 35. American Association of Electrotherapeutics and Radiology, American Electrotherapeutic Association, International Association of Climatologists, New York Electrotherapeutic Society (New York, N.Y.): 48–49.
  11. ^ Paul Convery (2012). Inkhorn's Erotonomicon: An Advanced Sexual Vocabulary for Verbivores and Vulgarians. Vol. 1. Troubador Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1780883151. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  12. ^ "Chat of the Clubs". The Dart and Midland Figaro. The Ohio State University. 1886. p. 6.
  13. ^ Charnock, Stephen (1864). The Complete Works of Stephen Charnock. Vol. 1. James Nichol. p. 240.
  14. ^ Swedenborg, Emanuel (1860). Of Heaven and its wonders, and of Hell, from what have been heard and seen. Translated from the original Latin, published in London 1758. p. 286.
  15. ^ V.Gallery, Daniel (1965). Eight Bells, and All's Well. the University of Michigan. p. 299.
  16. ^ Pallavi Tyagi (Jul 31, 2012). "Most pleasurable moan zones!". Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  17. ^ a b Arman Khan (Aug 20, 2022). "What Is Navel Play? A Beginner's Guide to Belly Button Fetishes". Vice Media Group.
  18. ^ Krissy Brady (Mar 15, 2016). "11 Sexy Things to Do to Your Partner's Belly Button in Bed". Women's Health Magazine.
  19. ^ Aggrawal, Anil (2009). Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1420043099. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  20. ^ Viren Swami, Adrian Furnham (2008). The Psychology of Physical Attraction. Indiana University: Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0415422505.
  21. ^ Caroline Shannon-Karaskin; Aryelle Siclait; Lydia Wang (Nov 9, 2022). "14 Ways to Make Missionary Sex So. Much. Hotter". Women's Health.
  22. ^ Patricia McConnell (Feb 9, 2010). "Hugging". The Other End of the Leash.
  23. ^ "Skin-to-Skin Contact". UNICEF United Kingdom. 2022.
  24. ^ Chewy Editorial (Jan 20, 2021). "Do Dogs Like Hugs?". BeChewy.
  25. ^ The Doctors (Apr 17, 2017). "Do Shirtless Hugs Reduce More Stress?". YouTube.
  26. ^ a b Harry F. Barlow (Dec 1, 1958). "The Nature of Love" (PDF). Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects.
  27. ^ Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (Apr 15, 2011). "Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding" (PDF). Harvard University Press.
  28. ^ a b A. Gallace; C. Spence (2010). "The science of interpersonal touch: An overview". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 34 (2): 246–259. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004.
  29. ^ a b E. R. Moore; N. Bergman; G. C. Anderson; N. Medley (2016). "Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD003519. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4. PMC 6464366. PMID 27885658.
  30. ^ James A. Coan; Hillary S. Schaefer; Richard J. Davidson (2006). "Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat". Harvard University Press. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x.
  31. ^ D. M. Buss; D. P. Schmitt (1993). "Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating" (PDF). Psychological Review.
  32. ^ D. A. Puts (2010). "Beauty and the beast: Mechanisms of sexual selection in humans". Evolution and Human Behavior.
  33. ^ Tiffany Field (2010). "Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review". Developmental Review. 30 (4): 367–383. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001.
  34. ^ M. J. Hertenstein; S. J. Weiss (2011). "The Handbook of Touch: Neuroscience, Behavioral, and Health Perspectives".
  35. ^ A. Debrot; D. Schoebi; M. Perrez; A. B. Horn (2013). "Touch as an interpersonal emotion regulation process in couples' daily lives: The mediating role of psychological intimacy". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
  36. ^ Sarah Hunter Myrray, Ph.D. (Aug 28, 2017). "The Sexual Science of Cuddling". Psychology Today.
  37. ^ "Latin Club Dances". Phoenix Latin & Ballroom. 2022.
  38. ^ Kyle Carroll (2014). "Technique of the Week: Belly-to-Belly Suplex". MyMMANews.
  39. ^ Jacob Smith (Oct 10, 2022). "Why Do People Hug in Boxing?". Casino.org.
  40. ^ "What's up with all the hugging in beach volleyball?". Reddit. 2021.
  41. ^ Mustafa Gatollari (Aug 2, 2021). "Volleyball Players Celebrate After Every Point for Two Reasons". Distractify.
  42. ^ Tetsuchi Kajimoto; Paresh Dave (Aug 6, 2021). "Beach Volleyball-America's Ross and Klineman beat Australia for gold". Reuters.
  43. ^ M. Heinrichs; B. von Dawans; G. Domes (2009). "Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 (3): 341–349. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005. PMID 19505497.
  44. ^ L. J. Elias; I. K. Succi; M. D. Schaffler; W. Foster; M. A. Gradwell; M. Bohic; A. Fushiki; A. Upadhyay; L. L. Ejoh; R. Schwark; R. Frazer; B. Bistis; J. E. Burke; V. Saltz; J. E. Boyce; A. Jhumka; R. M. Costa; V. E. Abraira; I. Abdus-Saboor (2023). "Touch neurons underlying dopaminergic pleasurable touch and sexual receptivity". Cell Press. 186 (3): 577–590. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.034. PMC 9898224.
  45. ^ K. Maruyama; R. Shimoju; M. Ohkubo; H. Maruyama; M. Kurosawa (2012). "Tactile skin stimulation increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in rats". Journal of Physiological Science. 62 (3): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s12576-012-0205-z. PMC 10717409.
  46. ^ John Howard, LMFT (2022). More Than Words: The Science of Deepening Love and Connection in Any Relationship. S&S/Simon Element. pp. 6, 55. ISBN 978-1982182328.
  47. ^ A. Fotopoulo; M. von Mohr; C. Krahé (2022). "Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 43: 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.08.008.
  48. ^ J. A. Färdig (1980). "A comparison of skin-to-skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation". Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 25 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1016/0091-2182(80)90005-1.
  49. ^ T. Field (2010). "Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review". Developmental Review. 30 (4): 367–383. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001.
  50. ^ Victor T. Cheney (2004). The Sex Offenses and their Treatments: The Problem--The Solution--Commentary. AuthorHouse. p. 135. ISBN 978-1418429515.
  51. ^ Silver, A.K. (2004). Victorian Literature and the Anorexic Body. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38 & 48. ISBN 0-511-03051-7
  52. ^ The Two Piece Swimsuit Evolution Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine. Gla moursurf.com.
  53. ^ Tim Delaney, Tim Madigan (2009). Sports: Why People Love Them!. University Press of America. p. 248. ISBN 9780761844891.
  54. ^ New York Media, LLC (10 May 1993). "Navel Mauvers". New York. p. 26. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  55. ^ Leon F Seltzer, PhD (10 May 2017). "What's So Sexy About Belly Buttons? Might navels be the most tantalizing--but least publicized--erogenous zone?". Psychology Today.
  56. ^ Christina Anderson (18 July 2012). "Rihanna, Madonna And 48 More Celebrities Who Made The Midriff So Fabulous (Photos)". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  57. ^ DANELLE SANDOVAL (May 19, 2015). "The 9 Best Christina Aguilera Midriff Moments From The '90s To 2000s, From Her "What A Girl Wants" Days To The "Dirrty" Era". BUSTLE. Archived from the original on 15 June 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  58. ^ "Boobs, Belly & Thigh! Dissect the Sexy Anatomy Of the ACM Awards Right Here!". perezhilton.com. 2014-04-07. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  59. ^ "Alvinolagnia". gaypopculture.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  60. ^ Larry Gross (26 Dec 2001). "Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America". Google Books. ISBN 9780231529327.
  61. ^ Ali Velez (17 Jan 2017). "17 Times Jack & Karen from "Will & Grace" Were Friendship Goals AF". Buzzfeed.
  62. ^ Emily Longeretta (20 Nov 2017). "'Will & Grace' Cast Throw It Back for Holiday Special". Weekly US News.
  63. ^ "Sasha Banks and Bayley Hug Moments". YouTube. Jan 19, 2022.
  64. ^ a b c d e Kumar, Nalena. "Understanding the psychology of cartoons". Nalena.
  65. ^ a b c Fessell, David (12 July 2021). "How Cartoons Boost Mood and Well-Being". Psychology Today.
  66. ^ drmarkgriffiths (2013-10-02). "Dance encounter: A beginner's guide to choreophila". drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  67. ^ Charlene Chua (Mar 28, 2012). "Belly sexy dancing". Asia One. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  68. ^ Karin van Nieuwkerk (1998). ""An hour for God and an hour for the heart": Islam, gender and female entertainment in Egypt". Music & Anthropology. §5. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  69. ^ Alka Pande (2011). Shringara the many faces of Indian beauty. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-8129125316.
  70. ^ Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) "The Sari", Lustre press / Roli books;
  71. ^ "Grange Official says Optimism Prevails about India's Future". Reading Eagle. Apr 6, 1969. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  72. ^ Dhamija, Jasleen; Jain, Jyotindra (1989). Handwoven fabrics of India. Mapin. p. 149.
  73. ^ Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage;
  74. ^ Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay)
  75. ^ Khushwant Singh (2012). Sex, Scotch & Scholarship. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-9350292426.
  76. ^ "Social Science a Textbook in History for Class IX as per New Syllabus - FK Publications". Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  77. ^ Priyanka Dasgupta (Sep 13, 2011). "Vidya Balan inspires Rituparna Sengupta?". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  78. ^ a b "Rocked the body chain yet?". The Times of India. Jun 19, 2015. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  79. ^ Novia McDonald-Whyte (August 12, 2002). "Unfolding the Indian Sari". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 2014-01-14. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  80. ^ Sowmya Rajendran (16 June 2017). "Sai Pallavi's debut in Telugu and Tamil: Here's some 'real beauty' coming our way". TheNewsMinute.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  81. ^ Sowmya Rajendran (28 July 2017). "Shooting the messenger: Why Ileana and Amy slamming Tollywood's navel obsession isn't 'hypocrisy'". www.thenewsminute.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  82. ^ "Ileana D'Cruz: It would be prudish to say 'I don't want to be a prop in a film'". BollywoodLife.com. 27 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  83. ^ "Ileana D'Cruz Seconds Taapsee Pannu's Comment On South's Midriff Obssession [sic] With Her Own Experience". India.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  84. ^ "Objectification Of Women Is Not Just An Issue In South But In Bollywood Too, Says Ileana D'cruz". Indiatimes.com. 26 August 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  85. ^ Iyengar, Anusha (Jan 28, 2019). "Chinmayi Sripaada gives it back to a fan who asks her to wear a saree while performing - check her tweet here". Times Now. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  86. ^ Vara, Rachel. "What's With Indian Men And The Navel Fetish?". Mogul. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  87. ^ Devan, Amy (2015-10-26). "Sari Gone West: 4 Innovative Ways to Style a Classic". india.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  88. ^ Veronica Manlow (2009). Designing Clothes: Culture and Organization of the Fashion Industry. Transaction Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 9781412810555. Retrieved 9 December 2015. Recently we've seen an emphasis in women's clothing on the hips and abdomen—low rise pants, halter tops, and even rings and jewels for the navel.
  89. ^ Lawrence J. Prelli (2006). Rhetorics of Display. University of South Carolina Press. p. 327. ISBN 9781570036194.
  90. ^ Jill Condra (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: 1801 to the present. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 224. ISBN 9780313336652.
  91. ^ Cindy Sigler Dagnan (16 August 2008). "Guest column: What happened to modesty?". The Joplin Globe. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  92. ^ Neha Kaura (20 May 2012). "Piercings make a fashion statement". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  93. ^ "Belly Chains are Very Popular Among Girls". daiira.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  94. ^ "21 Hip Piercing Pictures with Information". piercingmodels.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  95. ^ a b "20 Super Sexy Stomach Tattoos". tattoosbeautiful.com. 2015-09-12. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  96. ^ "Feminine Stomach Tattoos". inkedmag.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  97. ^ "The Tattoo redefined in India". desiblitz.com. 2011-02-08. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  98. ^ a b Shilpa, Sebastian R. (March 28, 2016). "Work that belly flat". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  99. ^ Neena, Veena Bidasha (2006). The Way of the Belly: 8 Essential Secrets of Beauty, Sensuality, Health, Happiness, and Outrageous Fun (Illustrated ed.). Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-1401906153. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  100. ^ Shilpa, Sebastian R. (March 24, 2016). "Celebrating the woman". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Belly_fetish&oldid=1259480891"