State Peace and Development Council: Difference between revisions

State Peace and Development Council
နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့်ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ; နအဖ
Council overview
Formed	15 November 1997
Preceding Council	State Law and Order Restoration Council;
Dissolved	30 March 2011

State Law and Order Restoration Council
နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှုတည်ဆောက်ရေး အဖွဲ့; နဝတ
Council overview
Formed	18 September 1988
Preceding agencies	Council of State(as the supreme council); Pyithu Hluttaw(as the legislature);
Dissolved	15 November 1997
Superseding Council	State Peace and Development Council;

**Union of Burma**
(1988–1989)
**Union of Myanmar**
(1989–2011)
**Republic of the Union of Myanmar**
(2011)
ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
(1988–2011)
ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
(2011)
Union of Burma; (1988–1989); Union of Myanmar; (1989–2011); Republic of the Union of Myanmar; (2011) ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်; (1988–2011); ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်; (2011)
1988–2011
	Top: Flag (1988–2010); Bottom: Flag (2010–2011) ; Top: Seal (1988–2011); Bottom: Seal (2011)
	Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကျေ; Kaba Ma Kyei; "Till the End of the World"
Capital	Rangoon (Yangon); (1988–2006); Naypyidaw; (2006–2011)
Largest city	Rangoon
Official languages	Burmese
Religion	Theravada Buddhism (official since 2008)
Demonym(s)	Burmese
Government	Unitary state under a Stratocracy
Chairman
• 1988–1992	Saw Maung
• 1992–2011	Than Shwe
Vice-Chairman
• 1988–1992	Than Shwe
• 1992–2011	Maung Aye
Prime Minister
• 1988–1992 (first)	Saw Maung
• 1992–2003	Than Shwe
• 2003–2004	Khin Nyunt
• 2004–2007	Soe Win
• 2007–2010 (last)	Thein Sein
Legislature	State Law and Order Restoration Council (1988–1997); State Peace and Development Council (1997–2011)
Historical era	Cold War
• 1988 Military takeover	18 September 1988
• Renamed from "Burma" to "Myanmar"	18 June 1989
• ASEAN Declaration	23 July 1997
• Saffron Revolution	15 August 2007
• Elections	7 November 2010
• Aung San Suu Kyi released	13 November 2010
• Renamed to the Republic of the Union of Myanmar	31 January 2011
• SPDC dissolved	30 March 2011
Area
• Total	676,570 km2 (261,230 sq mi) (39th)
Population
• 1990	41,335,187
• 2000	46,719,698
• 2010	50,600,827
GDP (PPP)	2010 estimate
• Total	$152.150 billion
• Per capita	$3,090
GDP (nominal)	2010 estimate
• Total	$38.080 billion
• Per capita	$774
HDI (2011)	0.526; low
Currency	Kyat
Drives on	right
Calling code	95
ISO 3166 code	MM
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Today part of	Myanmar

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The State Peace and Development Council (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ [nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajé n̥ḭɰ̃ pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjó jé kaʊ̀ɰ̃sì]; abbreviated SPDC or နအဖ, [na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰]) was the official name of the military government of Burma (Myanmar) which, in 1997, succeeded the State Law and Order Restoration Council (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့; abbreviated SLORC or နဝတ) that had seized power under the rule of Saw Maung in 1988. On 30 March 2011, Senior General and Council Chairman Than Shwe signed a decree that officially dissolved the council.^[7]

SLORC succeeded the Pyithu Hluttaw as a legislature and the Council of State as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now Yangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC.

The SPDC consisted of eleven senior military officers. The members of the junta^[8] wielded a great deal more power than the cabinet ministers, who were either more-junior military officers or civilians. The exception was the Defence Ministry portfolio, which was in the hands of junta leader Senior General Than Shwe himself. On 15 September 1993, it established the Union Solidarity and Development Association which was replaced by Union Solidarity and Development Party on 29 March 2010 in time for the elections.

Although the regime retreated from the totalitarian Burmese Way to Socialism of the BSPP when it took power in 1988, the regime was widely accused of human rights abuses. It rejected the 1990 election results and kept Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest until her release on 13 November 2010.^[9] The way the junta handled Cyclone Nargis was also internationally criticised.^[10] The council was officially dissolved on 30 March 2011, with the inauguration of the newly elected government, led by its former member and Prime Minister, President Thein Sein.^[11]

History

The State Law and Order Restoration Council was formed when the Burmese Armed Forces, commanded by General Saw Maung (later self-promoted to Senior General Saw Maung, died July 1997), seized power on 18 September 1988 crushing the 8888 Uprising. On the day it seized power SLORC issued Order No.1/1988 stating that the Armed Forces had taken over power and announced the formation of the SLORC. With Order No. 2/1988, the SLORC abolished all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 Burmese constitution. The Pyithu Hluttaw (the legislature under the 1974 Constitution), the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet), the Council of People's Justices (the Judiciary), the Council of People's Attorneys (the Attorney-General Office), the Council of People's Inspectors (the Auditor-General Office), as well as the State/Region, Township, Ward/Village People's Councils were abolished.

The SLORC also stated that the services of the Deputy Ministers in the previous Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) government which it replaced were also terminated. (Under the 1974 Burmese Constitution the Council of Ministers acted as a Cabinet but since the Deputy Ministers were not considered to be formally part of the Council of Ministers, the SLORC made sure that the Deputy Ministers – together with the Ministers' – services in the previous BSPP government from whom it had taken over power were also terminated.) The Orders that SLORC issued on the day of its takeover can be seen in the 19 September 1988 issue of The Working People's Daily. The first Chairman of SLORC was General Saw Maung, later Senior General, who was also the Prime Minister. He was removed as both Chairman of SLORC and Prime Minister on 23 April 1992 when General Than Shwe, later Senior General, took over both posts from him.

On 15 November 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Most, but not all members of the abolished SLORC, were in the SPDC military regime.

Leadership

Chairmen

Chairman			Term of office			Political party
No.	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Took office	Left office	Duration	Political party
1		Senior General Saw Maung (1928–1997)	18 September 1988	23 April 1992 (deposed)	3 years, 218 days	Tatmadaw
2		Senior General Than Shwe (b. 1933)	23 April 1992	30 March 2011	18 years, 341 days	Tatmadaw

Vice Chairmen

Vice-chairman			Term of office			Political party
No.	Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Took office	Left office	Duration	Political party
1		General Than Shwe (b. 1933)	18 September 1988	June 1993	3 years, 218 days	Tatmadaw
2		Vice-Senior General Maung Aye (b. 1938)	July 1993	30 March 2011	17 years, 8 months	Tatmadaw

Former members

Ordered by protocol:

Senior General Than Shwe, Chairman of the SPDC, Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services
Vice Senior General Maung Aye, Deputy Chairman of the SPDC, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services, Commander-in-Chief of the Army
Retired General Thura U Shwe Mann, Former Joint Chief of Staff of the Army, Navy and Air Force
Retired General U Thein Sein, Prime Minister and former President
Retired General U Thiha Thura Tin Aung Myint Oo, Secretary-1 of the SPDC, Former Quartermaster General and ex-Vice-president
Major-General Ohn Myint, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 1 (Kachin State, Mandalay Region, Chin State, Sagaing Region)
Lieutenant-General Min Aung Hlaing, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 2 (Shan State, Kayah State)
Lieutenant-General Ko Ko, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 3 (Bago Region, Ayeyarwady Region)
Lieutenant-General Tha Aye, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 4 (Karen State, Mon State, Tanintharyi Region)
Lieutenant-General Myint Swe, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation – 5 (Yangon Region)
Lieutenant-General Khin Zaw, Chief of Bureau of Special Operation −6 (Magwe Region, Rakhine State)
Major-General Hla Htay Win, Chief of Armed Forces Training
Retired Lieutenant-General U Tin Aye, Former Chief of Military Ordnance, Current Head of Election Council^[12]
Lieutenant-General Thura Myint Aung, Adjutant General

Human rights abuses

Western non-governmental organisations, such as the Burma Campaign UK, the US Campaign for Burma, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have made a variety of serious accusations against the SPDC. Reports by these organisations as well as the United Nations and the Karen Human Rights Group alleged gross human rights abuses that took place in Burma under their regime, including:

Murder and arbitrary executions
Torture and rape
Recruitment of child soldiers
Forced relocations
Forced labour
Political imprisonment

Murder

One of the worst atrocities in Burma took place during the uprising of August 1988, when millions of Burmese marched throughout the country calling for an end to military rule. Soldiers shot hundreds of protesters and killed an estimated 3,000 people in the following weeks. During the August and September demonstrations of 2007, at least 184 protesters were shot and killed and many were tortured. Under the SPDC, the Burmese army engaged in military offensives against ethnic minority populations, committing acts that violated international humanitarian law.^[13]

Recruitment of child soldiers

It has been alleged that the SPDC forcibly recruited children – some as young as 10 – to serve in its army, the Tatmadaw. It is difficult to estimate the number of child soldiers used to serve in the Burmese army, but there were thousands, according to Human Rights Watch^[14]^[15] the Child Soldiers Global Report 2008^[16] and Amnesty International.^{[citation needed]}

The UN Secretary-General named the SPDC in four consecutive reports for violating international standards prohibiting the recruitment and use of child soldiers.^[17]

Forced relocations

Human Rights Watch reported^[18] that since Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, the Burmese authorities expelled hundreds, if not thousands, of displaced persons from schools, monasteries, and public buildings, and encouraged them to return to their destroyed villages in the Irrawaddy Delta. The authorities emptied some public buildings and schools to use as polling stations for the 24 May referendum on a new constitution, despite pleas from United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to postpone the referendum and focus their resources on humanitarian relief. The SPDC was alleged to have evicted people from dozens of government-operated tented relief camps in the vicinity of the former capital Yangon, ordering the residents to return to their homes, regardless of the conditions they face.

The forced evictions were part of government efforts to demonstrate that the emergency relief period was over and that the affected population were capable of rebuilding their lives without foreign aid. People who were forced from their homes by Cyclone Nargis are considered to be internally displaced persons under international law. Under the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Burmese government was urged to ensure the right of "internally displaced persons to return voluntarily, in safety and with dignity, to their homes or places of habitual residence, or to resettle voluntarily in another part of the country."

Forced labour

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), despite the new quasi-civilian government taking power in Burma, forced labour continues to be widespread in Burma. It is imposed mainly by the military, for portering (that is, carrying of provisions to remote bases, or on military operations), road construction, camp construction and repair, and for a range of other tasks. In March 1997, the European Union withdrew Burma's trade privileges because of the prevalence of forced labour and other abuses. The same year, the ILO established a Commission of Inquiry to look into allegations of forced labour, coming up with a damning report the following year.

In November 2006, the International Labour Organization (ILO) announced it was to seek at the International Criminal Court^[19] "to prosecute members of the ruling Myanmar junta for crimes against humanity" over the allegations of forced labour of its citizens by the military. According to the ILO, an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labour in Burma.^[20]

Political imprisonment

Even before the large-scale demonstrations began in August 2007, the authorities arrested many well-known opponents of the government on political grounds, several of whom had only been released from prison several months earlier. Before the 25–29 September crackdown, more arrests of members of the opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) took place, which critics say was a pre-emptive measure before the crackdown.

Mass round-ups occurred during the crackdown itself, and the authorities continued to arrest protesters and supporters throughout 2007. Between 3,000 and 4,000 political prisoners were detained, including children and pregnant women, 700 of whom were believed still in detention at year's end. At least 20 were charged and sentenced under anti-terrorism legislation in proceedings which did not meet international fair trial standards. Detainees and defendants were denied the right to legal counsel.^[21]

References

^ The Adaptation of Expressions Law (2). 18 June 1989.
^ The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 (1(b),2(a)). The State Peace and Development Council. 27 January 2011.
^ "၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ" [2008 Constitution]. Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library (in Burmese). March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။
^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
^ Shwe Yinn Mar Oo; Soe Than Lynn (4 April 2011). "Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved'". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Leibenluft, Jacob (2 June 2008). "Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma". Slate. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
^ "Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ Klug, Foster (12 May 2008). "Bush says world should condemn Myanmar". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
^ Wai Moe (30 March 2011). "Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
^ "Myanmar: Junta Member Resigns From Parliament". The New York Times. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ Pearson, Elaine (6 August 2008). "Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
^ "Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "The Plight of Child Soldiers in Burma". 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ "Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, 26 October 2006 UN Doc. A/61/529 S2006/826" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar to the Security Council, 16 November 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/666" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar 1 June 2009 UN Doc. S/2009/278" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011.
^ Mathieson, David Scott (29 April 2010). ""I Want to Help My Own People"". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Human Rights in Myanmar". Archived from the original on 22 March 2006.
^ "ILO cracks the whip at Yangon". Archived from the original on 4 April 2005.
^ "Amnesty International Report 2009 | Working to Protect Human Rights". Thereport.amnesty.org. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.

External links

[1] The Adaptation of Expressions Law (2). 18 June 1989.

[2] The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 (1(b),2(a)). The State Peace and Development Council. 27 January 2011.

[ct-3] "၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ" [2008 Constitution]. Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library (in Burmese). March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022. ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။

[4] "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

[5] "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

[6] "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

[7] Shwe Yinn Mar Oo; Soe Than Lynn (4 April 2011). "Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved'". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

[Leibenluft-8] Leibenluft, Jacob (2 June 2008). "Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma". Slate. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.

[Al_Jazeera_news-9] "Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released". Al Jazeera. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2010.

[AP_US_help-10] Klug, Foster (12 May 2008). "Bush says world should condemn Myanmar". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008.

[11] Wai Moe (30 March 2011). "Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.

[AP-12] "Myanmar: Junta Member Resigns From Parliament". The New York Times. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

[13] Pearson, Elaine (6 August 2008). "Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2009.

[14] "Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers". 16 October 2002. Archived from the original on 25 April 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

[15] "The Plight of Child Soldiers in Burma". 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

[16] "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2010.

[17] "Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, 26 October 2006 UN Doc. A/61/529 S2006/826" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar to the Security Council, 16 November 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/666" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011., "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar 1 June 2009 UN Doc. S/2009/278" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011.

[18] Mathieson, David Scott (29 April 2010). ""I Want to Help My Own People"". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.

[19] "Human Rights in Myanmar". Archived from the original on 22 March 2006.

[20] "ILO cracks the whip at Yangon". Archived from the original on 4 April 2005.

[21] "Amnesty International Report 2009 | Working to Protect Human Rights". Thereport.amnesty.org. 9 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2009.

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 | stat_year2             = 2000
 | stat_year3             = 2010
-| stat_pop1              = 41,335,187<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/1990/|title = Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100}}</ref>
+| stat_pop1              = 41,335,187<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/1990/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142101/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/1990/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| stat_pop2              = 46,719,698<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2000/|title = Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100}}</ref>
+| stat_pop2              = 46,719,698<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2000/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142100/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2000/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-| stat_pop3              = 50,600,827<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2010/|title = Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100}}</ref>
+| stat_pop3              = 50,600,827<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2010/|title=Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724142101/https://www.populationpyramid.net/myanmar/2010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | p1                     = Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
 | flag_p1                = Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010).svg
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | image_map_alt          =
 | image_map_caption      =
-| capital                = [[Rangoon]] (Yangon)<br>(1988–2006)<br />[[Naypyidaw]]<br>(2006–2011)
+| capital                = Rangoon ([[Yangon]])<br>(1988–2006)<br />[[Naypyidaw]]<br>(2006–2011)
-| largest_city           = [[Yangon]]
+| largest_city           = Rangoon
 | national_motto         =
 | national_anthem        = {{lang|my|ကမ္ဘာမကျေ}}<br />{{transliteration|my|Kaba Ma Kyei}}<br />"[[Kaba Ma Kyei|Till the End of the World]]"<div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:U.S. Navy Band - Kaba Ma Kyei.oga]]}}</div>
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 | religion               = [[Buddhism in Myanmar|Theravada Buddhism]] ([[state religion|official]] since 2008)
 | demonym                = Burmese
-| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]] under a [[military dictatorship]]
+| government_type        = Unitary state under a [[Stratocracy]]
-| title_leader           = [[List of Presidents of Myanmar|Chairman]]
+| title_leader           = [[President of Myanmar|Chairman]]
 | leader1                = [[Saw Maung]]
 | year_leader1           = 1988–1992
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 | year_leader2           = 1992–2011
 | title_representative   = Vice-Chairman
-| representative1        = [[Than Shwe]]
+| representative1        = Than Shwe
 | year_representative1   = 1988–1992
 | representative2        = [[Maung Aye]]
 | year_representative2   = 1992–2011
 | title_deputy           = [[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]]
-| deputy1                = [[Saw Maung]]
+| deputy1                = Saw Maung
 | year_deputy1           = 1988–1992 (first)
-| deputy2                = [[Than Shwe]]
+| deputy2                = Than Shwe
 | year_deputy2           = 1992–2003
 | deputy3                = [[Khin Nyunt]]
@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 | deputy5                = [[Thein Sein]]
 | year_deputy5           = 2007–2010 (last)
-| legislature            = [[State Peace and Development Council]] (1988-1997)<br>[[State Peace and Development Council]] (1988-1997)
+| legislature            = State Law and Order Restoration Council (1988–1997)<br>State Peace and Development Council (1997–2011)
 | area_km2               = 676,570
 | area_rank              = 39th <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 | event_start            = [[8888 Uprising#SLORC coup and crackdown|1988 Military takeover]]
 | event1                 = [[Names of Myanmar|Renamed from "Burma" to "Myanmar"]]
-| date_event1            = 18 June 1989<ref>{{cite act |index= |date=18 June 1989 |article=2 |article-type= |legislature=State Law and Order Restoration Council<br>(1988-1997)<br>State Peace and Development Council<br>(1997-2011) |title=The Adaptation of Expressions Law |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=5E21A98456533CF19E1A144838C49A4B?lawordSn=1157 }}</ref>
+| date_event1            = 18 June 1989<ref>{{cite act |index= |date=18 June 1989 |article=2 |article-type=|title=The Adaptation of Expressions Law |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=5E21A98456533CF19E1A144838C49A4B?lawordSn=1157 }}</ref>
 | event2                 = [[ASEAN Declaration]]
 | date_event2            = 23 July 1997
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 | date_event5            = {{nowrap|13 November 2010}}
 | event6                 = Renamed to the [[Myanmar|Republic of the Union of Myanmar]]
-| date_event6            = 31 January 2011<ref>{{cite act |index= |date=27 January 2011 |article=1(b),2(a) |article-type= |legislature=The State Peace and Development Council |title=The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=9881A8DE26818038C1F9B00B2A5F1D26?lawordSn=7791 }}</ref><ref name="ct">{{cite web |url=https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/my/laws-history-five |title=၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ
+| date_event6            = 31 January 2011<ref>{{cite act |index= |date=27 January 2011 |article=1(b),2(a) |article-type= |legislature=The State Peace and Development Council |title=The Law Relating to Adaptation of Expressions, 2011 |trans-title= |url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/mLsView.do;jsessionid=9881A8DE26818038C1F9B00B2A5F1D26?lawordSn=7791 }}</ref><ref name="ct">{{cite web |url=https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/my/laws-history-five |title=၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ |trans-title=2008 Constitution |language=my |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=March 2018 |website=Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library |quote=ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။ |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422162907/https://www.constitutionaltribunal.gov.mm/my/laws-history-five |url-status=live }}</ref>
-|trans-title=2008 Constitution
-|language=my |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=March 2018 |website=Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar, Online Law Library |quote=ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေပြဋ္ဌာန်းချက်များနှင့်အညီ ၂၀၀၈ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေသည် ပထမအကြိမ် ပြည်ထောင်စုလွှတ်တော်စတင်ကျင်းပသည့် ၃၁-၁-၂၀၁၁ ရက်နေ့တွင် စတင်အာဏာတည်ခဲ့သည်။}}</ref>
 | event_end              = SPDC dissolved
 | date_end               = 30 March
@@ Line 155: / Line 153: @@
 | embed           =
 }}
 {{Infobox government agency
 | name                 = State Peace and Development Council
 | native_name          = နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေးနှင့်ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ
 | native_name_a        = နအဖ
@@ Line 219: / Line 216: @@
 {{Contains special characters|Burmese}}
 {{Politics of Myanmar}}
-The '''State Peace and Development Council''' ({{lang-my|နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ}} {{IPA-my|nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajé n̥ḭɰ̃ pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjó jé kaʊ̀ɰ̃sì|}}; abbreviated '''SPDC''' or {{my|နအဖ}}, {{IPA-my|na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰|}}) was the official name of the [[Military dictatorship|military government]] of [[Burma]] (Myanmar) which, in 1997, succeeded the '''State Law and Order Restoration Council''' ({{lang-my|နိုင်ငံတော်ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှုတည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့}} that seized power under the rule of [[Saw Maung]] in 1988. On 30 March 2011, Senior General and Council Chairman [[Than Shwe]] signed a decree that officially dissolved the council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |title=Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved' |author1=Shwe Yinn Mar Oo |author2=Soe Than Lynn |date=4 April 2011 |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916200931/http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |archive-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
+The '''State Peace and Development Council''' ({{langx|my|နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ}} {{IPA-my|nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajé n̥ḭɰ̃ pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjó jé kaʊ̀ɰ̃sì|}}; abbreviated '''SPDC''' or {{lang|my|နအဖ}}, {{IPA-my|na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰|}}) was the official name of the [[Military dictatorship|military government]] of [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]) which, in 1997, succeeded the '''State Law and Order Restoration Council''' ({{langx|my|နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့|links=no}}; abbreviated '''SLORC''' or {{lang|my|နဝတ}}) that had seized power under the rule of [[Saw Maung]] in 1988. On 30 March 2011, [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]] and Council Chairman [[Than Shwe]] signed a decree that officially dissolved the council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |title=Mission accomplished as SPDC 'dissolved' |author1=Shwe Yinn Mar Oo |author2=Soe Than Lynn |date=4 April 2011 |work=The Myanmar Times |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916200931/http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/569/news56902.html |archive-date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
-From 1988 to 1997, the junta was known as the '''State Law and Order Restoration Council''' ({{lang-my|နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့|links=no}}; abbreviated '''SLORC''' or {{my|နဝတ}}), which had succeeded the [[People's Assembly (Burma)|Pyithu Hluttaw]] as a legislature and the [[Council of State (Myanmar)|Council of State]] as a ruling council, after dissolving the State organs of the [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]]. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now Yangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC.
+SLORC succeeded the [[People's Assembly (Burma)|Pyithu Hluttaw]] as a legislature and the [[Council of State (Myanmar)|Council of State]] as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of the [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma]]. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now [[Yangon]]). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC.
-The SPDC consisted of eleven senior military officers. The members of the junta<ref name=Leibenluft>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2192726/ |title=Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma |author-first=Jacob |author-last=Leibenluft |publisher=Slate |date=2 June 2008}}</ref> wielded a great deal more power than the [[cabinet minister]]s, who were either more-junior military officers or civilians. The exception was the Defence Ministry portfolio, which was in the hands of junta leader [[Than Shwe]] himself. On 15 September 1993, it established the [[Union Solidarity and Development Association]] which was replaced by [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] on 29 March 2010 in time for the elections.
+The SPDC consisted of eleven senior military officers. The members of the junta<ref name=Leibenluft>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2192726/ |title=Who's in the Junta? The mysterious generals who run Burma |author-first=Jacob |author-last=Leibenluft |publisher=Slate |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=2 June 2008 |archive-date=3 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603094909/http://www.slate.com/id/2192726/ |url-status=live }}</ref> wielded a great deal more power than the [[cabinet minister]]s, who were either more-junior military officers or civilians. The exception was the Defence Ministry portfolio, which was in the hands of junta leader [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]] [[Than Shwe]] himself. On 15 September 1993, it established the [[Union Solidarity and Development Association]] which was replaced by [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]] on 29 March 2010 in time for the elections.
-Although the regime retreated from the [[totalitarian]] [[Burmese Way to Socialism]] of the BSPP when it took power in 1988, the regime was widely [[Human rights in Burma|accused of human rights abuses]]. It rejected the [[1990 Burmese general election|1990 election results]] and kept [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] under house arrest until her release on 13 November 2010.<ref name="Al Jazeera news">{{cite web
+Although the regime retreated from the [[totalitarian]] [[Burmese Way to Socialism]] of the BSPP when it took power in 1988, the regime was widely [[Human rights in Burma|accused of human rights abuses]]. It rejected the [[1990 Burmese general election|1990 election results]] and kept [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] under house arrest until her release on 13 November 2010.<ref name="Al Jazeera news">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/20101113105340355661.html |title=Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-date=31 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531021128/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/20101113105340355661.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The way the junta handled [[Cyclone Nargis]] was also internationally criticised.<ref name="AP US help">{{cite news |last=Klug |first=Foster |date=12 May 2008 |title=Bush says world should condemn Myanmar |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/12/bush-says-world-should-condemn-myanmar.html |access-date=13 May 2008 |archive-date=13 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513132117/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/12/bush-says-world-should-condemn-myanmar.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The council was officially dissolved on 30 March 2011, with the inauguration of the [[2010 Myanmar general election|newly elected government]], led by its former member and Prime Minister, President [[Thein Sein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |title=Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta |author=Wai Moe |date=30 March 2011 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |access-date=30 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403064358/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |archive-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>
-|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/11/20101113105340355661.html |title=Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi released |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=13 November 2010}}</ref> The way the junta handled [[Cyclone Nargis]] was also internationally criticised.<ref name="AP US help">{{cite news |last=Klug |first=Foster |date=12 May 2008 |title=Bush says world should condemn Myanmar |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/05/12/bush-says-world-should-condemn-myanmar.html |access-date=13 May 2008}}</ref> The council was officially dissolved on 30 March 2011, with the inauguration of the [[2010 Myanmar general election|newly elected government]], led by its former member and Prime Minister, President [[Thein Sein]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |title=Than Shwe Officially Dissolves Junta |author=Wai Moe |date=30 March 2011 |work=[[The Irrawaddy]] |access-date=30 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403064358/http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21040 |archive-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>
 ==History==
 [[File:Burmese SPDC members greet Abhisit Vejjajiva.jpg|thumb|right|SPDC members greet Thai PM Abhisit Vejjajiva in an October 2010 visit to [[Naypyidaw]].]]
 [[File:Thai delegation with Burmese SPDC.jpg|thumb|right|SPDC members with Thai delegation in an October 2010 visit to [[Naypyidaw]].]]
-The State Law and Order Restoration Council was formed when the [[Tatmadaw|Burmese Armed Forces]], commanded by General [[Saw Maung]] (later self-promoted to Senior General Saw Maung, died July 1997), seized power on 18 September 1988 crushing the [[8888 Uprising]]. On the day it seized power SLORC issued Order No.1/1988 stating that the Armed Forces had taken over power and announced the formation of the SLORC. With Order No. 2/1988, the SLORC abolished all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 Burmese constitution. The Pyithu Hluttaw (the legislature under the 1974 Constitution), the Council of [[Minister (government)|Ministers]] (the Cabinet), the Council of People's Justices (the [[Judiciary]]), the Council of People's Attorneys (the Attorney-General Office), the Council of People's Inspectors (the [[Auditor]]-General Office), as well as the State/Region, Township, Ward/Village People's Councils were abolished.
+The State Law and Order Restoration Council was formed when the [[Tatmadaw|Burmese Armed Forces]], commanded by [[General]] [[Saw Maung]] (later self-promoted to [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]] Saw Maung, died July 1997), seized power on 18 September 1988 crushing the [[8888 Uprising]]. On the day it seized power SLORC issued Order No.1/1988 stating that the Armed Forces had taken over power and announced the formation of the SLORC. With Order No. 2/1988, the SLORC abolished all organs of state power that were formed under the 1974 Burmese constitution. The Pyithu Hluttaw (the legislature under the 1974 Constitution), the Council of [[Minister (government)|Ministers]] (the Cabinet), the Council of People's Justices (the [[Judiciary]]), the Council of People's Attorneys (the Attorney-General Office), the Council of People's Inspectors (the [[Auditor]]-General Office), as well as the State/Region, Township, Ward/Village People's Councils were abolished.
-The SLORC also stated that the services of the Deputy Ministers in the previous [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] (BSPP) government which it replaced were also terminated. (Under the 1974 Burmese Constitution the Council of Ministers acted as a Cabinet but since the Deputy Ministers were not considered to be formally part of the Council of Ministers, the SLORC made sure that the Deputy Ministers – together with the Ministers' – services in the previous BSPP government from whom it had taken over power were also terminated.) The Orders that SLORC issued on the day of its takeover can be seen in the 19 September 1988 issue of ''The Working People's Daily''. The first Chairman of SLORC was General [[Saw Maung]], later Senior General, who was also the Prime Minister. He was removed as both Chairman of SLORC and Prime Minister on 23 April 1992 when General [[Than Shwe]], later Senior General, took over both posts from him.
+The SLORC also stated that the services of the Deputy Ministers in the previous [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]] ([[Burma Socialist Programme Party|BSPP]]) government which it replaced were also terminated. (Under the 1974 Burmese Constitution the Council of Ministers acted as a Cabinet but since the Deputy Ministers were not considered to be formally part of the Council of Ministers, the SLORC made sure that the Deputy Ministers – together with the Ministers' – services in the previous BSPP government from whom it had taken over power were also terminated.) The Orders that SLORC issued on the day of its takeover can be seen in the 19 September 1988 issue of ''The Working People's Daily''. The first Chairman of SLORC was General [[Saw Maung]], later [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]], who was also the Prime Minister. He was removed as both Chairman of SLORC and Prime Minister on 23 April 1992 when General [[Than Shwe]], later [[Senior general (Myanmar)|Senior General]], took over both posts from him.
 On 15 November 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Most, but not all members of the abolished SLORC, were in the SPDC military regime.
@@ Line 254: / Line 250: @@
 |-
 ! style="background:{{party color|Military Rule}}; colour:black"|1
+|
-| [[File:SAW MAUNG PORTRAIT.jpg|70px]]
 | <small>Senior General</small> '''[[Saw Maung]]'''<br /><small>(1928–1997)</small>
 | 18 September 1988
-| 23 April 1992
+| 23 April 1992<br />{{small|(''deposed'')}}
 | {{age in years and days|1988|9|18|1992|4|23}}
 | [[Tatmadaw]]
@@ Line 289: / Line 285: @@
 | <small>General</small> '''[[Than Shwe]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1933)</small>
 | 18 September 1988
+| June 1993
-| 23 April 1992
 | {{age in years and days|1988|9|18|1992|4|23}}
 | [[Tatmadaw]]
@@ Line 295: / Line 291: @@
 ! style="background:{{party color|Military Rule}}; colour:black"|2
 | [[File:MaungAye.jpg|70px]]
-| <small>Vice-Senior General</small> '''[[Maung Aye]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1937)</small>
+| <small>Vice-Senior General</small> '''[[Maung Aye]]'''<br /><small>(b. 1938)</small>
 | July 1993
 | 30 March 2011
@@ Line 317: / Line 313: @@
 * Lieutenant-General [[Khin Zaw]], Chief of Bureau of Special Operation −6 ([[Magwe Region]], [[Rakhine State]])
 * Major-General Hla Htay Win, Chief of Armed Forces [[Training]]
-* Retired Lieutenant-General U [[Tin Aye]], Former Chief of Military [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|Ordnance]], Current Head of Election Council<ref name=AP>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17briefs-myanmar.html? |title=Myanmar: Junta Member Resigns From Parliament |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 2011}}</ref>
+* Retired Lieutenant-General U [[Tin Aye]], Former Chief of Military [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|Ordnance]], Current Head of Election Council<ref name=AP>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17briefs-myanmar.html |title=Myanmar: Junta Member Resigns From Parliament |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 2011 |access-date=25 February 2017 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205328/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17briefs-myanmar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 * Lieutenant-General Thura Myint Aung, [[Adjutant General]]
@@ Line 332: / Line 328: @@
 ===Murder===
 {{History of Burma}}
-One of the worst atrocities in Burma took place during the [[8888 Uprising|uprising of August 1988]], when millions of Burmese marched throughout the country calling for an end to military rule. Soldiers shot hundreds of protesters and killed an estimated 3,000 people in the following weeks. During the August and September [[2007 Burmese anti-government protests|demonstrations of 2007]], at least 184 protesters were shot and killed and many were tortured. Under the SPDC, the [[Tatmadaw|Burmese army]] engaged in military offensives against ethnic minority populations, committing acts that violated [[international humanitarian law]].<ref>{{cite web|author-first=Elaine |author-last=Pearson |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/07/burma-no-rights-reform-20-years-after-massacre |title=Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref>
+One of the worst atrocities in Burma took place during the [[8888 Uprising|uprising of August 1988]], when millions of Burmese marched throughout the country calling for an end to military rule. Soldiers shot hundreds of protesters and killed an estimated 3,000 people in the following weeks. During the August and September [[2007 Burmese anti-government protests|demonstrations of 2007]], at least 184 protesters were shot and killed and many were tortured. Under the SPDC, the [[Tatmadaw|Burmese army]] engaged in military offensives against ethnic minority populations, committing acts that violated [[international humanitarian law]].<ref>{{cite web |author-first=Elaine |author-last=Pearson |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/07/burma-no-rights-reform-20-years-after-massacre |title=Burma: No Rights Reform 20 Years After Massacre &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=13 October 2009 |archive-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111132120/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/07/burma-no-rights-reform-20-years-after-massacre |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Recruitment of child soldiers===
-It has been alleged that the SPDC forcibly recruited children – some as young as 10 – to serve in its army, the [[Tatmadaw]]. It is difficult to estimate the number of [[child soldiers]] used to serve in the Burmese army, but there were thousands, according to [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/10/15/burma-worlds-highest-number-child-soldiers|title=Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers |date=16 October 2002}}</ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/11/01/plight-child-soldiers-burma |title=The Plight of Child Soldiers in Burma |date=2 November 2007}}</ref> the Child Soldiers Global Report 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/myanmar |title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2008}}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
+It has been alleged that the SPDC forcibly recruited children – some as young as 10 – to serve in its army, the [[Tatmadaw]]. It is difficult to estimate the number of [[child soldiers]] used to serve in the Burmese army, but there were thousands, according to [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/10/15/burma-worlds-highest-number-child-soldiers|title=Burma: World's Highest Number of Child Soldiers|date=16 October 2002|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425070047/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2002/10/15/burma-worlds-highest-number-child-soldiers|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/11/01/plight-child-soldiers-burma |title=The Plight of Child Soldiers in Burma |date=2 November 2007 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405013339/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/11/01/plight-child-soldiers-burma |url-status=live }}</ref> the Child Soldiers Global Report 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/myanmar |title=Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222221716/http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/myanmar |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}
-The [[UN Secretary-General]] named the SPDC in four consecutive reports for violating international standards prohibiting the recruitment and use of child soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, 26 October 2006 UN Doc. A/61/529 S2006/826. |url=http://protection.unsudanig.org/data/child/Security_Council_children/SG%20report%20on%20Children%20and%20Armed%20Conflict%202006.pdf}}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar to the Security Council, 16 November 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/666. |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/574/91/PDF/N0757491.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215257/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/574/91/PDF/N0757491.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757. |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/656/04/PDF/N0765604.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215244/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/656/04/PDF/N0765604.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar 1 June 2009 UN Doc. S/2009/278 |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/350/00/PDF/N0935000.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215240/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/350/00/PDF/N0935000.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
+The [[UN Secretary-General]] named the SPDC in four consecutive reports for violating international standards prohibiting the recruitment and use of child soldiers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Children and Armed Conflict, Report of the Secretary-General, 26 October 2006 UN Doc. A/61/529 S2006/826. |url=http://protection.unsudanig.org/data/child/Security_Council_children/SG%20report%20on%20Children%20and%20Armed%20Conflict%202006.pdf |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501160503/http://protection.unsudanig.org/data/child/Security_Council_children/SG%20report%20on%20Children%20and%20Armed%20Conflict%202006.pdf |url-status=live }}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar to the Security Council, 16 November 2007, UN Doc. S/2007/666.|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/574/91/PDF/N0757491.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215257/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/574/91/PDF/N0757491.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict to the UN Security Council, 21 December 2007, UN Doc. A/62/609-S/2007/757.|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/656/04/PDF/N0765604.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215244/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/656/04/PDF/N0765604.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}, {{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar 1 June 2009 UN Doc. S/2009/278|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/350/00/PDF/N0935000.pdf?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215240/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/350/00/PDF/N0935000.pdf?OpenElement|archive-date=3 May 2011}}</ref>
 ===Forced relocations===
+[[Human Rights Watch]] reported<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/04/29/i-want-help-my-own-people-0 |title="I Want to Help My Own People" |work=Human Rights Watch |date=29 April 2010 |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704071741/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/04/29/i-want-help-my-own-people-0 |url-status=live |last1=Mathieson |first1=David Scott }}</ref> that since [[Cyclone Nargis]] in May 2008, the Burmese authorities expelled hundreds, if not thousands, of displaced persons from schools, monasteries, and public buildings, and encouraged them to return to their destroyed villages in the [[Irrawaddy Delta]]. The authorities emptied some public buildings and schools to use as [[polling station|polling]] stations for the 24 May [[referendum]] on a new constitution, despite pleas from [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] to postpone the referendum and focus their resources on [[humanitarian relief]]. The SPDC was alleged to have evicted people from dozens of government-operated tented relief camps in the vicinity of the former capital [[Yangon]], ordering the residents to return to their homes, regardless of the conditions they face.
-[[Human Rights Watch]] reported<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/04/29/i-want-help-my-own-people-0 |title="I Want to Help My Own People"
-|date=29 April 2010}}</ref> that since [[Cyclone Nargis]] in May 2008, the Burmese authorities expelled hundreds, if not thousands, of displaced persons from schools, monasteries, and public buildings, and encouraged them to return to their destroyed villages in the [[Irrawaddy Delta]]. The authorities emptied some public buildings and schools to use as [[polling station|polling]] stations for the 24 May [[referendum]] on a new constitution, despite pleas from [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] to postpone the referendum and focus their resources on [[humanitarian relief]]. The SPDC was alleged to have evicted people from dozens of government-operated tented relief camps in the vicinity of the former capital [[Yangon]], ordering the residents to return to their homes, regardless of the conditions they face.
 The forced evictions were part of government efforts to demonstrate that the [[emergency relief]] period was over and that the affected population were capable of rebuilding their lives without [[foreign aid]]. People who were forced from their homes by Cyclone Nargis are considered to be [[internally displaced persons]] under international law. Under the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the Burmese government was urged to ensure the right of "internally displaced persons to return voluntarily, in safety and with dignity, to their homes or places of habitual residence, or to resettle voluntarily in another part of the country."
 ===Forced labour===
-According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), despite the new quasi-civilian government taking power in Burma, forced labour continues to be widespread in Burma. It is imposed mainly by the military, for portering (that is, carrying of provisions to remote bases, or on military operations), road construction, camp construction and repair, and for a range of other tasks. In March 1997, the [[European Union]] withdrew Burma's trade privileges because of the prevalence of forced labour and other abuses. The same year, the ILO established a Commission of Inquiry to look into allegations of forced labour, coming up with a damning report the following year.
+According to the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), despite the new quasi-civilian government taking power in Burma, forced labour continues to be widespread in Burma. It is imposed mainly by the military, for portering (that is, carrying of provisions to remote bases, or on military operations), road construction, camp construction and repair, and for a range of other tasks. In March 1997, the [[European Union]] withdrew Burma's trade privileges because of the prevalence of forced labour and other abuses. The same year, the ILO established a Commission of Inquiry to look into allegations of forced labour, coming up with a damning report the following year.
 In November 2006, the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) announced it was to seek at the [[International Criminal Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://birmanie.total.com/en/contexte/p_1_1.htm |title=Human Rights in Myanmar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322145055/http://birmanie.total.com/en/contexte/p_1_1.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006}}</ref> "to prosecute members of the ruling Myanmar junta for crimes against humanity" over the allegations of [[forced labour]] of its citizens by the military. According to the ILO, an estimated 800,000 people are subject to forced labour in Burma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html |title=ILO cracks the whip at Yangon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404025755/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html|archive-date=4 April 2005}}</ref>
@@ Line 359: / Line 354: @@
 ==External links==
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051220003223/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ Myanmar.gov: Official State Peace And Development Council (SPDC) website]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051220003223/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/ Myanmar.gov: Official State Peace And Development Council (SPDC) website] (archived)
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812140611/http://www.irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=454 Irrawaddy.org: Members of State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110812140611/http://www.irrawaddy.org/research_show.php?art_id=454 Irrawaddy.org: Members of State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)] (archived)
 * [http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk Burma Campaign UK]
@@ Line 367: / Line 362: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:State Peace And Development Council}}
 [[Category:Government of Myanmar]]
-[[Category:Military dictatorship in Myanmar]]
+[[Category:Military rule in Myanmar]]
 [[Category:Military history of Myanmar]]
 [[Category:1990s in Myanmar]]

History of Myanmar

Prehistory of Myanmar 11,000–200 BCE Pyu city-states 200 BCE – 1050 CE (Sri Ksetra Kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom) Mon kingdoms 825?–1057? CE (Thaton Kingdom) Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406
Pagan Kingdom 849–1297 Early Pagan Kingdom 849–1044 Warring states period Upper Myanmar 1297–1555 Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1365 Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1365 Kingdom of Ava 1365–1555 Prome Kingdom 1482–1542 Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552 Shan States 1215–1563 Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1785 Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752 First Toungoo Empire 1510–1599 Nyaungyan Restoration 1599–1752 Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757 Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885
British colonial period 1824–1948 Anglo-Burmese Wars 1824–1885 Resistance movement 1885–1895 Nationalist movement 1900–1948 Japanese occupation 1942–1945
Modern era 1948–present AFPFL government 1948–1962 Ne Win dictatorship 1962–1988 SLORC / SPDC junta 1988–2010 Political reforms 2011–2015 SAC junta 2021–present
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