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{{short description|Novel by Abbé Prévost}}
'''Manon Lescaut''' is an [[opera]] in four acts by [[Giacomo Puccini]]. Text founded on Prévost’s “Manon Lescaut.” First production, Milan, 1893.
{{about|the novel by Prévost|other uses}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title =
| name = The Story of the Chevalier des Grieux and Manon Lescaut
| image = Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page of the redacted 1753 edition
| author = [[Antoine François Prévost]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut
| orig_lang_code = fr
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = France
| language = French
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| set_in =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 1731
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource = Manon Lescaut
| wikisource = The Story of Manon Lescaut and of the Chevalier des Grieux
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}
'''''The Story of the Chevalier des Grieux and Manon Lescaut''''' ({{Langx|fr|Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut}} {{IPA|fr|istwaʁ dy ʃ(ə)valje de ɡʁijø e d(ə) manɔ̃ lɛsko|}}) is a novel by [[Antoine François Prévost]]. Published in 1731, it is the seventh and final volume of ''Mémoires et aventures d'un homme de qualité'' (''Memoirs and Adventures of a Man of Quality'').


The story, set in France and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] in the early 18th century, follows the hero, the Chevalier des Grieux, and his lover, Manon Lescaut. Controversial in its time, the work was banned in France upon publication. Despite this, it became very popular and pirated editions were widely distributed. In a subsequent 1753 edition, the Abbé Prévost toned down some scandalous details and injected more moralizing disclaimers. The work was to become the most reprinted book in French literature, with over 250 editions published between 1731 and 1981.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Edward Joe|year=2003|title=Once There Were Two True Friends: Or, Idealized Male Friendship in French Narrative from the Middle Ages Through the Enlightenment|publisher=Summa Publications|isbn=9781883479428|pages=247–248}}</ref>
==== Plot ====


==Plot summary==
:Place, Amiens, Paris, Havre, New Orleans.
[[File:AlbertLynch The JollyBoat Large.jpg|thumb|''Manon Lescaut and Her Lover, Des Grieux, Are Set Ashore in Louisiana'' (1896), by [[Albert Lynch]]]]
:Time, the eighteenth century.
Seventeen-year-old Des Grieux, studying philosophy at [[Amiens]], comes from a noble and landed family, but forfeits his hereditary wealth and incurs the disappointment of his father by running away with Manon on her way to a convent. In [[Paris]], the young lovers enjoy a blissful cohabitation, while Des Grieux struggles to satisfy Manon's taste for luxury. He acquires money by borrowing from his unwaveringly loyal friend Tiberge and by cheating gamblers. On several occasions, Des Grieux's wealth evaporates (by theft, in a house fire, etc.), prompting Manon to leave him for a richer man because she cannot stand the thought of living in penury.


[[File:The Burial of Manon Lescaut by Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret.png|thumb|left|''The Burial of Manon Lescaut'' (1878), by [[Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret]]]]
ACT I. Before an inn. Crowd strolling about; men drinking and gaming. Students waiting for the girls to come from work. (Madrigal, Edmund: “Hail! lovely night,” with mocking chorus: “Ha! ha! ha!”) Edmund sings of youthful pleasure. (“Youth is ours.”) The girls appear. Des Grieux enters, but is melancholy and does not join the other students. (Des Grieux: “No, away, you tempting fair ones!”) They joke with him. (Chorus: “Dance, revel’s wild enjoyment.”) Manon and Lescaut descend from the coach. Des Grieux is enchanted with Manon. (“Never did I behold so fair a maiden.”) He approaches her when Lescaut enters the inn, and she promises to meet him later. The students laugh, pointing at them merrily. Lescaut returns with Geronte, who also is captivated by Manon, saying she will only be wasted upon a convent. He plans to carry her off, while Lescaut is engaged at cards, but Edmund, overhearing, suggests to Des Grieux to go off with Manon himself in the old roué’s post-chaise. Manon appears (Manon: “Behold me!”), coquets with Des Grieux, and they fly together. Geronte and Lescaut arrive on the scene as they disappear, and Lescaut proposes that they follow post haste to Paris. (Chorus: “Fragrant breezes lightly wafting.”)
The two lovers finally end up in [[New Orleans]], to which Manon has been deported as a prostitute, where they pretend to be married and live in idyllic peace for a while. But when Des Grieux reveals their unmarried state to the Governor, [[Étienne Perier (governor)|Étienne Perier]], and asks to be wed to Manon, Perier's nephew, Synnelet, sets his sights on winning Manon's hand. In despair, Des Grieux challenges Synnelet to a duel and knocks him unconscious. Thinking he has killed the man, and fearing retribution, the couple flee New Orleans and venture into the wilderness of Louisiana, hoping to reach an English settlement. Manon dies of exposure and exhaustion the following morning and, after burying his beloved, Des Grieux is eventually taken back to France by Tiberge.
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Illustrations of the redacted 1753 edition">
Manonlescaut2.jpg
Manonlescaut3.jpg
Manonlescaut4.jpg
</gallery>


==Adaptations==
ACT II. Paris; room in Geronte’s house, where Manon is installed as his mistress, having left Des Grieux when his money gave out. The hairdresser has come, and while he is arranging her hair she talks with Leseaut, who congratulates her. (Lescaut: “A modest little cottage.”) Manon is sad and her thoughts turn to Des Grieux. Geronte is too old and wicked, he bores her. Singers enter to amuse her. (Madrigal: “Speed we o’er the mountain’s fastness.”) Geronte brings a dancing master; he and his friends kiss Manon’s hand. All dance a minuet, (Manon, Geronte and chorus: “All the golden praise you murmur.”); when the men go to stroll along the boulevards, Des Grieux suddenly appears. (Manon: “You love me then no more ?“ Duet: “ ‘Tis love’s own magic spell.”) As they renew their vows, Geronte returns unexpectedly. He salutes them ironically, reminding Manon of his many favours to her. She replies that by looking in his mirror he will see that she cannot love him. Bowing low he leaves them. The lovers rejoice in their freedom, but Manon half regrets her j ewels and pretty frocks. (Des Grieux: “Ah, Manon, you betray me!”) Lescaut enters in breathless haste, making signs that they must depart immediately. Manon snatches up her jewels, and they go to the door. It is locked by Geronte’s order. A squad of soldiers appear, to arrest Manon, who, in trying to escape, drops the jewels at Geronte’s feet. She is dragged off, and Des Grieux is not permitted to follow her. Intermezzo.
===Dramas, operas and ballets===
*''Manon Lescaut'' (1830), a ballet by [[Jean-Louis Aumer]]
*''[[Manon Lescaut (Auber)|Manon Lescaut]]'' (1856), an opera by French composer [[Daniel Auber]]
*''[[Manon]]'' (1884), an opera by French composer [[Jules Massenet]]
*''[[Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|Manon Lescaut]]'' (1893), opera by [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]
*''Manon Lescaut'' (1940), a drama in verse by Czech poet [[Vítězslav Nezval]]
*''[[Boulevard Solitude]]'' (1952) "Lyrisches Drama" (lyric drama) or opera by German composer [[Hans Werner Henze]]
*''[[L'histoire de Manon|Manon]]'' (1974), a ballet with music by [[Jules Massenet]] and choreography by [[Kenneth MacMillan]]
*''Manon'' (2015), a musical written for the [[Takarazuka Revue|Takarazuka]] troupe by librettist/director Keiko Ueda and composer Joy Son<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.takawiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=Manon%2F+Golden+Jazz+%28Moon+2015-16%29|title=Takarazuka Wiki – Manon/ Golden Jazz (Moon 2015–16)|website=Takarazuka Wiki|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>


===Films===
ACT III. Havre. A square near the harbour. Manon is in prison. Lescaut and Des Grieux linger near, By talking to her through the bars, they learn that she is to be deported to America. (Des Grieux: “ ‘Tis dawn!”). Vainly they attempt a rescue. The guard appears, escorting a group of women, who are going on the same ship as Manon. She walks among them, pale and sad. (Chorus: “Indeed she is lovely.”) The crowd make brutal comments. Des Grieux, going to Manon’s side, is roughly pushed away by the sergeant, but the captain of the ship, seeing his intense grief, allows him to board the ship. (Des Grieux: “Madness seizes me.”)
*''[[Manon Lescaut (1926 film)|Manon Lescaut]]'' (1926), directed by [[Arthur Robison]], with [[Lya de Putti]]
*''[[When a Man Loves]]'' (1927), directed by [[Alan Crosland]], with [[John Barrymore]] and [[Dolores Costello]]
*''[[Manon Lescaut (1940 film)|Manon Lescaut]]'' (1940), directed by [[Carmine Gallone]], with [[Vittorio de Sica]] and [[Alida Valli]]
*''[[Manon (film)|Manon]]'' (1949), directed by [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]], with [[Michel Auclair]] and [[Cécile Aubry]]
* ''[[The Lovers of Manon Lescaut]]'' (1954), directed by [[Mario Costa (director)|Mario Costa]]
*''[[Manon 70]]'' (1968), directed by [[Jean Aurel]], with [[Catherine Deneuve]] and [[Sami Frey]]
*[[:es:Manón_(película_venezolana)|Manón]] (1986), Venezuelan movie directed by [[Román Chalbaud]], with [[Mayra Alejandra]]
*''Manon Lescaut'' (2013), directed by [[Gabriel Aghion]], with [[Céline Perreau]] and [[Samuel Theis]]


==Translations==
ACT IV. A plain near New Orleans. Manon and Des Grieux appear, half-dead with fatigue. (Des Grieux: “Fear not to lean on me.”) They do not know where to go for shelter. (Duet: “Most cruel fate.”) Des Grieux is alarmed by Manon’s appearance and goes to look for water for her. Manon thinks he has left her forever. (Manon: “Alone, forsaken.”) He returns, frantically calling her, but she is beyond human aid and dies in his arms.
English translations of the original 1731 version of the novel include Helen Waddell's (1931). For the 1753 revision there are translations by, among others, L. W. Tancock (Penguin, 1949—though he divides the 2-part novel into a number of chapters), Donald M. Frame (Signet, 1961—which notes differences between the 1731 and 1753 editions), Angela Scholar (Oxford, 2004, with extensive notes and commentary), and Andrew Brown (Hesperus, 2004, with a foreword by [[Germaine Greer]]).


Henri Valienne (1854–1908), a physician and author of the first novel in the constructed language [[Esperanto]], translated ''Manon Lescaut'' into that language. His translation was published at Paris in 1908, and reissued by the British Esperanto Association in 1926.
''References and external links:'' Plot taken from ''The Opera Goer's Complete Guide'' by Leo Melitz, 1921 version.

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Additional references==
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=Encarta | edition=2004 | year=2003 | article=Prévost (d'Exiles, Antoine François), Abbé}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica | edition=2005 | year=2005 | article= Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine-François, Abbé }}
* {{Citation | last=Brewer | given=E. Cobham | title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | publisher=[[Henry Altemus Company]] | place=[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] | year=1898 | url=http://www.bartleby.com/81/10957.html}}
* Kunitz, Stanley J. & Colby, Vineta (1967). François Prévost, Antoine in ''European Authors 1000–1900'', pp.&nbsp;743–44. H.W. Wilson Company, New York.
==Bibliography==
* {{in lang|fr}} Sylviane Albertan-Coppola, ''Abbé Prévost : Manon Lescaut'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-13-046704-5}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} André Billy, ''L'Abbé Prévost'', Paris: Flammarion, 1969.
* {{in lang|fr}} René Démoris, ''Le Silence de Manon'', Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-13-046826-4}}.
* Patrick Brady, ''Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction : essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne'', P. Lang, Berne ; Las Vegas, 1978.
* Patrick Coleman, ''Reparative realism : mourning and modernity in the French novel, 1730–1830'', Geneva: Droz, 1998 {{ISBN|978-2-600-00286-8}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Maurice Daumas, ''Le Syndrome des Grieux : la relation père/fils au XVIIIe siècle'', Paris: Seuil, 1990 {{ISBN|978-2-02-011397-7}}.
* R. A. Francis, ''The abbé Prévost's first-person narrators'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993.
* {{in lang|fr}} Eugène Lasserre, ''Manon Lescaut de l'abbé Prévost'', Paris: Société Française d'Éditions Littéraires et Techniques, 1930.
* {{in lang|fr}} [[Paul Hazard]], ''Études critiques sur Manon Lescaut'', Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1929.
* {{in lang|fr}} Pierre Heinrich, ''L'Abbé Prévost et la Louisiane ; étude sur la valeur historique de Manon Lescaut'' Paris: E. Guilmoto, 1907.
* {{in lang|fr}} Claudine Hunting, ''La Femme devant le "tribunal masculin" dans trois romans des Lumières : Challe, Prévost, Cazotte'', New York: P. Lang, 1987 {{ISBN|978-0-8204-0361-8}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Jean Luc Jaccard, ''Manon Lescaut, le personnage-romancier'', Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1975 {{ISBN|2-7078-0450-9}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Eugène Lasserre, ''Manon Lescaut de l'abbé Prévost'', Paris: Société française d'Éditions littéraires et techniques, 1930.
* {{in lang|fr}} Roger Laufer, ''Style rococo, style des Lumières'', Paris: J. Corti, 1963.
* {{in lang|fr}} Vivienne Mylne, ''Prévost : Manon Lescaut'', London: Edward Arnold, 1972.
* {{in lang|fr}} René Picard, ''Introduction à l'Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut'', Paris: Garnier, 1965, pp.&nbsp;cxxx–cxxxxvii.
* Naomi Segal, ''The Unintended Reader : feminism and Manon Lescaut'', Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986 {{ISBN|978-0-521-30723-9}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Alan Singerman, ''L'Abbé Prévost : L'amour et la morale'', Geneva: Droz, 1987.
* {{in lang|fr}} Jean Sgard, ''L'Abbé Prévost : labyrinthes de la mémoire'', Paris: PUF, 1986 {{ISBN|2-13-039282-2}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Jean Sgard, ''Prévost romancier'', Paris: José Corti, 1968 {{ISBN|2-7143-0315-3}}.
* {{in lang|fr}} Loïc Thommeret, ''La Mémoire créatrice. Essai sur l'écriture de soi au XVIIIe siècle'', Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006, {{ISBN|978-2-296-00826-7}}.
* Arnold L. Weinstein, ''Fictions of the self, 1550–1800'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981 {{ISBN|978-0-691-06448-2}}.

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Manon Lescaut|''Manon Lescaut''}}
* Full texts at [[Project Gutenberg]] [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17983 in the original French] and [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/468 in an English translation]
* {{librivox book | title=Manon Lescaut | author=Abbé PRÉVOST}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061114010524/http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/drama/ManonLescaut/toc.html ''Manon Lescaut''] on World Wide School
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b22001473 Images from an illustrated 1885 French edition]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/prevost-abbe-manon-lescaut.html/ ''Manon Lescaut'', audio version] [[Image:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]]

{{Manon Lescaut}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1731 novels]]
[[Category:French romance novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Novels set in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Novels set in Paris]]
[[Category:Novels set in New Orleans]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into ballets]]
[[Category:French novels adapted into operas]]
[[Category:Characters in French novels|Lescaut, Manon]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1731|Lescaut, Manon]]

Latest revision as of 20:10, 25 November 2024

This article is about the novel by Prévost. For other uses, see Manon Lescaut (disambiguation).
The Story of the Chevalier des Grieux and Manon Lescaut
Title page of the redacted 1753 edition
AuthorAntoine François Prévost
Original titleHistoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut
LanguageFrench
GenreNovel
Publication date
1731
Publication placeFrance
Media typePrint
Original text
Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut at French Wikisource
TranslationThe Story of the Chevalier des Grieux and Manon Lescaut at Wikisource

The Story of the Chevalier des Grieux and Manon Lescaut (French: Histoire du Chevalier des Grieux, et de Manon Lescaut [istwaʁ dy ʃ(ə)valje de ɡʁijø e d(ə) manɔ̃ lɛsko]) is a novel by Antoine François Prévost. Published in 1731, it is the seventh and final volume of Mémoires et aventures d'un homme de qualité (Memoirs and Adventures of a Man of Quality).

The story, set in France and Louisiana in the early 18th century, follows the hero, the Chevalier des Grieux, and his lover, Manon Lescaut. Controversial in its time, the work was banned in France upon publication. Despite this, it became very popular and pirated editions were widely distributed. In a subsequent 1753 edition, the Abbé Prévost toned down some scandalous details and injected more moralizing disclaimers. The work was to become the most reprinted book in French literature, with over 250 editions published between 1731 and 1981.[1]

Plot summary

[edit]
Manon Lescaut and Her Lover, Des Grieux, Are Set Ashore in Louisiana (1896), by Albert Lynch

Seventeen-year-old Des Grieux, studying philosophy at Amiens, comes from a noble and landed family, but forfeits his hereditary wealth and incurs the disappointment of his father by running away with Manon on her way to a convent. In Paris, the young lovers enjoy a blissful cohabitation, while Des Grieux struggles to satisfy Manon's taste for luxury. He acquires money by borrowing from his unwaveringly loyal friend Tiberge and by cheating gamblers. On several occasions, Des Grieux's wealth evaporates (by theft, in a house fire, etc.), prompting Manon to leave him for a richer man because she cannot stand the thought of living in penury.

The Burial of Manon Lescaut (1878), by Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret

The two lovers finally end up in New Orleans, to which Manon has been deported as a prostitute, where they pretend to be married and live in idyllic peace for a while. But when Des Grieux reveals their unmarried state to the Governor, Étienne Perier, and asks to be wed to Manon, Perier's nephew, Synnelet, sets his sights on winning Manon's hand. In despair, Des Grieux challenges Synnelet to a duel and knocks him unconscious. Thinking he has killed the man, and fearing retribution, the couple flee New Orleans and venture into the wilderness of Louisiana, hoping to reach an English settlement. Manon dies of exposure and exhaustion the following morning and, after burying his beloved, Des Grieux is eventually taken back to France by Tiberge.

  • Illustrations of the redacted 1753 edition

Adaptations

[edit]

Dramas, operas and ballets

[edit]

Films

[edit]

Translations

[edit]

English translations of the original 1731 version of the novel include Helen Waddell's (1931). For the 1753 revision there are translations by, among others, L. W. Tancock (Penguin, 1949—though he divides the 2-part novel into a number of chapters), Donald M. Frame (Signet, 1961—which notes differences between the 1731 and 1753 editions), Angela Scholar (Oxford, 2004, with extensive notes and commentary), and Andrew Brown (Hesperus, 2004, with a foreword by Germaine Greer).

Henri Valienne (1854–1908), a physician and author of the first novel in the constructed language Esperanto, translated Manon Lescaut into that language. His translation was published at Paris in 1908, and reissued by the British Esperanto Association in 1926.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Johnson, Edward Joe (2003). Once There Were Two True Friends: Or, Idealized Male Friendship in French Narrative from the Middle Ages Through the Enlightenment. Summa Publications. pp. 247–248. ISBN 9781883479428.
  2. ^ "Takarazuka Wiki – Manon/ Golden Jazz (Moon 2015–16)". Takarazuka Wiki. Retrieved 29 June 2019.

Additional references

[edit]
  • "Prévost (d'Exiles, Antoine François), Abbé". Encarta (2004 ed.). 2003.
  • "Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine-François, Abbé". Encyclopædia Britannica (2005 ed.). 2005.
  • Brewer, E. Cobham (1898), Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Henry Altemus Company
  • Kunitz, Stanley J. & Colby, Vineta (1967). François Prévost, Antoine in European Authors 1000–1900, pp. 743–44. H.W. Wilson Company, New York.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • (in French) Sylviane Albertan-Coppola, Abbé Prévost : Manon Lescaut, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995 ISBN 978-2-13-046704-5.
  • (in French) André Billy, L'Abbé Prévost, Paris: Flammarion, 1969.
  • (in French) René Démoris, Le Silence de Manon, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995 ISBN 978-2-13-046826-4.
  • Patrick Brady, Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction : essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne, P. Lang, Berne ; Las Vegas, 1978.
  • Patrick Coleman, Reparative realism : mourning and modernity in the French novel, 1730–1830, Geneva: Droz, 1998 ISBN 978-2-600-00286-8.
  • (in French) Maurice Daumas, Le Syndrome des Grieux : la relation père/fils au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: Seuil, 1990 ISBN 978-2-02-011397-7.
  • R. A. Francis, The abbé Prévost's first-person narrators, Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993.
  • (in French) Eugène Lasserre, Manon Lescaut de l'abbé Prévost, Paris: Société Française d'Éditions Littéraires et Techniques, 1930.
  • (in French) Paul Hazard, Études critiques sur Manon Lescaut, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1929.
  • (in French) Pierre Heinrich, L'Abbé Prévost et la Louisiane ; étude sur la valeur historique de Manon Lescaut Paris: E. Guilmoto, 1907.
  • (in French) Claudine Hunting, La Femme devant le "tribunal masculin" dans trois romans des Lumières : Challe, Prévost, Cazotte, New York: P. Lang, 1987 ISBN 978-0-8204-0361-8.
  • (in French) Jean Luc Jaccard, Manon Lescaut, le personnage-romancier, Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1975 ISBN 2-7078-0450-9.
  • (in French) Eugène Lasserre, Manon Lescaut de l'abbé Prévost, Paris: Société française d'Éditions littéraires et techniques, 1930.
  • (in French) Roger Laufer, Style rococo, style des Lumières, Paris: J. Corti, 1963.
  • (in French) Vivienne Mylne, Prévost : Manon Lescaut, London: Edward Arnold, 1972.
  • (in French) René Picard, Introduction à l'Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut, Paris: Garnier, 1965, pp. cxxx–cxxxxvii.
  • Naomi Segal, The Unintended Reader : feminism and Manon Lescaut, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986 ISBN 978-0-521-30723-9.
  • (in French) Alan Singerman, L'Abbé Prévost : L'amour et la morale, Geneva: Droz, 1987.
  • (in French) Jean Sgard, L'Abbé Prévost : labyrinthes de la mémoire, Paris: PUF, 1986 ISBN 2-13-039282-2.
  • (in French) Jean Sgard, Prévost romancier, Paris: José Corti, 1968 ISBN 2-7143-0315-3.
  • (in French) Loïc Thommeret, La Mémoire créatrice. Essai sur l'écriture de soi au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: L'Harmattan, 2006, ISBN 978-2-296-00826-7.
  • Arnold L. Weinstein, Fictions of the self, 1550–1800, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981 ISBN 978-0-691-06448-2.
[edit]
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