Guilder: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 12:31, 25 November 2024

Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in the Republic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with florin (currency sign ƒ or fl.).

The guilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the Dutch Empire.

Gold guilder

The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during the Holy Roman Empire. It first referred to the Italian gold florin, introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to the Rhenish gulden (florenus Rheni) issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries. Basel minted its own Apfelgulden between 1429 and 1509. Bern and Solothurn followed in the 1480s, Fribourg in 1509 and Zürich in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century.

The Reichsmünzordnung or imperial minting ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire first defined standards for the Rhenish gulden (Rheinischer Gulden) in 1524. It also defined a silver Guldengroschen of equal value to the gulden.^[1]^: 363-367^: 364-365

The standards of the Rhenish gulden has changed over the centuries, as follows:^[2]^: 19^[1]^: 364-365

In 1354, it was minted 1⁄66th a Cologne Mark of gold, 231⁄4 karats fine; hence 3.43 grams (0.110 troy ounces) fine gold, or identical to the Florentine florin.
By 1419, it was minted 1⁄67th to a Mark, 19 karats fine; hence 2.76 grams (0.089 troy ounces) fine gold.
By the 1559 Reichsmünzordnung, it was minted 1⁄72nd to a Mark, 181⁄2 karats; hence 2.50 grams (0.080 troy ounces) fine gold.

Currency guilder

With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period, gulden or guilder became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins. The Dutch guilder first emerged as the currency of the Burgundian Netherlands after the monetary reforms of 1435, under Philip the Good.^[2]^: 20^[3] It remained the national currency of the Netherlands until it was replaced by the euro, on 1 January 2002.

The Reichsmünzordnung of 1524 defined fixed standards for the gold Rhenish gulden and the Guldengroschen of equal value. By 1551, however, both coins were valued at 72 kreuzer, and a new guilder currency unit of 60 kreuzer was defined.^[1]^: 364-365 The latter gulden was then defined over the succeeding centuries as a currency unit worth a fraction of the silver Reichsthaler.

In 1753, Austria-Hungary and Bavaria agreed to the Conventions monetary standard which resulted into two differently valued gulden: the Austro-Hungarian florin of the Austrian Empire from 1754 to 1892, and the South German gulden of the Southern German states from 1754, until German unification in 1871. Currencies identical to the South German gulden include the Bavarian gulden, Baden gulden & the Württemberg gulden.

A Danzig gulden was in use from 1923 to 1939.

Currencies derived from the Dutch guilder

The Netherlands Indies gulden was introduced in 1602, at the start of the United East Indies Company.
The British Guianan guilder was in use in British Guiana from 1796 to 1839.
The Netherlands Antillean guilder was in use in the Netherlands Antilles until its dissolution, in 2010. Afterwards, it remained the currency of the new countries Curaçao and Sint Maarten and (until 1 January 2011) the Caribbean Netherlands.
The Surinamese guilder
The Netherlands New Guinean gulden
The Caribbean guilder is a proposed currency for Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Shaw, W. A. (1896). "Appendix V - The Monetary System of Germany". The History of Currency, 1252-1894 (Third ed.). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 363–367. ISBN 978-0342143832. LCCN 75006519. OCLC 613143051. OL 14346094M – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Munro, John (n.d.). Money And Coinage In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe (PDF) (Lecture). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022 – via University of Toronto.
^ The Vierlander, a precursor to the euro. http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine

[Shaw_1896-1] Shaw, W. A. (1896). "Appendix V - The Monetary System of Germany". The History of Currency, 1252-1894 (Third ed.). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 363–367. ISBN 978-0342143832. LCCN 75006519. OCLC 613143051. OL 14346094M – via Google Books.

[Munro-2] Munro, John (n.d.). Money And Coinage In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe (PDF) (Lecture). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022 – via University of Toronto.

[3] The Vierlander, a precursor to the euro. http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Former European currency}}
+{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=de|date=October 2024}}
 {{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
 [[File:Behrens 66.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Florence]] gulden (1341)]]
-'''Guilder''' is the [[English language|English]] translation of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]] '''''gulden''''', originally shortened from [[Middle High German]] ''guldin pfenninc'' "[[gold penny]]". This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] for the [[Florin (Italian coin)|Fiorino d'oro]] (introduced 1252).  Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with ''florin'' ([[currency sign]]  '''''ƒ''''' or  '''''ƒl.''''').
+'''Guilder''' is the [[English language|English]] translation of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]] '''''gulden''''', originally shortened from [[Middle High German]] ''guldin pfenninc'' ("[[gold penny]]"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] for the [[Florin (Italian coin)|Fiorino d'oro]] (introduced in 1252 in the [[Republic of Florence]]). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with ''florin'' ([[currency sign]] '''''ƒ''''' or '''''fl.''''').
+The '''guilder''' is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the [[Dutch Empire]].
-==Early versions==
-The term ''gulden'' was used in the Holy Roman Empire during the 14th to 16th centuries in generic reference to [[gold coin]]s. Currency became more standardized with the imperial reform of 1559. In the [[early modern period]], the value of a gulden was expressed in standardized form (''Rechnungsgulden''), and in some instances, [[silver coin]]s were minted designed to have the value corresponding to one gulden.
-The [[Rhenish gulden]] (florenus Rheni) was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries.
-[[Basel]] minted its own ''Apfelgulden'' between 1429 and 1509. [[Bern]] and [[Solothurn]] followed in the 1480s, [[Fribourg]] in 1509 and [[Zürich]] in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century, resulting in a fragmented system of local currencies in the [[early modern Switzerland]].
-==Modern currencies==
+==Gold guilder==
+The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. It first referred to the Italian gold [[florin]], introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to the [[Rhenish gulden]] (''florenus Rheni'') issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries. [[Basel]] minted its own ''Apfelgulden'' between 1429 and 1509. [[Bern]] and [[Solothurn]] followed in the 1480s, [[Fribourg]] in 1509 and [[Zürich]] in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century.
-With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period, ''gulden'' or ''guilder'' became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins, in the 17th and 18th centuries.
+The ''[[Reichsmünzordnung]]'' or imperial minting ordinance of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] first defined standards for the [[Rhenish gulden]] (''Rheinischer Gulden'') in 1524. It also defined a silver ''[[Guldengroschen]]'' of equal value to the ''gulden''.{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 363-367}}{{rp|page = 364-365}}
-The [[Netherlands Indies gulden]] was introduced in 1602, at the start of the [[United East Indies Company]].
-The [[Dutch guilder]] originated in 1680 as a {{cvt|10.61|g}} silver coin with a silver purity of {{Percentage|910|1000|1|pad=yes}}, minted by the [[States of Holland and West Friesland]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Krause | first=Chester |author2=Clifford Mishler  | year=2003 | edition=3rd | title=[Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1601-1700: Identification and Valuation Guide 17th Century (Standard Catalog of World Coins 17th Century Edition 1601-1700)] | publisher=[[Krause Publications]] | isbn=0-87349-666-3 | pages=932 }}</ref>
+The standards of the [[Rhenish gulden]] has changed over the centuries, as follows:{{r|Munro}}{{rp|page=19|quote=Rhenish florin }}{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 364-365}}
-The [[British Guianan guilder]] was in use in [[British Guiana]],  1796 to 1839.
+* In 1354, it was minted {{frac|66}}th a [[Cologne Mark]] of gold, 23{{frac|4}} karats fine; hence {{convert|3.43|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold, or identical to the Florentine [[florin]].
+* By 1419, it was minted {{frac|67}}th to a Mark, 19 karats fine; hence {{convert|2.76|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold.
+* By the 1559 ''[[Reichsmünzordnung]]'', it was minted {{frac|72}}nd to a Mark, 18{{frac|2}} karats; hence {{convert|2.50|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold.
+==Currency guilder==
-In 1753, [[Bavaria]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] agreed to use the same conventions. The result was
+With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period, ''gulden'' or ''guilder'' became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins. The [[Dutch guilder]] first emerged as the currency of the [[Burgundian Netherlands]] after the monetary reforms of 1435, under [[Philip the Good]].{{r|Munro}}{{rp|page=20|quote=With monetary unification in 1435, the florin or gulden money-of-account thus worth 40d. Flemish gros... The gulden money-of-account is tied to the pond groot, always worth 40 Flemish gros.}}<ref>The Vierlander, a precursor to the euro. http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512195833/http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm |date=2021-05-12 }}</ref> It remained the national currency of the [[Netherlands]] until it was replaced by the [[euro]], on 1 January 2002.
-the [[Austro-Hungarian gulden]] ([[Austrian Empire]]   1754 to 1892),  and the  [[Bavarian gulden]] (1754 to 1873, see also [[Baden gulden]],  [[Württemberg gulden]], [[South German gulden]]).
+The [[Reichsmünzordnung]] of 1524 defined fixed standards for the gold [[Rhenish gulden]] and the [[Guldengroschen]] of equal value. By 1551, however, both coins were valued at 72 [[kreuzer]], and a new guilder currency unit of 60 kreuzer was defined.{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 364-365}} The latter gulden was then defined over the succeeding centuries as a currency unit worth a fraction of the silver [[Reichsthaler]].
-A [[Danzig gulden]] was in use 1923 to 1939.
+In 1753, [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Bavaria]] agreed to the Conventions monetary standard which resulted into two differently valued gulden: the [[Austro-Hungarian florin]] of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1754 to 1892, and the [[South German gulden]] of the Southern German states from 1754, until German unification in 1871. Currencies identical to the [[South German gulden]] include the [[Bavarian gulden]], [[Baden gulden]] & the [[Württemberg gulden]].
-The [[Dutch guilder]] remained the national currency of the Netherlands until it was replaced by the  [[euro]] on 1 January 2002. The [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]] is currently the only guilder in use, which after the [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles]] remained the currency of the new countries [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]] and (until 1 January 2011) the [[Caribbean Netherlands]].
-* [[Surinamese guilder]]
-* [[Netherlands Indies gulden]]
-* [[Netherlands New Guinean gulden]]
+A [[Danzig gulden]] was in use from 1923 to 1939.
-The [[Caribbean guilder]] is a proposed currency for [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]].
+==Currencies derived from the Dutch guilder==
+* The [[Netherlands Indies gulden]] was introduced in 1602, at the start of the [[United East Indies Company]].
+* The [[British Guianan guilder]] was in use in [[British Guiana]] from 1796 to 1839.
+* The [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]] was in use in the [[Netherlands Antilles]] until its [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|dissolution]], in 2010. Afterwards, it remained the currency of the new countries [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]] and (until 1 January 2011) the [[Caribbean Netherlands]].
+* The [[Surinamese guilder]]
+* The [[Netherlands New Guinean gulden]]
+* The [[Caribbean guilder]] is a proposed currency for [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]].
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
 Other coin names that are derived from the gold of which they were once made:
-*[[Öre]], [[øre]]
+* [[Öre]], [[øre]]
+* [[Polish zloty|Zloty]]
-*[[Złoty]] (historically the Polish equivalent of German ''gulden'')
-*[[Hungarian forint]] (historically the Hungarian equivalent of Florentine ''florin'')
+* [[Hungarian forint]]
+* [[Meissen gulden]]
+* [[Reichsguldiner]]
 ==References==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em|refs=
+<ref name="Shaw_1896">{{cite book | last1 = Shaw  | first1 = W. A. | author-link1 = William Arthur Shaw | date = 1896 | title = The History of Currency, 1252-1894 | chapter-url = {{Google books|GrJCAAAAIAAJ|page=363|plainurl=yes}} | chapter-url-access = | chapter = Appendix V - The Monetary System of Germany | url =  {{Google books|GrJCAAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-status =  | language = en | edition = Third | publication-place = New York | publisher = [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] | pages = 363–367 | isbn = 978-0342143832 | lccn = 75006519 | oclc = 613143051 | ol = OL14346094M | via = [[Google Books]] | df = dmy-all}}</ref>
+<ref name="Munro">{{cite book | last1 = Munro | first1 = John | date = n.d. | title = Money And Coinage In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe | url = https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf | url-status = live | url-access =  | type = Lecture | language = en-CA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220613005454/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf | archive-date = 2022-06-13 | access-date = 2022-07-22 | via = [[University of Toronto]] | df = dmy-all}}</ref>
+}}
 {{Guilder}}

v t e Currencies named florin or similar
Circulating	Aruban florin Hungarian forint Netherlands Antillean guilder Polish zloty
Defunct	Austro-Hungarian florin (Gulden, forint, zlatý) Baden gulden Bavarian gulden British Guianan guilder Conventionsgulden Danzig gulden Dutch guilder East African florin Fribourg gulden Guldengroschen Lombardo-Venetian florin Luzern Gulden Netherlands Indies gulden Japanese occupation Dutch New Guinean gulden Neuchâtel gulden Rhenish gulden Schwyz Gulden South German Gulden Surinamese guilder Tuscan florin Württemberg Gulden
As a denomination	Florin (British coin) Florin (English coin) Florin (Irish coin) Florin (Italian coin) Florin (Aragonese coin)
Future	Caribbean guilder
See also	Florin sign (ƒ)
{{Groschen}} {{Pfennig}} {{Thaler}}

Authority control databases
National	Germany United States Israel
Other	Historical Dictionary of Switzerland