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{{Short description|Hungarian poet (1905–1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{eastern name order|József Attila}}
{{eastern name order|József Attila}}
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| resting_place = [[Kerepesi Cemetery]], Budapest, Hungary
| resting_place = [[Kerepesi Cemetery]], Budapest, Hungary
}}
}}
'''Attila József''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈɒtillɒ ˈjoːʒɛf|lang}}; 1905&nbsp;– 1937) is one of the most famous [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] poets of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02042/html/51.html|title=2. A Fusion of Marxism and Freudianism: The Poetry of Attila József|website=mek.oszk.hu|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> Generally not recognized during his lifetime, József was hailed during the communist era of the 1950s as Hungary's great "[[proletarian]] poet" and he has become the best known of the modern Hungarian poets internationally.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style|title='Beautiful but awful' verse|accessdate=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529044730/http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style|archivedate=29 May 2006|publisher=[[Budapest Sun]]}} <!-- Ceased publication Jan 2009 --></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://allpoetry.com/Attila-Jozsef|title=Attila Jozsef - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry|website=allpoetry.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>
'''Attila József''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈɒtillɒ ˈjoːʒɛf|lang}}; 11 April 1905&nbsp;– 3 December 1937) was one of the most famous [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] poets of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mek.oszk.hu/02000/02042/html/51.html|title=2. A Fusion of Marxism and Freudianism: The Poetry of Attila József|website=mek.oszk.hu|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref> Generally not recognized during his lifetime, József was hailed during the communist era of the 1950s as Hungary's great "[[Proletarian literature|proletarian]] poet" and he has become the best known of the modern Hungarian poets internationally.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style|title='Beautiful but awful' verse|access-date=1 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529044730/http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style|archive-date=29 May 2006|publisher=[[Budapest Sun]]}} <!-- Ceased publication Jan 2009 --></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://allpoetry.com/Attila-Jozsef|title=Attila Jozsef - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry|website=allpoetry.com|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
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where I'm buried, if I have buriers.|
where I'm buried, if I have buriers.|
| salign = right
| salign = right
| source = Attila József|''Ime, hát megleltem hazámat'' (first [[stanza]]), translated by [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]
| source = Attila József|''Ime, hát megleltem hazámat'' (first [[stanza]]), translated by [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]]}}

}}
Attila József was born in [[Ferencváros]], a poor district of [[Budapest]], in 1905 to Áron József, a soap factory worker of [[Székelys|Székely]] and Romanian origin from [[Banat]], and Borbála Pőcze, a Hungarian peasant girl with [[Cumans|Cuman]] ancestry;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2gBjAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Cuman|title=Attila József: "Can you take on this awesome life?"|last1=Kabdebó|first1=Thomas|last2=Kabdebó|first2=Tamás|date=18 May 1997|publisher=Argumentum|via=Google Books}}</ref> he had two elder sisters, Eta and Jolán. When József was three years old, he was sent to live with foster parents after his father abandoned the family and his mother became ill. At the time of his birth, Attila was not a well known name; because of this, his foster parents called him Pista, a nickname for the Hungarian version of Stephen.<ref name=Garai>{{cite book|last=Garai|first=Laszlo|title=Reconsidering Identity Economics: Human Well-Being and Governance|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-1-137-52560-4|page=8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://poets.org/poet/attila-jozsef|title=About Attila József {{!}} Academy of American Poets|last=Poets|first=Academy of American|website=poets.org|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
Attila József was born in [[Ferencváros]], a poor district of [[Budapest]], in 1905 to Áron József, a soap factory worker of [[Székelys|Székely]] and Romanian origin from [[Banat]], and Borbála Pőcze, a Hungarian peasant girl with [[Cumans|Cuman]] ancestry;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gBjAAAAMAAJ&q=Cuman|title=Attila József: "Can you take on this awesome life?"|last1=Kabdebó|first1=Thomas|last2=Kabdebó|first2=Tamás|date=18 May 1997|publisher=Argumentum|isbn=9781897922026|via=Google Books}}</ref> he had two elder sisters, Eta and Jolán. When Attila was three years old, he was sent to live with foster parents after his father abandoned the family and his mother became ill. At the time of his birth, Attila was not a well known name; because of this, his foster parents called him Pista, a nickname for the Hungarian version of Stephen.<ref name=Garai>{{cite book|last=Garai|first=Laszlo|title=Reconsidering Identity Economics: Human Well-Being and Governance|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-1-137-52560-4|page=8}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://poets.org/poet/attila-jozsef|title=About Attila József {{!}} Academy of American Poets|last=Poets|first=Academy of American|website=poets.org|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":1" />


From ages seven to fourteen, József returned to living with his mother until she died of cancer in 1919, aged only 43.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> While also attending school, he worked many odd jobs and was a self-described [[Street children|street urchin]]. After the death of his mother, the teenage József was looked after by his brother-in-law, Ödön Makai, who was relatively wealthy and could pay for his education in a good secondary school.<ref name=":1" />
From ages seven to fourteen, Attila returned to living with his mother until she died of cancer in 1919, aged only 43.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> While also attending school, he worked many odd jobs and was a self-described [[Street children|street urchin]]. After the death of his mother, the teenage Attila was looked after by his brother-in-law, Ödön Makai, who was relatively wealthy and could pay for his education in a good secondary school.<ref name=":1" />


In 1924, József entered [[Franz Joseph University]] to study [[Hungarian literature|Hungarian]] and [[French literature]], with the intention of becoming a secondary school teacher. He was expelled from the university, deemed unfit to be a teacher, after he wrote the provocative and revolutionary poem, ''Tiszta szívvel'' ("With clear heart" or "With all my heart"). With his manuscripts, he traveled to [[Vienna]] in 1925 where he made a living by selling newspapers and cleaning dormitories, and then to Paris for the following two years, where he studied at the [[Sorbonne]]. During this period he read [[Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx]], whose call for revolution appealed to him as well as the work of [[François Villon]], the famous poet and thief from the 15th-century. Financially, József was supported by the little money he earned by publishing his poems as well as by his patron, Lajos Hatvany. He returned to Hungary and studied at Pest University for a year. József then worked for the Foreign Trade Institute as a French correspondent and, later, was the editor of the literary journal ''Szép Szó'' (''Beautiful Word''.)<ref name=":1" />
In 1924, Attila entered [[Franz Joseph University]] to study [[Hungarian literature|Hungarian]] and [[French literature]], with the intention of becoming a secondary school teacher. He was expelled from the university, deemed unfit to be a teacher, after he wrote the provocative and revolutionary poem, ''Tiszta szívvel'' ("With clear heart" or "With all my heart"). With his manuscripts, he traveled to [[Vienna]] in 1925 where he made a living by selling newspapers and cleaning dormitories, and then to Paris for the following two years, where he studied at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]]. During this period he read [[Hegel]] and [[Karl Marx]], whose call for revolution appealed to him as well as the work of [[François Villon]], the famous poet and thief from the 15th-century. Financially, József was supported by the little money he earned by publishing his poems as well as by his patron, Lajos Hatvany. He returned to Hungary and studied at Pest University for a year. József then worked for the Foreign Trade Institute as a French correspondent and, later, was the editor of the literary journal ''Szép Szó'' (''Beautiful Word''.)<ref name=":1" />


A supporter of the working class, József joined the illegal [[Hungarian Communist Party|Communist Party of Hungary]] (KMP) in 1930.<ref name=":0" /> His 1931 work ''Döntsd a tőkét'' (''Blow down the block/capital'') was confiscated by the public prosecutor. József's later essay "Literature and Socialism" (''Irodalom és szocializmus'') led to indictment. In 1936, he was expelled from the Hungarian Communist Party due to his independence and interest in [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]].<ref name=":1" />
A supporter of the working class, Attila joined the illegal [[Hungarian Communist Party|Communist Party of Hungary]] (KMP) in 1930.<ref name=":0" /> His 1931 work ''Döntsd a tőkét'' (''Blow down the block/capital'') was confiscated by the public prosecutor. József's later essay "Literature and Socialism" (''Irodalom és szocializmus'') led to indictment. In 1936, he was expelled from the Hungarian Communist Party due to his independence and interest in [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]].<ref name=":1" />


Beginning in childhood, József began showing signs of mental illness and was treated by psychiatrists for depression and [[schizophrenia]]. In adulthood, he was sent by the state to a [[sanatorium]] and was diagnosed with "[[Neurasthenia|neurasthenia gravis]]."<ref name=":1" /> Modern scholars believe that he likely had [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref name="Meszaros">{{cite book|last=Meszaros|first=Judit|title=Ferenczi and Beyond|date=2014|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=978-1-78220-000-0|page=80}}</ref> He never married and only had a small number of affairs, but frequently fell in love with the women who were treating him.
Beginning in childhood, Attila began showing signs of mental illness and was treated by psychiatrists for depression and [[schizophrenia]]. In adulthood, he was sent by the state to a [[sanatorium]] and was diagnosed with "[[Neurasthenia|neurasthenia gravis]]."<ref name=":1" /> Modern scholars believe that he likely had [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref name="Meszaros">{{cite book|last=Meszaros|first=Judit|title=Ferenczi and Beyond|date=2014|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=978-1-78220-000-0|page=80}}</ref> He never married and only had a small number of affairs, but frequently fell in love with the women who were treating him.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}


József died on December 3, 1937, aged 32, in [[Balatonszárszó]]. At the time, he was staying at the house of his sister and brother-in-law. He was killed while crawling through railway tracks where he was crushed by a starting train. There is a memorial to him not far from the location where he died. The most widely accepted view is that he committed suicide, which he had previously attempted, but some experts say that his death was by accident.<ref>{{cite web
Attila József died on 3 December 1937, aged 32, in [[Balatonszárszó]]. At the time, he was staying at the house of his sister and brother-in-law. He was killed while crawling through railway tracks where he was crushed by a starting train. There is a memorial to him not far from the location where he died. The most widely accepted view is that he committed suicide, which he had previously attempted; he wrote five farewell letters that day.{{fact|date=April 2024}}
|url=http://www.blikk.hu/cikk.php?cikk=21488
|publisher=blikk.hu
|accessdate=3 December 2009
|language=Hungarian
|title=József Attila halálát balesetnek látta a szemtanú
|date=10 April 2005
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206132808/http://www.blikk.hu/cikk.php?cikk=21488
|archivedate=6 December 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref>


==Poetry==
==Poetry==
[[File:József Attila-emlékszobor (Varga Imre, 1964), Szeged-ja-1.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of József near the [[University of Szeged]]]]
[[File:József Attila-emlékszobor (Varga Imre, 1964), Szeged-ja-1.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of József near the [[University of Szeged]]]]
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:J.a.2.jpg|frame]] -->
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:J.a.2.jpg|frame]] -->
József published his first volume of poetry ''A szépség koldusa'' (''Beauty's beggar'') in 1922; at the time of publishing, he was seventeen and still in school.
József published his first volume of poetry ''A szépség koldusa'' (''Beauty's beggar'') in 1922; at the time of publishing, he was seventeen and still in school.


In 1925, József published his second collection of poems, ''Nem én kiáltok'' (''It's not me who shouts''). József's works were praised by such internationally known Hungarian researchers and critics as [[Béla Balázs]] and [[György Lukács]]. In 1927, several French magazines published József's poems.
In 1925, József published his second collection of poems, ''Nem én kiáltok'' (''It's not me who shouts''). József's works were praised by such internationally known Hungarian researchers and critics as [[Béla Balázs]] and [[György Lukács]]. In 1927, several French magazines published József's poems.


József's third collection of poems, ''Nincsen apám se anyám'' (1929) (''I have nor father nor mother''), showed the influence of French [[surrealism]] and Hungarian poets [[Endre Ady]], [[Gyula Juhász (poet)|Gyula Juhász]] and [[Lajos Kassák]].
József's third collection of poems, ''Nincsen apám se anyám'' (1929) (''I have neither father nor mother''), showed the influence of French [[surrealism]] and Hungarian poets [[Endre Ady]], [[Gyula Juhász (poet)|Gyula Juhász]] and [[Lajos Kassák]].


In the 1930s, József turned his focus from a search for beauty to the plight of the working class and reflected his interest in Communism.<ref name=":0" /> In 1932, ''Külvárosi éj'' (''Night in the outskirts''), a mature collection of poems, was published. His most famous love poem, ''Óda'' ("Ode"), from 1933, took the reader for a journey around and inside the body of the beloved woman.
In the 1930s, József turned his focus from a search for beauty to the plight of the working class and reflected his interest in Communism.<ref name=":0" /> In 1932, ''Külvárosi éj'' (''Night in the outskirts''), a mature collection of poems, was published. His most famous love poem, ''Óda'' ("Ode"), from 1933, took the reader for a journey around and inside the body of the beloved woman.


József's last two books were ''Medvetánc'' (''Bear dance'') and ''Nagyon fáj'' (''It hurts very much''), published in 1934 and 1936 respectively. With these works he gained wide critical attention. Ideologically, he had started to advocate humane socialism and alliance with all democratic forces. It was Attila József who first formulated the ''[[Ars Poetica (Horace)|ars poetica]]'' of [[Poetic transrealism|transrealism]] in his 1937 poem ''Welcome to Thomas Mann''.<ref>{{cite web
József's last two books were ''Medvetánc'' (''Bear dance'') and ''Nagyon fáj'' (''It hurts very much''), published in 1934 and 1936 respectively. With these works he gained wide critical attention. Ideologically, he had started to advocate humane socialism and alliance with all democratic forces. It was Attila József who first formulated the ''[[Ars Poetica (Horace)|ars poetica]]'' of [[Poetic transrealism|transrealism]] in his 1937 poem ''Welcome to Thomas Mann''.<ref>{{cite web
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|location=London
|location=London
|editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Kabdero
|editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Kabdero
|accessdate=3 December 2009
|access-date=3 December 2009
|year=1966
|year=1966
}}</ref> József's political essays were later included in Volume 3. of his ''Collected Works'' (1958).<ref name="kirjasto.sci.fi">{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |title=Attila József |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620070222/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |archivedate=20 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}</ref> József's political essays were later included in Volume 3. of his ''Collected Works'' (1958).<ref name="kirjasto.sci.fi">{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |title=Attila József |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620070222/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |archive-date=20 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Publications===
===Publications===
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|url=https://thepartysite.bandcamp.com/track/with-all-my-heart
|url=https://thepartysite.bandcamp.com/track/with-all-my-heart
|title="With All My Heart" by The Party
|title="With All My Heart" by The Party
|publisher=myspace.com
|publisher=bandcamp.com
|access-date=24 February 2020
|accessdate=3 December 2009
|author=The Party
|author=The Party
}}</ref> recorded a country-folk version of Peter Hargitai's English translation of "Tiszta szívvel" ("With All My Heart") in 2004.
}}</ref> recorded a country-folk version of Peter Hargitai's English translation of "Tiszta szívvel" ("With All My Heart") in 2004.
* Hungary issued postage stamp in his honor on 15 March 1947,<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179869-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters-Hungary Michel HU 980, Stamp Number HU 825, Yvert et Tellier HU 867]</ref> 28 July 1955,<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/178532-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Poets-Hungary Michel HU 1448, Stamp Number HU 1139, Yvert et Tellier HU 1181]</ref> 11 April 1980]<ref>[http://www.colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/174009-Attila_József_Hungarian_poet_and_lyricist-Personalities-Hungary Michel HU 3427A, Stamp Number HU 2646, Yvert et Tellier HU 2725, AFA number HU 3324.]</ref> and 11 April 2005.<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/148290-Attila_József-People-Hungary. Michel HU 5018, Stamp Number HU 3928, Yvert et Tellier HU 4059, AFA number HU 4903]</ref>
* Hungary issued postage stamp in his honor on 15 March 1947,<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179869-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters-Hungary Michel HU 980, Stamp Number HU 825, Yvert et Tellier HU 867]</ref> 28 July 1955,<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/178532-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Poets-Hungary Michel HU 1448, Stamp Number HU 1139, Yvert et Tellier HU 1181]</ref> 11 April 1980<ref>[http://www.colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/174009-Attila_József_Hungarian_poet_and_lyricist-Personalities-Hungary Michel HU 3427A, Stamp Number HU 2646, Yvert et Tellier HU 2725, AFA number HU 3324.]</ref> and 11 April 2005.<ref>[http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/148290-Attila_József-People-Hungary. Michel HU 5018, Stamp Number HU 3928, Yvert et Tellier HU 4059, AFA number HU 4903]</ref>


==References==
==References==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053316/http://www.paulhellyer.com/?p=7 Meeting Attila József]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053316/http://www.paulhellyer.com/?p=7 Meeting Attila József]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040910235649/http://www.iearn.hu/balkans/bpeople/jozsefa.htm General Introduction]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040910235649/http://www.iearn.hu/balkans/bpeople/jozsefa.htm General Introduction]
* [https://www.academia.edu/35441752/Attila_József_Tableau Tableau – 2005] in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705195056/http://www.forizslaszlo.com/irodalom_belepo_en.html homepage of Laszlo Forizs]
* [https://www.academia.edu/35441752/Attila_József_Tableau Tableau – 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124851/https://www.academia.edu/35441752/Attila_J%C3%B3zsef_Tableau |date=22 April 2019 }} in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705195056/http://www.forizslaszlo.com/irodalom_belepo_en.html homepage of Laszlo Forizs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005042305/http://www.forizslaszlo.com/irodalom/europai_kolteszet/jozsef_attila/five_poems_of_attila_jozsef_01.htm Five poems of Attila József translated by László Fórizs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005042305/http://www.forizslaszlo.com/irodalom/europai_kolteszet/jozsef_attila/five_poems_of_attila_jozsef_01.htm Five poems of Attila József translated by László Fórizs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050624024140/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no148/p36.html Selected Poems in English (1)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050624024140/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no148/p36.html Selected Poems in English (1)]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jozsef, Attila}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jozsef, Attila}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
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[[Category:1937 suicides]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian poets]]
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[[Category:Hungarian people of Romanian descent]]
[[Category:Hungarian people of Romanian descent]]
[[Category:Hungarian male poets]]
[[Category:Hungarian male poets]]
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[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:People with borderline personality disorder]]
[[Category:People with borderline personality disorder]]
[[Category:Poets who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Railway accident deaths in Hungary]]
[[Category:Railway accident deaths in Hungary]]
[[Category:Suicides by train]]
[[Category:Suicides in Hungary]]
[[Category:Suicides in Hungary]]
[[Category:Writers from Budapest]]
[[Category:Writers from Budapest]]
[[Category:Hungarian male writers who committed suicide]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:Baumgarten Prize winners]]
[[Category:Baumgarten Prize winners]]

Latest revision as of 19:14, 25 November 2024

The native form of this personal name is József Attila. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Attila József
József in 1924
József in 1924
Native name
József Attila
Born(1905-04-11)11 April 1905
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died3 December 1937(1937-12-03) (aged 32)
Balatonszárszó, Kingdom of Hungary
Resting placeKerepesi Cemetery, Budapest, Hungary
LanguageHungarian
Period1922–1937
GenrePoetry

Attila József (Hungarian: [ˈɒtillɒ ˈjoːʒɛf]; 11 April 1905 – 3 December 1937) was one of the most famous Hungarian poets of the 20th century.[1] Generally not recognized during his lifetime, József was hailed during the communist era of the 1950s as Hungary's great "proletarian poet" and he has become the best known of the modern Hungarian poets internationally.[2][3]

Biography

[edit]

Well, in the end I have found my home,
the land where flawless chiselled letters
guard my name above the grave
where I'm buried, if I have buriers.

Ime, hát megleltem hazámat (first stanza), translated by Edwin Morgan, Attila József

Attila József was born in Ferencváros, a poor district of Budapest, in 1905 to Áron József, a soap factory worker of Székely and Romanian origin from Banat, and Borbála Pőcze, a Hungarian peasant girl with Cuman ancestry;[4] he had two elder sisters, Eta and Jolán. When Attila was three years old, he was sent to live with foster parents after his father abandoned the family and his mother became ill. At the time of his birth, Attila was not a well known name; because of this, his foster parents called him Pista, a nickname for the Hungarian version of Stephen.[5][6][3]

From ages seven to fourteen, Attila returned to living with his mother until she died of cancer in 1919, aged only 43.[6][3] While also attending school, he worked many odd jobs and was a self-described street urchin. After the death of his mother, the teenage Attila was looked after by his brother-in-law, Ödön Makai, who was relatively wealthy and could pay for his education in a good secondary school.[3]

In 1924, Attila entered Franz Joseph University to study Hungarian and French literature, with the intention of becoming a secondary school teacher. He was expelled from the university, deemed unfit to be a teacher, after he wrote the provocative and revolutionary poem, Tiszta szívvel ("With clear heart" or "With all my heart"). With his manuscripts, he traveled to Vienna in 1925 where he made a living by selling newspapers and cleaning dormitories, and then to Paris for the following two years, where he studied at the Sorbonne. During this period he read Hegel and Karl Marx, whose call for revolution appealed to him as well as the work of François Villon, the famous poet and thief from the 15th-century. Financially, József was supported by the little money he earned by publishing his poems as well as by his patron, Lajos Hatvany. He returned to Hungary and studied at Pest University for a year. József then worked for the Foreign Trade Institute as a French correspondent and, later, was the editor of the literary journal Szép Szó (Beautiful Word.)[3]

A supporter of the working class, Attila joined the illegal Communist Party of Hungary (KMP) in 1930.[6] His 1931 work Döntsd a tőkét (Blow down the block/capital) was confiscated by the public prosecutor. József's later essay "Literature and Socialism" (Irodalom és szocializmus) led to indictment. In 1936, he was expelled from the Hungarian Communist Party due to his independence and interest in Freud.[3]

Beginning in childhood, Attila began showing signs of mental illness and was treated by psychiatrists for depression and schizophrenia. In adulthood, he was sent by the state to a sanatorium and was diagnosed with "neurasthenia gravis."[3] Modern scholars believe that he likely had borderline personality disorder.[7] He never married and only had a small number of affairs, but frequently fell in love with the women who were treating him.[citation needed]

Attila József died on 3 December 1937, aged 32, in Balatonszárszó. At the time, he was staying at the house of his sister and brother-in-law. He was killed while crawling through railway tracks where he was crushed by a starting train. There is a memorial to him not far from the location where he died. The most widely accepted view is that he committed suicide, which he had previously attempted; he wrote five farewell letters that day.[citation needed]

Poetry

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Statue of József near the University of Szeged

József published his first volume of poetry A szépség koldusa (Beauty's beggar) in 1922; at the time of publishing, he was seventeen and still in school.

In 1925, József published his second collection of poems, Nem én kiáltok (It's not me who shouts). József's works were praised by such internationally known Hungarian researchers and critics as Béla Balázs and György Lukács. In 1927, several French magazines published József's poems.

József's third collection of poems, Nincsen apám se anyám (1929) (I have neither father nor mother), showed the influence of French surrealism and Hungarian poets Endre Ady, Gyula Juhász and Lajos Kassák.

In the 1930s, József turned his focus from a search for beauty to the plight of the working class and reflected his interest in Communism.[6] In 1932, Külvárosi éj (Night in the outskirts), a mature collection of poems, was published. His most famous love poem, Óda ("Ode"), from 1933, took the reader for a journey around and inside the body of the beloved woman.

József's last two books were Medvetánc (Bear dance) and Nagyon fáj (It hurts very much), published in 1934 and 1936 respectively. With these works he gained wide critical attention. Ideologically, he had started to advocate humane socialism and alliance with all democratic forces. It was Attila József who first formulated the ars poetica of transrealism in his 1937 poem Welcome to Thomas Mann.[8] József's political essays were later included in Volume 3. of his Collected Works (1958).[9]

Publications

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Memorial to Attila József in Balatonszárszó

Original works

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  • A szépség koldusa ("Beggar of Beauty"), 1922
  • Nem én kiáltok ("That's Not Me Shouting"), 1925
  • Nincsen apám se anyám ("Fatherless and Motherless"), 1929
  • Döntsd a tőkét, ne siránkozz ("Chop at the Roots" or "Knock Down the Capital"), 1931
  • Külvárosi éj ("Night in the outskirts"), 1932
  • Medvetánc ("Bear Dance"), 1934
  • Nagyon fáj ("It Hurts a Lot"), 1936

Published posthumously

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  • Collected verse and selected writings, 1938
  • Collected verse and translations, 1940
  • Collected works, 1958
  • Collected works, 1967
  • József Attila: Selected Poems and Texts, 1973 (introduction by G. Gömöri)

English translations

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  • Perched on Nothing’s Branch, 1987 (translated by Peter Hargitai)
  • Winter Night: selected poems of Attila József, 1997 (translated by John Batki)[9]
  • The Iron-Blue Vault: selected poems, translated by Zsuzsanna Ozsvath and Frederick Turner, Bloodaxe Books, 2000 ISBN 1-85224-503-4
  • Attila József: Sixty Poems, translated by Edwin Morgan, Edinburgh: Mariscat, 2001[10]
  • A Transparent Lion: selected poems of Attila József; translated by Michael Castro and Gabor G. Gyukics, Los Angeles, CA: Green Integer 149, 2006 ISBN 1-933382-50-3

Poems in English-language anthologies:

  • The Lost Rider. Dávidházi, P. et al. (Budapest: Corvina Books, 1997)
  • The Colonnade of Teeth: Modern Hungarian Poetry. Gömöri, G. and Szirtes, G. (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1996)
  • In Quest of the Miracle Stag: The Poetry of Hungary. Edited by Ádám Makkai [hu] (Budapest: Atlantis-Centaur, 1996 and 2000)

Tributes

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  • Exhibition of paintings "Je ne crie pas"/"Nem kiáltok…!" ("I do not shriek") by Thibault Boutherin, a tribute to József's poem "Nem én kiáltok" ("No Shriek of Mine") and dedicated to SGG, in the Károlyi Foundation[11] in Féhervárcsurgó (Hungary) August/November 2007.
  • American band The Party[12] recorded a country-folk version of Peter Hargitai's English translation of "Tiszta szívvel" ("With All My Heart") in 2004.
  • Hungary issued postage stamp in his honor on 15 March 1947,[13] 28 July 1955,[14] 11 April 1980[15] and 11 April 2005.[16]

References

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  1. ^ "2. A Fusion of Marxism and Freudianism: The Poetry of Attila József". mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  2. ^ "'Beautiful but awful' verse". Budapest Sun. Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Attila Jozsef - Poems by the Famous Poet - All Poetry". allpoetry.com. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  4. ^ Kabdebó, Thomas; Kabdebó, Tamás (18 May 1997). Attila József: "Can you take on this awesome life?". Argumentum. ISBN 9781897922026 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Garai, Laszlo (2017). Reconsidering Identity Economics: Human Well-Being and Governance. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-137-52560-4.
  6. ^ a b c d Poets, Academy of American. "About Attila József | Academy of American Poets". poets.org. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  7. ^ Meszaros, Judit (2014). Ferenczi and Beyond. Karnac Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-78220-000-0.
  8. ^ Kabdero, Thomas, ed. (1966). "Attila József – Poems". London: Danubia Book Company. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
  9. ^ a b Liukkonen, Petri. "Attila József". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006.
  10. ^ "Grammar, Style, and Usage". Writing Explained.
  11. ^ "Károlyi József Alapítvány - Fehérvárcsurgó". www.karolyi.org.hu.
  12. ^ The Party. ""With All My Heart" by The Party". bandcamp.com. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  13. ^ Michel HU 980, Stamp Number HU 825, Yvert et Tellier HU 867
  14. ^ Michel HU 1448, Stamp Number HU 1139, Yvert et Tellier HU 1181
  15. ^ Michel HU 3427A, Stamp Number HU 2646, Yvert et Tellier HU 2725, AFA number HU 3324.
  16. ^ Michel HU 5018, Stamp Number HU 3928, Yvert et Tellier HU 4059, AFA number HU 4903
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