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{{Short description|Church in Cumbria, England}} |
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{{coord|54.6628|-2.6847|display=title|region:GB_scale:5000}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} |
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{{Location map |
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{{Infobox church |
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|Cumbria |
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| name = St Ninian's church |
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|label=Ninekirks |
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| fullname = |
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|lat=54.6625 |
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| image = St Ninian's - geograph.org.uk - 9511.jpg |
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|long=-2.6829 |
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| imagesize = |
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|position=right |
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| imagealt = |
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|float=right |
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| caption = St Ninian's church |
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|background=#FFFFDD |
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| pushpin map = Cumbria |
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|caption=Ninekirks, between [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]] and [[Appleby in Westmorland]], shown within [[Cumbria]]. |
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| pushpin label position = |
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}} |
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| pushpin map alt = |
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[[File:Ninekirks.JPG|thumb|Photograph of Ninekirks]] |
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| pushpin mapsize = 200 |
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[[File:Ninekirks 2.JPG|thumb|Ninekirks from the air]] |
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| map caption = Location in Cumbria |
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'''Ninekirks''' is the local name for St Ninian's church, [[Brougham, Cumbria|Brougham,]] Cumbria. Dedicated to [[Saint Ninian]], it was formerly the Anglican [[parish church]] for Brougham, a parish which is now combined with [[Clifton, Cumbria|Clifton]], a neighbouring village. It is preserved as a [[redundant church]] for its architectural interest, and presents a mainly seventeenth-century appearance.<ref name="CCT">{{cite web | url=http://www.visitchurches.org.uk/Ourchurches/Completelistofchurches/St-Ninians-Church-Brougham-Cumbria/ | title=St Ninian's | publisher=The Churches Conservation Trust | accessdate=February 27, 2013}}</ref> |
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| coordinates = {{coord|54.662807|-2.684721|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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| country = England |
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| osgraw = NY 5593029962 |
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| location = St Ninian's church [[Cumbria]] |
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| denomination = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] |
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| website = https://www.visitchurches.org.uk/visit/church-listing/st-ninians-brougham.html |
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| dedication = [[St Ninian]] |
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| functional status = closed |
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| closed date = 1934 |
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'''Ninekirks''' is the local name for St Ninian's church, [[Brougham, Cumbria|Brougham]], Cumbria. Dedicated to [[Saint Ninian]], it was formerly the Anglican [[parish church]] for Brougham, a parish which is now combined with [[Clifton, Cumbria|Clifton]], a neighbouring village. It is preserved as a [[redundant church]] for its architectural interest, and presents a mainly seventeenth-century appearance.<ref name="CCT">{{cite web | url=https://www.visitchurches.org.uk/visit/church-listing/st-ninians-brougham.html | title=St Ninian's Church, Brougham, Cumbria | publisher=[[Churches Conservation Trust]] | accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> It has been known as ''Ninekirks'' since at least 1583.<ref name="bouch1950">{{cite journal |author=Bouch C.M.L. |date=1950 |title=Ninekirks, Brougham |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=50 |pages=80–90 |doi=10.5284/1062764 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> |
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==Importance== |
==Importance== |
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The building is Grade |
The building is Grade I [[Listed building|listed]].<ref name="HeritageGateway">{{cite web | url=http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1326778&resourceID=5 | title=Church of St Ninian | publisher=English Heritage | work=HeritageGateway | accessdate=February 27, 2013}}</ref> |
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It is one of very few churches to be built during the [[Commonwealth of England]] and has been altered very little. (Three other churches of this age are: [[Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick-on-Tweed]]; [[St Matthias Old Church]], [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]; and Staunton Harold, [[Leicestershire]].) |
It is one of very few churches to be built during the [[Commonwealth of England]] and has been altered very little. (Three other churches of this age are: [[Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick-on-Tweed]]; [[St Matthias Old Church]], [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]]; and Staunton Harold, [[Leicestershire]].) |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Romans built a fort at Brougham called [[Brocavum]], situated near the confluence of the River Eamont and the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]]. |
The Romans built a fort at Brougham called [[Brocavum]], situated near the confluence of the River Eamont and the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]]. |
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The Ninekirks site has been continuously occupied since at least Roman times |
The Ninekirks site has been continuously occupied since at least Roman times.<ref name="simpson1958">{{cite journal |author=Simpson D. |date=1958 |title=Brovacum, Ninekirks and Brougham: a study in continuity |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=58 |pages=68–87 |doi=10.5284/1062518 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> |
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Roman occupation of site is demonstrated by the Ninekirks Hoard of [[barbarous radiate]] coins |
Roman occupation of the site is demonstrated by the Ninekirks Hoard of [[barbarous radiate]] coins.<ref name="casey1978">{{cite journal |author=Casey P.J. |date=1978 |title=The Ninekirks (Brougham) Hoard: a reconsideration |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=78 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.5284/1061929 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> As a Christian site, the area was associated with St.Ninian from a very early date<ref name="lees1879">{{cite journal |author=Lees T. |date=1879 |title=St Ninian's Church, Brougham |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=4 |pages=670–695 |doi=10.5284/1064692 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> but "not everyone is convinced entirely by the arguments of Canon Bouch and others for Ninian".<ref name="jones1973">{{cite journal |author=Jones G.P. |date=1973 |title=Doubts about the Brittonic derivation of some Westmorland place names |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=23 |pages=358 |doi=10.5284/1062038 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> There are caves nearby on the north bank of the Eamont at a site called [[Isis Parlis]] and possible evidence of occupation of these is used to support arguments in favour of early [[hermit]] use. |
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The centre of population moved near [[Brougham Hall]] sometime between 1230 and 1284 |
The centre of population moved near [[Brougham Hall]] sometime between 1230 and 1284.<ref name=bouch1950/> The Hall had a chapel from the 14th century, and the church fell into disuse. |
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In 1659 the church was reconstructed by [[Lady Anne Clifford]], the then owner of Brougham Castle,<ref name= clifford2003>{{cite book |
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It has been known as ''Ninekirks'' since at least 1583 (Bouch, 1950). |
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| author = Clifford, Lady Anne |
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| editor = Clifford D.J.H. |
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| date = 2003 |
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| title = The diaries of Lady Anne Clifford |
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| publisher = [[Sutton Publishing]] |
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| location = Strout |
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| isbn = 978-0-7509-3178-6 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vEa5GwAACAAJ |
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}}</ref> the work being completed the following year.<ref name="herald">{{cite web | url=https://www.cwherald.com/a/archive/old-midsummer-day-service-at-hidden-church-of-ninekirks.352742.html | title=Old Midsummer Day service at "hidden church" of Ninekirks | publisher=[[Cumberland & Westmorland Herald]] |date=9 July 2010 |accessdate=31 August 2020}}</ref> |
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Ninekirks tended to be used when the chapel at Brougham Hall was unavailable. For example, from 1764 until the 1840s Ninekirks was used for weddings because Brougham Chapel was in need of repair work. Ninekirks was itself repaired in the 1840s. The porch was added in 1841<ref name= rchm1936>{{cite book |
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The church was reconstructed by [[Lady Anne Clifford]], the then owner of Brougham Castle in 1659 (Clifford, 2003), the work being completed the following year.<ref name="herald">{{cite web | url=http://www.cwherald.com/archive/archive/old-midsummer-day-service-at-%26%238220%3Bhidden-church%26%238221%3B-of-ninekirks-20100709352742.htm | title=Old Midsummer Day service at “hidden church” of Ninekirks | publisher=[[Cumberland & Westmorland Herald]] | date=2010 | accessdate=February 27, 2013}}</ref> |
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| author = RCHM |
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Ninekirks tended to be used when the chapel at Brougham Hall was unavailable. For example, from 1764 until the 1840s Ninekirks was used for weddings because Brougham Chapel was in need of repair work. Ninekirks was itself repaired in the 1840s. The porch was added in 1841 (RCHM, 1936) and tombs within the church were excavated in 1846 when the church was being repaired. According to Brougham (1847) these included those of Udard (or Odard) de Broham (died c.1185) and Gilbert de Broham (died c.1230). Despite the repair work, the church was poorly maintained when George Shaw visited in 1847 (Shaw, 1848). |
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| author-link = Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England |
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| date = 1936 |
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| title = An inventory of the historical monuments in Westmorland |
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| publisher = [[Office of Public Sector Information|His Majesty's Stationery Office]] |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = |
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}}</ref> and tombs within the church were excavated in 1846 when the church was being repaired. According to Brougham (1847) these included those of Udard (or Odard) de Broham (died c.1185) and Gilbert de Broham (died c.1230). Despite the repair work, the church was poorly maintained when George Shaw visited in 1847.<ref name= shaw1848>{{cite news |
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| author = Shaw G. |
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| date = 1848 |
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| title = A visit to Brougham Hall |
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| newspaper = [[Gentleman's Magazine]] |
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| page = 369 onwards |
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| url = |
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}}</ref> |
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The church had a brief golden age in the early 1950s when the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] was Canon Bouch. His publications in the ''Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society'' ( |
The church had a brief golden age in the early 1950s when the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] was Canon Bouch. His publications in the ''Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society'' (in 1947,<ref name= bouch1947>{{cite journal |
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===Hatchments=== |
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The church contains three [[hatchment]]s, described in Boumphrey (1980): |
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* Elizabeth Richmond (died 1729) and Peter Brougham (died 1732) |
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* Eleanora Syme (died 1839) who married Henry Brougham (died 1810), father of the 1st Baron |
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* [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux]] (died 1868) and Mary Anne Eden (died 1865) |
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==Archaeology== |
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The church and its area have been the subject of at least four [[archaeology|archaeological]] investigations: |
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*Excavations took place inside the church during the repairs in the 1840s (Brougham, 1847) when some ancient tombs were investigated. |
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*Excavations at Isis Parlis in 1913 (Heelis, 1914) aiming to find out how the caves had formed and how they had been used. |
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*The coin hoard was discovered in 1914 (Bouch and Kent, 1955) |
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*[[Cropmark|Crop marks]] were observed in a 1968 aerial photograph (St.Joseph, 1978) consistent with a small monastic site. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Grade I listed churches in Cumbria]] |
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*[[List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Bouch C.M.L. |
| author = Bouch C.M.L. |
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| date = 1947 |
| date = 1947 |
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| title = St Ninian's Church, Brougham |
| title = St Ninian's Church, Brougham |
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| journal = |
| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = [[Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society|CWAAS]] |
| publisher = [[Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society|CWAAS]] |
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| volume = 14 |
| volume = 14 |
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| Line 59: | Line 142: | ||
| url = |
| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}}</ref> 1950<ref name=bouch1950/> and 1955 (twice)<ref name= bouch1955hoard/><ref name="bouch1955chapel">{{cite journal |author=Bouch C.M.L. |date=1955 |title=The dedication of Brougham Chapel |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=55 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.5284/1062582 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref>) demonstrate his interest. It was made [[Redundant church|redundant]] in 1977<ref name= herald1976>{{cite news |
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}} |
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| author = |
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*{{cite journal |
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| |
| date = 14 August 1976 |
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| title = Ninekirks at Brougham may become redundant |
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| date = 1950 |
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| newspaper = [[Cumberland and Westmorland Herald]] |
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| title = Ninekirks, Brougham |
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| page = 1 |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 50 |
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| pages = 80–90 |
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| url = |
| url = |
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}}</ref> and is now in the care of the [[Churches Conservation Trust]]. |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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===Hatchments=== |
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*{{cite journal |
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The church contains three [[funerary hatchment|hatchment]]s:<ref name= boum1980>{{cite book |
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| author = Bouch C.M.L. |
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| date = 1955 |
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| title = The dedication of Brougham Chapel |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 55 |
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| pages = 329–330 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Bouch C.M.L. & Kent J.P.C. |
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| date = 1955 |
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| title = A dark-age coin-hoard from Ninekirks, Brougham |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 55 |
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| pages = 108–111 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| author = Boumphrey R.S. |
| author = Boumphrey R.S. |
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| editor = Summers P.G. |
| editor = Summers P.G. |
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| Line 104: | Line 163: | ||
| chapter = Cumberland and Westmorland |
| chapter = Cumberland and Westmorland |
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| page = |
| page = |
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| url = |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6MfPQAACAAJ |
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}} |
}}</ref> |
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* Elizabeth Richmond (died 1729) and Peter Brougham (died 1732) |
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*{{cite journal |
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* Eleanora Syme (died 1839) who married Henry Brougham (died 1810), father of the 1st Baron |
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| author = Casey P.J. |
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* [[Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux]] (died 1868) and Mary Anne Eden (died 1865) |
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| date = 1978 |
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| title = The Ninekirks (Brougham) Hoard: a reconsideration |
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==Archaeology== |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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The church and its area have been the subject of at least four [[archaeology|archaeological]] investigations: |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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* Excavations took place inside the church during the repairs in the 1840s (Brougham, 1847) when some ancient tombs were investigated. |
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| volume = 78 |
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* Excavations at Isis Parlis in 1913<ref name="heelis1914">{{cite journal |author=Heelis A.J. |date=1914 |title=The caves known as Isis Parlis |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=14 |pages=337–342 |doi=10.5284/1063749 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> aiming to find out how the caves had formed and how they had been used. |
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| pages = 23–28 |
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* The coin hoard was discovered in 1914<ref name="bouch1955hoard">{{cite journal |author=Bouch C.M.L. & Kent J.P.C. |date=1955 |title=A dark-age coin-hoard from Ninekirks, Brougham |url= |journal=Transactions of the CWAAS |publisher=CWAAS |volume=55 |pages=108–111 |doi=10.5284/1062605 |issn=0309-7986}}</ref> |
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| url = |
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* [[Cropmark|Crop marks]] were observed in a 1968 aerial photograph<ref name= ken1978>{{cite journal |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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| author = St Joseph, J.K.S. |
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}} |
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| author-link = Kenneth St Joseph |
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*{{cite book |
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| author = Clifford, Lady Anne |
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| editor = Clifford D.J.H. |
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| date = 2003 |
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| title = The diaries of Lady Anne Clifford |
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| publisher = [[Sutton Publishing]] |
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| location = Strout |
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| isbn = 978-0-7509-3178-6 |
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| url = http://books.google.com/?id=vEa5GwAACAAJ |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Heelis A.J. |
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| date = 1914 |
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| title = The caves known as Isis Parlis |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 14 |
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| pages = 337–342 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite news |
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| author = |
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| date = 14 August 1976 |
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| title = Ninekirks at Brougham may become redundant |
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| newspaper = [[Cumberland and Westmorland Herald]] |
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| page = 1 |
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| url = |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Jones G.P. |
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| date = 1973 |
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| title = Doubts about the Brittonic derivation of some Westmorland place names |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 23 |
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| pages = 358 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Lees T. |
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| date = 1879 |
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| title = St Ninian's Church, Brougham |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 4 |
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| pages = 670–695 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book |
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| author = [[Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England|RCHM]] |
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| date = 1936 |
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| title = An inventory of the historical monuments in Westmorland |
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| publisher = [[Office of Public Sector Information|His Majesty's Stationery Office]] |
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| location = London |
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| isbn = |
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}} |
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*{{cite news |
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| author = Shaw G. |
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| date = 1848 |
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| title = A visit to Brougham Hall |
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| newspaper = [[Gentleman's Magazine]] |
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| page = 369 onwards |
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| url = |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = Simpson D. |
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| date = 1958 |
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| title = Brovacum, Ninekirks and Brougham: a study in continuity |
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| journal = Transactions of the CWAAS |
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| publisher = CWAAS |
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| volume = 58 |
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| pages = 68–87 |
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| url = |
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| issn = 0309-7986 |
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}} |
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*{{cite journal |
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| author = [[Kenneth St Joseph|St Joseph, J.K.S.]] |
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| date = November 1978 |
| date = November 1978 |
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| title = Aerial reconnaissance: recent results |
| title = Aerial reconnaissance: recent results |
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| Line 203: | Line 183: | ||
| issue = 206 |
| issue = 206 |
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| pages = 236–238 |
| pages = 236–238 |
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| doi = 10.1017/S0003598X00105617 |
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| s2cid = 166570620 |
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| url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/052/Ant0520223.htm |
| url = http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/052/Ant0520223.htm |
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| issn = |
| issn = |
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}}</ref> consistent with a small monastic site. |
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}} |
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==See also== |
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{{portal|Cumbria}} |
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* [[Brougham Castle]] |
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* [[Grade I listed churches in Cumbria]] |
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* [[Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria]] |
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* [[Listed buildings in Brougham, Cumbria]] |
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* [[List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England]] |
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==References== |
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{{Commons category|St Ninian's Brougham}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:History of Westmorland]] |
[[Category:History of Westmorland]] |
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[[Category:Church of England |
[[Category:Church of England church buildings in Cumbria]] |
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[[Category:Grade I listed |
[[Category:Grade I listed churches in Cumbria|Ninekirks]] |
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[[Category:Grade I listed churches]] |
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[[Category:17th-century Church of England church buildings]] |
[[Category:17th-century Church of England church buildings]] |
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[[Category:Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust]] |
[[Category:Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust]] |
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[[Category:Eden District]] |
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Latest revision as of 14:01, 25 November 2024
| St Ninian's church | |
|---|---|
 St Ninian's church | |
  St Ninian's church Location in Cumbria | |
| 54°39′46″N 2°41′05″W / 54.662807°N 2.684721°W | |
| OS grid reference | NY 5593029962 |
| Location | St Ninian's church Cumbria |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Website | https://www.visitchurches.org.uk/visit/church-listing/st-ninians-brougham.html |
| History | |
| Dedication | St Ninian |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | closed |
| Closed | 1934 |
Ninekirks is the local name for St Ninian's church, Brougham, Cumbria. Dedicated to Saint Ninian, it was formerly the Anglican parish church for Brougham, a parish which is now combined with Clifton, a neighbouring village. It is preserved as a redundant church for its architectural interest, and presents a mainly seventeenth-century appearance.[1] It has been known as Ninekirks since at least 1583.[2]
Importance
[edit]The building is Grade I listed.[3] It is one of very few churches to be built during the Commonwealth of England and has been altered very little. (Three other churches of this age are: Church of the Holy Trinity, Berwick-on-Tweed; St Matthias Old Church, London Borough of Tower Hamlets; and Staunton Harold, Leicestershire.)
History
[edit]The Romans built a fort at Brougham called Brocavum, situated near the confluence of the River Eamont and the River Eden. The Ninekirks site has been continuously occupied since at least Roman times.[4] Roman occupation of the site is demonstrated by the Ninekirks Hoard of barbarous radiate coins.[5] As a Christian site, the area was associated with St.Ninian from a very early date[6] but "not everyone is convinced entirely by the arguments of Canon Bouch and others for Ninian".[7] There are caves nearby on the north bank of the Eamont at a site called Isis Parlis and possible evidence of occupation of these is used to support arguments in favour of early hermit use.
The centre of population moved near Brougham Hall sometime between 1230 and 1284.[2] The Hall had a chapel from the 14th century, and the church fell into disuse. In 1659 the church was reconstructed by Lady Anne Clifford, the then owner of Brougham Castle,[8] the work being completed the following year.[9]
Ninekirks tended to be used when the chapel at Brougham Hall was unavailable. For example, from 1764 until the 1840s Ninekirks was used for weddings because Brougham Chapel was in need of repair work. Ninekirks was itself repaired in the 1840s. The porch was added in 1841[10] and tombs within the church were excavated in 1846 when the church was being repaired. According to Brougham (1847) these included those of Udard (or Odard) de Broham (died c.1185) and Gilbert de Broham (died c.1230). Despite the repair work, the church was poorly maintained when George Shaw visited in 1847.[11]
The church had a brief golden age in the early 1950s when the Rector was Canon Bouch. His publications in the Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (in 1947,[12] 1950[2] and 1955 (twice)[13][14]) demonstrate his interest. It was made redundant in 1977[15] and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
Hatchments
[edit]The church contains three hatchments:[16]
- Elizabeth Richmond (died 1729) and Peter Brougham (died 1732)
- Eleanora Syme (died 1839) who married Henry Brougham (died 1810), father of the 1st Baron
- Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (died 1868) and Mary Anne Eden (died 1865)
Archaeology
[edit]The church and its area have been the subject of at least four archaeological investigations:
- Excavations took place inside the church during the repairs in the 1840s (Brougham, 1847) when some ancient tombs were investigated.
- Excavations at Isis Parlis in 1913[17] aiming to find out how the caves had formed and how they had been used.
- The coin hoard was discovered in 1914[13]
- Crop marks were observed in a 1968 aerial photograph[18] consistent with a small monastic site.
See also
[edit]
- Brougham Castle
- Grade I listed churches in Cumbria
- Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria
- Listed buildings in Brougham, Cumbria
- List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Ninian's Brougham.
- ^ "St Ninian's Church, Brougham, Cumbria". Churches Conservation Trust. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ a b c Bouch C.M.L. (1950). "Ninekirks, Brougham". Transactions of the CWAAS. 50. CWAAS: 80–90. doi:10.5284/1062764. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ "Church of St Ninian". HeritageGateway. English Heritage. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ Simpson D. (1958). "Brovacum, Ninekirks and Brougham: a study in continuity". Transactions of the CWAAS. 58. CWAAS: 68–87. doi:10.5284/1062518. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ Casey P.J. (1978). "The Ninekirks (Brougham) Hoard: a reconsideration". Transactions of the CWAAS. 78. CWAAS: 23–28. doi:10.5284/1061929. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ Lees T. (1879). "St Ninian's Church, Brougham". Transactions of the CWAAS. 4. CWAAS: 670–695. doi:10.5284/1064692. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ Jones G.P. (1973). "Doubts about the Brittonic derivation of some Westmorland place names". Transactions of the CWAAS. 23. CWAAS: 358. doi:10.5284/1062038. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ Clifford, Lady Anne (2003). Clifford D.J.H. (ed.). The diaries of Lady Anne Clifford. Strout: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-3178-6.
- ^ "Old Midsummer Day service at "hidden church" of Ninekirks". Cumberland & Westmorland Herald. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ RCHM (1936). An inventory of the historical monuments in Westmorland. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office.
- ^ Shaw G. (1848). "A visit to Brougham Hall". Gentleman's Magazine. p. 369 onwards.
- ^ Bouch C.M.L. (1947). "St Ninian's Church, Brougham". Transactions of the CWAAS. 14. CWAAS: 243. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ a b Bouch C.M.L. & Kent J.P.C. (1955). "A dark-age coin-hoard from Ninekirks, Brougham". Transactions of the CWAAS. 55. CWAAS: 108–111. doi:10.5284/1062605. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ Bouch C.M.L. (1955). "The dedication of Brougham Chapel". Transactions of the CWAAS. 55. CWAAS: 329–330. doi:10.5284/1062582. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ "Ninekirks at Brougham may become redundant". Cumberland and Westmorland Herald. 14 August 1976. p. 1.
- ^ Boumphrey R.S. (1980). "Cumberland and Westmorland". In Summers P.G. (ed.). Hatchments in Britain 3: The Northern Counties, Cumberland, Westmorland and Durham, Northumberland, Lancashire and Yorkshire. London: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 978-0-85033-329-9.
- ^ Heelis A.J. (1914). "The caves known as Isis Parlis". Transactions of the CWAAS. 14. CWAAS: 337–342. doi:10.5284/1063749. ISSN 0309-7986.
- ^ St Joseph, J.K.S. (November 1978). "Aerial reconnaissance: recent results". Antiquity. 52 (206): 236–238. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00105617. S2CID 166570620.