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{{Short description|Former European currency}} |
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[[nl:Gulden]] |
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{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=de|date=October 2024}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} |
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[[File:Behrens 66.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Florence]] gulden (1341)]] |
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'''Guilder''' is the [[English language|English]] translation of the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[German language|German]] '''''gulden''''', originally shortened from [[Middle High German]] ''guldin pfenninc'' ("[[gold penny]]"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] for the [[Florin (Italian coin)|Fiorino d'oro]] (introduced in 1252 in the [[Republic of Florence]]). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with ''florin'' ([[currency sign]] '''''ƒ''''' or '''''fl.'''''). |
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The '''guilder''' ([[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''gulden''') is the name of the [[currency]] used in the [[Netherlands]] from the [[15th century]] until [[1999]], when it was replaced by the [[euro]]. The guilder is still in use in [[Suriname]], [[Aruba]] and the [[Netherlands Antilles]], all former or current Dutch dependencies. |
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The '''guilder''' is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the [[Dutch Empire]]. |
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In the [[13th century]], coins struck in [[Florence, Italy]] - the ''florenus'' - were widely accepted throughout Europe, including the Netherlands. Through time, the name and form of the coins became adapted to the region and the name ''gulden'' was used, derived from the [[German language|German]] ''Goldene'' ([[gold]]en). However the abbreviation for the ''florenus,'' fl. or ƒ, remained in use. |
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==Gold guilder== |
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Through time, other coins derived from the guilder emerged. Among them was the ''daalder'', one and a half guilder. The name was derived from a large [[Germany|German]] coin called ''[[thaler]]'', shortened from Joachimsthaler, after St Joachimsthal where the [[silver]] ore for the coins was mined.. The name of the [[dollar]] was later derived from the Dutch ''daalder''. |
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The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. It first referred to the Italian gold [[florin]], introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to the [[Rhenish gulden]] (''florenus Rheni'') issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries. [[Basel]] minted its own ''Apfelgulden'' between 1429 and 1509. [[Bern]] and [[Solothurn]] followed in the 1480s, [[Fribourg]] in 1509 and [[Zürich]] in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century. |
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The ''[[Reichsmünzordnung]]'' or imperial minting ordinance of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] first defined standards for the [[Rhenish gulden]] (''Rheinischer Gulden'') in 1524. It also defined a silver ''[[Guldengroschen]]'' of equal value to the ''gulden''.{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 363-367}}{{rp|page = 364-365}} |
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The standards of the [[Rhenish gulden]] has changed over the centuries, as follows:{{r|Munro}}{{rp|page=19|quote=Rhenish florin }}{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 364-365}} |
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* In 1354, it was minted {{frac|66}}th a [[Cologne Mark]] of gold, 23{{frac|4}} karats fine; hence {{convert|3.43|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold, or identical to the Florentine [[florin]]. |
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* By 1419, it was minted {{frac|67}}th to a Mark, 19 karats fine; hence {{convert|2.76|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold. |
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* By the 1559 ''[[Reichsmünzordnung]]'', it was minted {{frac|72}}nd to a Mark, 18{{frac|2}} karats; hence {{convert|2.50|g|ozt|abbr=off}} fine gold. |
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==Currency guilder== |
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With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period, ''gulden'' or ''guilder'' became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins. The [[Dutch guilder]] first emerged as the currency of the [[Burgundian Netherlands]] after the monetary reforms of 1435, under [[Philip the Good]].{{r|Munro}}{{rp|page=20|quote=With monetary unification in 1435, the florin or gulden money-of-account thus worth 40d. Flemish gros... The gulden money-of-account is tied to the pond groot, always worth 40 Flemish gros.}}<ref>The Vierlander, a precursor to the euro. http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512195833/http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm |date=2021-05-12 }}</ref> It remained the national currency of the [[Netherlands]] until it was replaced by the [[euro]], on 1 January 2002. |
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The [[Reichsmünzordnung]] of 1524 defined fixed standards for the gold [[Rhenish gulden]] and the [[Guldengroschen]] of equal value. By 1551, however, both coins were valued at 72 [[kreuzer]], and a new guilder currency unit of 60 kreuzer was defined.{{r|Shaw_1896}}{{rp|page = 364-365}} The latter gulden was then defined over the succeeding centuries as a currency unit worth a fraction of the silver [[Reichsthaler]]. |
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In 1753, [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Bavaria]] agreed to the Conventions monetary standard which resulted into two differently valued gulden: the [[Austro-Hungarian florin]] of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1754 to 1892, and the [[South German gulden]] of the Southern German states from 1754, until German unification in 1871. Currencies identical to the [[South German gulden]] include the [[Bavarian gulden]], [[Baden gulden]] & the [[Württemberg gulden]]. |
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A [[Danzig gulden]] was in use from 1923 to 1939. |
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==Currencies derived from the Dutch guilder== |
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* The [[Netherlands Indies gulden]] was introduced in 1602, at the start of the [[United East Indies Company]]. |
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* The [[British Guianan guilder]] was in use in [[British Guiana]] from 1796 to 1839. |
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* The [[Netherlands Antillean guilder]] was in use in the [[Netherlands Antilles]] until its [[dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|dissolution]], in 2010. Afterwards, it remained the currency of the new countries [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]] and (until 1 January 2011) the [[Caribbean Netherlands]]. |
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* The [[Surinamese guilder]] |
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* The [[Netherlands New Guinean gulden]] |
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* The [[Caribbean guilder]] is a proposed currency for [[Curaçao]] and [[Sint Maarten]]. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}} |
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Other coin names that are derived from the gold of which they were once made: |
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* [[Öre]], [[øre]] |
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* [[Polish zloty|Zloty]] |
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* [[Hungarian forint]] |
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* [[Meissen gulden]] |
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* [[Reichsguldiner]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em|refs= |
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<ref name="Shaw_1896">{{cite book | last1 = Shaw | first1 = W. A. | author-link1 = William Arthur Shaw | date = 1896 | title = The History of Currency, 1252-1894 | chapter-url = {{Google books|GrJCAAAAIAAJ|page=363|plainurl=yes}} | chapter-url-access = | chapter = Appendix V - The Monetary System of Germany | url = {{Google books|GrJCAAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} | url-status = | language = en | edition = Third | publication-place = New York | publisher = [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] | pages = 363–367 | isbn = 978-0342143832 | lccn = 75006519 | oclc = 613143051 | ol = OL14346094M | via = [[Google Books]] | df = dmy-all}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Munro">{{cite book | last1 = Munro | first1 = John | date = n.d. | title = Money And Coinage In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe | url = https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf | url-status = live | url-access = | type = Lecture | language = en-CA | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220613005454/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf | archive-date = 2022-06-13 | access-date = 2022-07-22 | via = [[University of Toronto]] | df = dmy-all}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Guilder}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Guilder| ]] |
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[[Category:Denominations (currency)]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:31, 25 November 2024
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in the Republic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with florin (currency sign ƒ or fl.).
The guilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the Dutch Empire.
Gold guilder
[edit]The guilder or gulden was the name of several gold coins used during the Holy Roman Empire. It first referred to the Italian gold florin, introduced in the 13th century. It then referred to the Rhenish gulden (florenus Rheni) issued by several states of the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century. The Rhenish gulden was issued by Trier, Cologne and Mainz in the 14th and 15th centuries. Basel minted its own Apfelgulden between 1429 and 1509. Bern and Solothurn followed in the 1480s, Fribourg in 1509 and Zürich in 1510, and other towns in the 17th century.
The Reichsmünzordnung or imperial minting ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire first defined standards for the Rhenish gulden (Rheinischer Gulden) in 1524. It also defined a silver Guldengroschen of equal value to the gulden.[1]: 363-367 : 364-365
The standards of the Rhenish gulden has changed over the centuries, as follows:[2]: 19 [1]: 364-365
- In 1354, it was minted 1⁄66th a Cologne Mark of gold, 231⁄4 karats fine; hence 3.43 grams (0.110 troy ounces) fine gold, or identical to the Florentine florin.
- By 1419, it was minted 1⁄67th to a Mark, 19 karats fine; hence 2.76 grams (0.089 troy ounces) fine gold.
- By the 1559 Reichsmünzordnung, it was minted 1⁄72nd to a Mark, 181⁄2 karats; hence 2.50 grams (0.080 troy ounces) fine gold.
Currency guilder
[edit]With increasingly standardized currencies in the early modern period, gulden or guilder became a term for various early modern and modern currencies, detached from actual gold coins. The Dutch guilder first emerged as the currency of the Burgundian Netherlands after the monetary reforms of 1435, under Philip the Good.[2]: 20 [3] It remained the national currency of the Netherlands until it was replaced by the euro, on 1 January 2002.
The Reichsmünzordnung of 1524 defined fixed standards for the gold Rhenish gulden and the Guldengroschen of equal value. By 1551, however, both coins were valued at 72 kreuzer, and a new guilder currency unit of 60 kreuzer was defined.[1]: 364-365 The latter gulden was then defined over the succeeding centuries as a currency unit worth a fraction of the silver Reichsthaler.
In 1753, Austria-Hungary and Bavaria agreed to the Conventions monetary standard which resulted into two differently valued gulden: the Austro-Hungarian florin of the Austrian Empire from 1754 to 1892, and the South German gulden of the Southern German states from 1754, until German unification in 1871. Currencies identical to the South German gulden include the Bavarian gulden, Baden gulden & the Württemberg gulden.
A Danzig gulden was in use from 1923 to 1939.
Currencies derived from the Dutch guilder
[edit]- The Netherlands Indies gulden was introduced in 1602, at the start of the United East Indies Company.
- The British Guianan guilder was in use in British Guiana from 1796 to 1839.
- The Netherlands Antillean guilder was in use in the Netherlands Antilles until its dissolution, in 2010. Afterwards, it remained the currency of the new countries Curaçao and Sint Maarten and (until 1 January 2011) the Caribbean Netherlands.
- The Surinamese guilder
- The Netherlands New Guinean gulden
- The Caribbean guilder is a proposed currency for Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
See also
[edit]
Other coin names that are derived from the gold of which they were once made:
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Shaw, W. A. (1896). "Appendix V - The Monetary System of Germany". The History of Currency, 1252-1894 (Third ed.). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 363–367. ISBN 978-0342143832. LCCN 75006519. OCLC 613143051. OL 14346094M – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Munro, John (n.d.). Money And Coinage In Late Medieval And Early Modern Europe (PDF) (Lecture). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022 – via University of Toronto.
- ^ The Vierlander, a precursor to the euro. http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm Archived 2021-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
