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1860–61 United States Senate elections: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections
| election_name = 1860–61 United States Senate elections
| country = United States
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1859
| flag_year = 1859
| type = legislative
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1858 and 1859 United States Senate elections
| previous_election = 1858–59 United States Senate elections
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|1858 & 1859}}
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|1858 & 1859}}
| next_election = 1862 and 1863 United States Senate elections
| next_election = 1862–63 United States Senate elections
| next_year = {{Nowrap|1862 & 1863}}
| next_year = {{Nowrap|1862 & 1863}}
| seats_for_election = 22 of the 66 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections)
| seats_for_election = 22 of the 66 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (with special elections)
| majority_seats = 34
| majority_seats = 34
| election_date = Various dates
| election_date = Various dates
| image_size = x180px
| image_size = x180px
| 1blank = Seats up
| 1blank = Seats up
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)

| image1 = Blank2x3.svg
| party1 = Democratic Party (US)
| leader1 =
| image1 = Blank2x3.svg
| leader_since1 =
| leader1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| last_election1 = '''38 seats'''
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = '''38 seats'''
| seats_before1 = '''38'''
| seats_before1 = '''38'''
| seats1 = '''30'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 8
| seats1 = '''30'''
| 1data1 = 14
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 8
| party2 = Republican Party (US)
| 1data1 = 14
| leader2 = [[John P. Hale]]{{efn | as [[Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference|Republican Conference Chair]]}}

| leader_since2 = March 4, 1859
| party2 = Republican Party (US)
| leaders_seat2 = [[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| leader2 = [[John P. Hale]]{{efn | as [[Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference|Republican Conference Chair]]}}
| image2 = JP-Hale.jpg
| leader_since2 = March 4, 1859
| last_election2 = 25 seats
| leaders_seat2 = [[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| seats_before2 = 26
| image2 = JP-Hale.jpg
| seats2 = 29
| last_election2 = 25 seats
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3
| seats_before2 = 26
| 1data2 = 7
| seats2 = 29
| party4 = Know Nothing
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3
| 1data2 = 7
| image4 =
| last_election4 = 2 seats

| seats_before4 = 2
| party4 = Know Nothing
| image4 =
| seats4 = 1
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 1
| last_election4 = 2 seats
| seats_before4 = 2
| 1data4 = 1
| title = Majority party
| seats4 = 1
| before_election =
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 1
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| 1data4 = 1
| after_election =

| title = Majority Party
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
| map_image = File:1860senatemap.svg
| before_election =
| map_caption = '''Results of the elections:'''<br />{{legend0|#0671B0|Democratic gain}} {{legend0|#92C5DE|Democratic hold}}<br />{{legend0|#CA0120|Republican gain}} {{legend0|#F48882|Republican hold}}<br />{{legend0|#552200ff|Senator left for the Confederacy}}
| before_party = Democratic Party (US)
| map_size = 390px
| after_election =
| after_party = Democratic Party (US)
}}
}}
The '''1860–61 United States Senate elections''' were held on various dates in various states. As these [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] elections were prior to the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] in 1913, senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1860 and 1861, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to [[Gridlock (politics)|legislative deadlock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment|title=17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)|website=National Archives and Records Administration|date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> In these elections, terms were up for the senators in [[Classes of United States senators|Class 3]].
The '''1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections''' were elections corresponding with [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[1860 United States presidential election|election]] to the presidency. The nascent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] increased their Senate seats in the regular elections, and after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, Republicans gained control of the [[United States Senate]]. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.


These elections corresponded with [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s [[1860 United States presidential election|election]] to the presidency. The nascent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] increased their Senate seats in the regular elections, and after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, Republicans gained control of the Senate. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.
As this election was prior to ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|seventeenth Amendment]], Senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]].


== Results summary ==
== Results summary ==
Senate Party Division, [[37th United States Congress|37th Congress]] (1861–1863)
Senate party division, [[37th United States Congress|37th Congress]] (1861–1863)


* Majority Party: Republican (29), later rose to 30
* Majority party: Republican (29), later rose to 30
* Minority Party: Democratic (30), later dropped to 14
* Minority party: Democratic (30), later dropped to 14
* Other Parties: Unionist (1), later rose to 4
* Other parties: Unionist (1), later rose to 4
* Vacant: (8), later rose to 20
* Vacant: (8), later rose to 20
* '''Total Seats: 68'''
* '''Total seats: 68'''


== Change in Senate composition ==
== Change in Senate composition ==
Line 485: Line 484:
| [[Henry P. Haun]]
| [[Henry P. Haun]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1859 {{small|(Appointed)}}
| nowrap | 1859 {{small|(appointed)}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate special election in California|elected]] '''March 5, 1860'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate special election in California|elected]] March 5, 1860.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Milton Latham]]''' (Democratic)
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Milton Latham]]''' (Democratic)
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Henry P. Haun]] (Democratic)
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Henry P. Haun]] (Democratic)
* {{dm|date=February 2020}}
* {{data missing|date=February 2020}}
}}
}}


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! [[List of United States senators from Oregon|Oregon]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[List of United States senators from Oregon|Oregon]]<br/>(Class 2)
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Legislature had failed to elect in 1858/1859.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate special election in Oregon|elected]] '''October 2, 1860'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Legislature had failed to elect in 1858/1859.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate special election in Oregon|elected]] October 2, 1860.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Edward D. Baker]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Edward D. Baker]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 503: Line 502:
| [[Hannibal Hamlin]]
| [[Hannibal Hamlin]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1848 United States Senate special election in Maine|1848 {{small|(Special)}}]]<br/>[[1851 United States Senate election in Maine|1851]]<br/>1857 {{small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate election in Maine|1857]]
| nowrap | [[1848 United States Senate special election in Maine|1848 {{small|(special)}}]]<br/>[[1851 United States Senate election in Maine|1851]]<br/>1857 {{small|(resigned)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate election in Maine|1857]]
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned to become [[U.S. Vice President]].<br/>Winner [[1861 United States Senate special election in Maine|elected]] '''January 17, 1861'''.<br/>Republican hold.
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned to become [[U.S. Vice President]].<br/>Winner [[1861 United States Senate special election in Maine|elected]] January 17, 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Lot M. Morrill]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{Dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Lot M. Morrill]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}


|}
|}
Line 530: Line 529:
| [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]
| [[Benjamin Fitzpatrick]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1848 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>1849 {{small|(Retired)}}<br/>1853 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[D United States Senate special election in Alabamaecember 1853|1853 {{small|(Special)}}]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in Alabama|1855]]
| nowrap | 1848 {{small|(appointed)}}<br/>1849 {{small|(retired)}}<br/>1853 {{small|(appointed)}}<br/>[[D United States Senate special election in Alabamaecember 1853|1853 {{small|(special)}}]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in Alabama|1855]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Alabama|1868]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Alabama|1868]].
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 538: Line 537:
| [[Robert Ward Johnson|Robert W. Johnson]]
| [[Robert Ward Johnson|Robert W. Johnson]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1853 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1854 United States Senate special election in Arkansas|1854 {{small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | 1853 {{small|(appointed)}}<br/>[[1854 United States Senate special election in Arkansas|1854 {{small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Successor elected in 1860 or 1861.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator elected in 1860 or 1861.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Charles B. Mitchel]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Charles B. Mitchel]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 546: Line 545:
| [[William M. Gwin]]
| [[William M. Gwin]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1850 United States Senate elections in California|1850]]<br/>1855 {{small|(Failure to elect)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate special election in California|1857 {{small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | [[1850 United States Senate elections in California|1850]]<br/>1855 {{small|(failure to elect)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate special election in California|1857 {{small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate election in California|elected]] in 1860.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>New senator [[1860 United States Senate election in California|elected]] in 1860.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James A. McDougall]]''' (Democratic)
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James A. McDougall]]''' (Democratic)


Line 556: Line 555:
| nowrap | [[1854 United States Senate election in Connecticut|1854]]
| nowrap | [[1854 United States Senate election in Connecticut|1854]]
| Incumbent [[1860 United States Senate election in Connecticut|re-elected]] in 1860.
| Incumbent [[1860 United States Senate election in Connecticut|re-elected]] in 1860.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Lafayette S. Foster]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Lafayette S. Foster]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 563: Line 562:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Florida|1855]]
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Florida|1855]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida|1868]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Florida|1868]].
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 570: Line 569:
| [[Alfred Iverson, Sr.]]
| [[Alfred Iverson, Sr.]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1854 or 1855
| nowrap | 1854–55
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 28, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1871 United States Senate special elections in Georgia|1871]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew January 28, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1871 United States Senate special elections in Georgia|1871]].
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 589: Line 588:
| [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]
| [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Iowa|1855]]<br/>1857 {{small|(Election invalidated)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate special election in Iowa|1857 {{small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Iowa|1855]]<br/>1857 {{small|(election voided)}}<br/>[[1857 United States Senate special election in Iowa|1857 {{small|(special)}}]]
| Incumbent [[1860 United States Senate election in Iowa|re-elected]] in 1860.
| Incumbent [[1860 United States Senate election in Iowa|re-elected]] in 1860.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 597: Line 596:
| [[Graham N. Fitch]]
| [[Graham N. Fitch]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in Indiana|1857 {{small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in Indiana|1857 {{small|(special)}}]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate election in Indiana|elected]] in 1860.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator [[1860 United States Senate election in Indiana|elected]] in 1860.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Henry Smith Lane|Henry Lane]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Henry S. Lane]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| colspan=3 | None (new state)
| Kansas had become a state January 29, 1861 but did not elect its Senators until the next Congress, see below.
| Kansas became a state January 29, 1861, but did not elect its senators until the next Congress; see below.
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 611: Line 610:
| [[John J. Crittenden]]
| [[John J. Crittenden]]
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | Know Nothing
| {{Party shading/Know Nothing}} | Know Nothing
| nowrap | [[1816 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1816]]<br/>1819 {{small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1835 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1835]]<br/>1841 {{small|(Retired)}}<br/>1842 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>1842 or 1843 {{small|(Special)}}<br/>[[1843 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1843]]<br/>1848 {{small|(Resigned)}}<br/>[[1854 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1854]]
| nowrap | [[1816 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1816]]<br/>1819 {{small|(resigned)}}<br/>[[1835 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1835]]<br/>1841 {{small|(retired)}}<br/>1842 {{small|(appointed)}}<br/>1842–43 {{small|(special)}}<br/>[[1843 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1843]]<br/>1848 {{small|(resigned)}}<br/>[[1854 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1854]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Winner [[1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky|elected]] December 12, 1859, far in advance of the term.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.<br/>Winner was subsequently expelled, see below.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator [[1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky|elected]] December 12, 1859, far in advance of the term.<br/>'''Democratic gain.'''<br/>Winner was subsequently expelled; see below.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John C. Breckinridge]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John C. Breckinridge]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 619: Line 618:
| [[John Slidell]]
| [[John Slidell]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1853 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1853 {{small|(Special)}}]]<br/>1854 or 1855
| nowrap | [[1853 United States Senate special election in Louisiana|1853 {{small|(special)}}]]<br/>1854–55
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent resigned February 4, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana|1868]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent resigned February 4, 1861.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in Louisiana|1868]].
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 629: Line 628:
| nowrap | [[1843 United States Senate election in Maryland|1843]]<br/>[[1849 United States Senate election in Maryland|1849]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in Maryland|1855]]
| nowrap | [[1843 United States Senate election in Maryland|1843]]<br/>[[1849 United States Senate election in Maryland|1849]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in Maryland|1855]]
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in Maryland|re-elected]] in 1861.
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in Maryland|re-elected]] in 1861.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Pearce]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Pearce]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 636: Line 635:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in Missouri|1857]]
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in Missouri|1857]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1861 United States Senate election in Missouri|March 17, 1861]], see below.
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>Legislature failed to elect.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1861 United States Senate election in Missouri|March 17, 1861]]; see below.
| nowrap | {{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 645: Line 644:
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in New Hampshire|1857]]
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in New Hampshire|1857]]
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|re-elected]] in 1861.
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|re-elected]] in 1861.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)|Daniel Clark]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Daniel Clark (New Hampshire politician)|Daniel Clark]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 652: Line 651:
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate election in New York|1849]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in New York|1855]]
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate election in New York|1849]]<br/>[[1855 United States Senate election in New York|1855]]
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent retired, expecting appointment to the [[Lincoln Administration]].<br/>Winner [[1861 United States Senate election in New York|elected]] February 5, 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent retired, expecting appointment to the [[Lincoln Administration]].<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate election in New York|elected]] February 5, 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Ira Harris]]''' (Republican)
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Ira Harris]]''' (Republican)
Line 662: Line 661:
| [[Thomas Lanier Clingman|Thomas Clingman]]
| [[Thomas Lanier Clingman|Thomas Clingman]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1858 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[1858 United States Senate special election in North Carolina|1858 {{small|(Special)}}]]
| nowrap | 1858 {{small|(appointed)}}<br/>[[1858 United States Senate special election in North Carolina|1858 {{small|(special)}}]]
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in North Carolina|re-elected]] in 1861.
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in North Carolina|re-elected]] in 1861.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Asa Biggs]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Thomas Clingman]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 671: Line 670:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1854 United States Senate election in Ohio|1854]]
| nowrap | [[1854 United States Senate election in Ohio|1854]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[1860 United States Senate election in Ohio|elected]] in 1860.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>New senator [[1860 United States Senate election in Ohio|elected]] in 1860.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Salmon P. Chase]]''' (Republican)
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Salmon P. Chase]]''' (Republican)
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[George E. Pugh]] (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[George E. Pugh]] (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}
}}
}}


Line 682: Line 681:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1859 United States Senate elections in Oregon|1859]]
| nowrap | [[1859 United States Senate elections in Oregon|1859]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Winner elected in 1860 or 1861.<br/>Democratic hold.
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator elected in 1860 or 1861.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Nesmith]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Nesmith]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 690: Line 689:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|1856]]
| nowrap | [[1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|1856]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Winner [[1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|elected]] January 8, 1861.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|elected]] January 8, 1861.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Edgar Cowan]]''' (Republican) 73.68%
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Edgar Cowan]]''' (Republican) 73.68%
Line 698: Line 697:
|-
|-
! [[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]]
! [[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| [[James Henry Hammond]]
| [[James H. Hammond]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|1857]]
| nowrap | [[1857 United States Senate special election in South Carolina|1857]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew November 11, 1860.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.<br/>Seat would remain vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in South Carolina|1868]].
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent withdrew November 11, 1860.<br/>No replacement was elected.<br/>Democratic loss.<br/>Seat remained vacant until [[1868 United States Senate special elections in South Carolina|1868]].
| nowrap | None.
| nowrap | None.


Line 710: Line 709:
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Vermont|1855]]
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Vermont|1855]]
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in Vermont|re-elected]] in 1861.
| Incumbent [[1861 United States Senate election in Vermont|re-elected]] in 1861.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jacob Collamer]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jacob Collamer]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 716: Line 715:
| [[Charles Durkee]]
| [[Charles Durkee]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1854 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|1854]]
| nowrap | [[1855 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|1855]]
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[1861 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|elected]] in 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>New member [[1861 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|elected]] January&nbsp;23, 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Timothy O. Howe]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{unbulleted list
| {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Timothy O. Howe]]''' (Republican)
| {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}} [[Henry L. Palmer]] (Democratic)

}}
|}
|}


Line 741: Line 742:
! [[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]<br/>(Class 1)
! [[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]<br/>(Class 1)
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent had resigned in the previous Congress.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania|elected]] '''March 14, 1861.'''<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent had resigned in the previous Congress.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania|elected]] March 14, 1861.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[David Wilmot]]''' (Republican) 72.18%
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[David Wilmot]]''' (Republican) 72.18%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[William H. Welsh]] (Democratic) 25.56%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[William H. Welsh]] (Democratic) 25.56%
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}[[Winthrop Welles Ketcham|Winthrop W. Ketcham]] (Republican) 0.75%
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}[[Winthrop Welles Ketcham|Winthrop W. Ketcham]] (Republican) 0.75%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[William Wilkins (U.S. politician)|William Wilkins]] (Democratic) 0.75%
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[William Wilkins (American politician)|William Wilkins]] (Democratic) 0.75%
}}
}}


Line 752: Line 753:
! [[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]]<br/>(Class 3)
! [[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]]<br/>(Class 3)
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| colspan=3 | ''Vacant''
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate election in Missouri|elected]] '''March 17, 1861'''.<br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate election in Missouri|elected]] March 17, 1861.<br/>'''Democratic gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Waldo P. Johnson]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Waldo P. Johnson]]''' (Democratic)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 759: Line 760:
| [[Salmon P. Chase]]
| [[Salmon P. Chase]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate election in Ohio|1849]]<br/>1855 {{small|(Retired)}}<br/>[[1860 United States Senate election in Ohio|1860]]
| nowrap | [[1849 United States Senate election in Ohio|1849]]<br/>1855 {{small|(retired)}}<br/>[[1860 United States Senate election in Ohio|1860]]
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned December 4, 1860 to become [[U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]].<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate special election in Ohio|elected]] '''March 21, 1861.'''<br/>Republican hold.
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent resigned December 4, 1860, to become [[U.S. Secretary of the Treasury]].<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate special election in Ohio|elected]] March 21, 1861.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John Sherman]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John Sherman]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]<br/>(Class 2)
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]<br/>(Class 2)
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | ''New state''
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | None (new state)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas|elected late]] '''April 4, 1861.'''<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.<br/>Senator was [[1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas|elected late]] April 4, 1861.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[James Henry Lane (Union general)|James H. Lane]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Jim Lane (politician)|Jim Lane]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]<br/>(Class 3)
! [[List of United States senators from Kansas|Kansas]]<br/>(Class 3)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas|elected late]] '''April 4, 1861.'''<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.<br/>Senator was [[1861 United States Senate elections in Kansas|elected late]] April 4, 1861.<br/>'''Republican gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]]''' (Republican)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 778: Line 779:
| [[James M. Mason]]
| [[James M. Mason]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1847 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1847 {{small|(Special)}}]]<br/>[[1850 United States Senate election in Virginia|1850]]<br/>[[1856 United States Senate election in Virginia|1856]]
| nowrap | [[1847 United States Senate special election in Virginia|1847 {{small|(special)}}]]<br/>[[1850 United States Senate election in Virginia|1850]]<br/>[[1856 United States Senate election in Virginia|1856]]
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|elected]] '''July 13, 1861.'''<br/>'''Unionist gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|elected]] July 13, 1861.<br/>'''Unionist gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Waitman T. Willey]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Waitman T. Willey]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 787: Line 788:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1846 United States Senate election in Virginia|1846]]<br/>[[1852 United States Senate election in Virginia|1852]]<br/>[[1858 United States Senate election in Virginia|1858]]
| nowrap | [[1846 United States Senate election in Virginia|1846]]<br/>[[1852 United States Senate election in Virginia|1852]]<br/>[[1858 United States Senate election in Virginia|1858]]
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|elected]] '''July 13, 1861.'''<br/>'''Unionist gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate special elections in Virginia|elected]] July 13, 1861.<br/>'''Unionist gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John S. Carlile]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[John S. Carlile]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|-
|-
Line 795: Line 796:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1859]]
| nowrap | [[1859 United States Senate election in Kentucky|1859]]
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled December 4, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>Winner was [[1861 United States Senate special election in Kentucky|elected]] '''December 10, 1861.'''<br/>'''Unionist gain'''.
| {{Party shading/Unionist}} | Incumbent expelled December 4, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.<br/>New senator [[1861 United States Senate special election in Kentucky|elected]] December 10, 1861.<br/>'''Unionist gain.'''
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Garrett Davis]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{dm|date=February 2020}}
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Unionist Party (US)}}'''{{aye}} [[Garrett Davis]]''' (Unionist)<br/>{{data missing|date=February 2020}}


|}
|}

== Maryland ==
<!-- {{Main|1861 United States Senate election in Maryland}} -->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Maryland}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1861 United States Senate election in Maryland
| popular_vote1 = '''-'''
| colour1 = B0CEFF
| percentage1 = '''-%'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate1 = '''[[James Pearce]]'''
| image1 = James Alfred Pearce, standing.jpg
| popular_vote2 =
| colour2 =
| percentage2 =
| party2 =
| candidate2 =
| image2 =
| next_year = 1864
| next_election = 1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland
| previous_year = 1855
| previous_election = 1855 United States Senate election in Maryland
| votes_for_election = 80 members of the [[Maryland General Assembly]]
| vote_type = Legislative
| election_date = January 1861
| type = presidential
}}
[[James Pearce]] won re-election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122904|title=Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1861|access-date=2022-11-05|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}</ref>

{{Clear}}


== New York ==
== New York ==
Line 807: Line 839:
Whig [[William H. Seward]] had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming [[Lincoln administration]] (Lincoln subsequently appointed Seward [[Secretary of State]]).
Whig [[William H. Seward]] had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming [[Lincoln administration]] (Lincoln subsequently appointed Seward [[Secretary of State]]).


At the [[1859 New York state election|State election in November 1859]], 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860-1861) in the State Senate. At the [[1860 New York state election|State election in November 1860]], 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The [[84th New York State Legislature]] met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at [[Albany, New York]].
At the [[1859 New York state election|state election in November 1859]], 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860–1861) in the State Senate. At the [[1860 New York state election|state election in November 1860]], 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The [[84th New York State Legislature]] met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at [[Albany, New York]].


Ira Harris was the candidate of the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]] from 1847 to 1859.
Ira Harris was the candidate of the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]] from 1847 to 1859.


Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853-1854) was the candidate of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]].
Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853–1854) was the candidate of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]].


Both in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections.
Both in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections.
Line 847: Line 879:
There were two elections in Pennsylvania.
There were two elections in Pennsylvania.


=== Pennsylvania (Regular) ===
=== Pennsylvania (regular) ===
{{Main|1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania}}
{{Main|1861 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania}}
The regular election in Pennsylvania was held January 8, 1861. [[Edgar Cowan]] was elected by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="resultsPA3">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate Election - 8 January 1861 |url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1861C.pdf |access-date=December 22, 2013 |publisher=Wilkes University}}</ref>
The regular election in Pennsylvania was held January 8, 1861. [[Edgar Cowan]] was elected by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="resultsPA3">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate Election - 8 January 1861 |url=http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1861C.pdf |access-date=December 22, 2013 |publisher=Wilkes University}}</ref>
Line 853: Line 885:
Incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[William Bigler]], who was elected in [[1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|1856]], was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Pennsylvania State Senate|Senate]], convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
Incumbent [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[William Bigler]], who was elected in [[1856 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|1856]], was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[Pennsylvania State Senate|Senate]], convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


{{Election box begin no change| title=General Election Results<ref name=resultsPA3/>
{{Election box begin no change| title=General election results<ref name=resultsPA3/>
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
Line 873: Line 905:
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box end}}


=== Pennsylvania (Special) ===
=== Pennsylvania (special) ===
{{Main|1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania}}
{{Main|1861 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania}}
A special election was held in Pennsylvania on March 14, 1861.
A special election was held in Pennsylvania on March 14, 1861.
Line 882: Line 914:
The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:


{{Election box begin no change| title=Special Election Results<ref name=resultsPA1/><ref>{{Cite web |title=PA US Senate - Special Election |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=345245 |access-date=December 22, 2012 |publisher=OurCampaigns}}</ref>
{{Election box begin no change| title=Special election results<ref name=resultsPA1/><ref>{{Cite web |title=PA US Senate - Special Election |url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=345245 |access-date=December 22, 2012 |publisher=OurCampaigns}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
Line 923: Line 955:
* [[1860 United States elections]]
* [[1860 United States elections]]
** [[1860 United States presidential election]]
** [[1860 United States presidential election]]
** [[1860 United States House of Representatives elections]]
** [[1860–61 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[36th United States Congress]]
* [[36th United States Congress]]
* [[37th United States Congress]]
* [[37th United States Congress]]
Line 943: Line 975:
{{United States Senate elections}}
{{United States Senate elections}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:1860-61 United States Senate elections}}
[[Category:1860 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1860 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1861 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1861 United States Senate elections| ]]

Latest revision as of 20:28, 25 November 2024

1860–61 United States Senate elections

← 1858 & 1859 Various dates 1862 & 1863 →

22 of the 66 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
34 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John P. Hale[a]
Party Democratic Republican
Leader since March 4, 1859
Leader's seat New Hampshire
Last election 38 seats 25 seats
Seats before 38 26
Seats won 30 29
Seat change Decrease 8 Increase 3
Seats up 14 7

  Third party
 
Party Know Nothing
Last election 2 seats
Seats before 2
Seats won 1
Seat change Decrease 1
Seats up 1

Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Senator left for the Confederacy

Majority party before election


Democratic

Elected Majority party


Democratic

The 1860–61 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1860 and 1861, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

These elections corresponded with Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency. The nascent Republican Party increased their Senate seats in the regular elections, and after southern Democrats withdrew to join the Confederacy, Republicans gained control of the Senate. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

Results summary

[edit]

Senate party division, 37th Congress (1861–1863)

  • Majority party: Republican (29), later rose to 30
  • Minority party: Democratic (30), later dropped to 14
  • Other parties: Unionist (1), later rose to 4
  • Vacant: (8), later rose to 20
  • Total seats: 68

Change in Senate composition

[edit]

Before the elections

[edit]

After the October 2, 1860 special election in Oregon.

D3 D2 D1
D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13
D23 D22 D21 D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14
D24 D25
Ran
D26
Ran
D27
Ran
D28
Unknown
D29
Unknown
D30
Retired
D31
Retired
D32
Retired
D33
Retired
Majority → D34
Resigned
R24
Ran
R25
Unknown
R26
Retired
KN1 KN2
Ran
D38
Withdrew
D37
Withdrew
D36
Withdrew
D35
Withdrew
R23
Ran
R22
Ran
R21
Ran
R20
Ran
R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14
R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13
R3 R2 R1

As a result of the elections

[edit]
V3
D Loss
V2
D Loss
V1
D Loss
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
D20 D19 D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11
D21 D23 D22 D24 D25
Re-elected
D26
Re-elected
D27
Hold
D28
Hold
D29
Hold
D30
Gain
Plurality ↑ KN1
R21
Re-elected
R22
Re-elected
R23
Re-elected
R24
Re-elected
R25
Hold
R26
Hold
R27
Gain
R28
Gain
R29
Gain
R20
Re-elected
R19 R18 R17 R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
V4
D Loss
V5
D Loss
V6
D Loss

Beginning of the next Congress

[edit]
V4
D Loss
V3
D Loss
V2
D Loss
V1
D Loss
V5
D Loss
V6
D Loss
V7
D Loss
V8
D Loss
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6
D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7
D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 U1
Changed
R29
Hold
R28 R27
Majority → R26
R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25
R16 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7
V12 V11 V10 V9 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6
V13 V14 V15
New state
V16
New state

End of 1861

[edit]
V4 V3 V2 V1
V5 V6 V7 V8 V9
D Loss
V10
D Loss
D1 D2 D3 D4
D14
Gain
D13
Gain
D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5
U4
Gain
U3
Gain
U2
Gain
U1 R30
Gain
R29
Hold
R28
Hold
R27
Hold
R26 R25
Majority → R24
R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23
R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5
V16 V15 V14 V13 V12
R Loss
V11
R Loss
R1
Gain
R2
Gain
R3 R4
V17 V18
D Loss
V19
D Loss
V20
D Loss
Key:
D# Democratic
KN# Know Nothing
R# Republican
U# Unionist
V# Vacant

Race summaries

[edit]

Special elections during the 36th Congress

[edit]

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1860 or in 1861 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
California
(Class 1)
Henry P. Haun Democratic 1859 (appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.
Winner elected March 5, 1860.
Democratic hold.
Oregon
(Class 2)
Vacant Legislature had failed to elect in 1858/1859.
Winner elected October 2, 1860.
Republican gain.
Green tickY Edward D. Baker (Republican)
[data missing]
Maine
(Class 1)
Hannibal Hamlin Republican 1848 (special)
1851
1857 (resigned)
1857
Incumbent resigned to become U.S. Vice President.
Winner elected January 17, 1861.
Republican hold.
Green tickY Lot M. Morrill (Republican)
[data missing]

Races leading to the 37th Congress

[edit]

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1861; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Alabama Benjamin Fitzpatrick Democratic 1848 (appointed)
1849 (retired)
1853 (appointed)
1853 (special)
1855
Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No replacement was elected.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.
None.
Arkansas Robert W. Johnson Democratic 1853 (appointed)
1854 (special)
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1860 or 1861.
Democratic hold.
Green tickY Charles B. Mitchel (Democratic)
[data missing]
California William M. Gwin Democratic 1850
1855 (failure to elect)
1857 (special)
Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1860.
Democratic hold.
Green tickY James A. McDougall (Democratic)
Connecticut Lafayette S. Foster Republican 1854 Incumbent re-elected in 1860. Green tickY Lafayette S. Foster (Republican)
[data missing]
Florida David Levy Yulee Democratic 1855 Incumbent withdrew January 21, 1861.
No replacement was elected.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.
None.
Georgia Alfred Iverson, Sr. Democratic 1854–55 Incumbent withdrew January 28, 1861.
No replacement was elected.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until 1871.
None.
Illinois Lyman Trumbull Republican 1855 Incumbent re-elected, January 9, 1861.
Iowa James Harlan Republican 1855
1857 (election voided)
1857 (special)
Incumbent re-elected in 1860. Green tickY James Harlan (Republican)
[data missing]
Indiana Graham N. Fitch Democratic 1857 (special) Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1860.
Republican gain.
Green tickY Henry S. Lane (Republican)
[data missing]
Kansas None (new state) Kansas became a state January 29, 1861, but did not elect its senators until the next Congress; see below. None.
Kentucky John J. Crittenden Know Nothing 1816
1819 (resigned)
1835
1841 (retired)
1842 (appointed)
1842–43 (special)
1843
1848 (resigned)
1854
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected December 12, 1859, far in advance of the term.
Democratic gain.
Winner was subsequently expelled; see below.
Green tickY John C. Breckinridge (Democratic)
[data missing]
Louisiana John Slidell Democratic 1853 (special)
1854–55
Incumbent resigned February 4, 1861.
No replacement was elected.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.
None.
Maryland James Pearce Democratic 1843
1849
1855
Incumbent re-elected in 1861. Green tickY James Pearce (Democratic)
[data missing]
Missouri James S. Green Democratic 1857 Incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Legislature failed to elect.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until March 17, 1861; see below.
[data missing]
New Hampshire Daniel Clark Republican 1857 Incumbent re-elected in 1861. Green tickY Daniel Clark (Republican)
[data missing]
New York William H. Seward Republican 1849
1855
Incumbent retired, expecting appointment to the Lincoln Administration.
New senator elected February 5, 1861.
Republican hold.
North Carolina Thomas Clingman Democratic 1858 (appointed)
1858 (special)
Incumbent re-elected in 1861. Green tickY Thomas Clingman (Democratic)
[data missing]
Ohio George E. Pugh Democratic 1854 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected in 1860.
Republican gain.
Oregon Joseph Lane Democratic 1859 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected in 1860 or 1861.
Democratic hold.
Green tickY James Nesmith (Democratic)
[data missing]
Pennsylvania William Bigler Democratic 1856 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected January 8, 1861.
Republican gain.
South Carolina James H. Hammond Democratic 1857 Incumbent withdrew November 11, 1860.
No replacement was elected.
Democratic loss.
Seat remained vacant until 1868.
None.
Vermont Jacob Collamer Republican 1855 Incumbent re-elected in 1861. Green tickY Jacob Collamer (Republican)
[data missing]
Wisconsin Charles Durkee Republican 1855 Incumbent retired.
New member elected January 23, 1861.
Republican hold.

Elections during the 37th Congress

[edit]

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1861 after March 4.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Pennsylvania
(Class 1)
Vacant Incumbent had resigned in the previous Congress.
New senator elected March 14, 1861.
Republican gain.
Missouri
(Class 3)
Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.
New senator elected March 17, 1861.
Democratic gain.
Green tickY Waldo P. Johnson (Democratic)
[data missing]
Ohio
(Class 3)
Salmon P. Chase Republican 1849
1855 (retired)
1860
Incumbent resigned December 4, 1860, to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.
New senator elected March 21, 1861.
Republican hold.
Green tickY John Sherman (Republican)
[data missing]
Kansas
(Class 2)
None (new state) Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.
Senator was elected late April 4, 1861.
Republican gain.
Green tickY Jim Lane (Republican)
[data missing]
Kansas
(Class 3)
Kansas became a state January 29, 1861.
Senator was elected late April 4, 1861.
Republican gain.
Green tickY Samuel C. Pomeroy (Republican)
[data missing]
Virginia
(Class 1)
James M. Mason Democratic 1847 (special)
1850
1856
Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.
New senator elected July 13, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Green tickY Waitman T. Willey (Unionist)
[data missing]
Virginia
(Class 2)
Robert M. T. Hunter Democratic 1846
1852
1858
Incumbent expelled July 11, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.
New senator elected July 13, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Green tickY John S. Carlile (Unionist)
[data missing]
Kentucky
(Class 3)
John C. Breckinridge Democratic 1859 Incumbent expelled December 4, 1861 for supporting the Confederacy.
New senator elected December 10, 1861.
Unionist gain.
Green tickY Garrett Davis (Unionist)
[data missing]

Maryland

[edit]
1861 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1855 January 1861 1864 →

80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
 
Candidate James Pearce
Party Democratic
Legislative vote -
Percentage -%

James Pearce won re-election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.[3]

New York

[edit]

The New York election was held February 5, 1861.

Whig William H. Seward had been re-elected in February 1855 to this seat, had become a Republican upon the foundation of that party in September 1855, and his term would expire on March 3, 1861. Seward did not seek re-election, instead being certain to be appointed to an office in the incoming Lincoln administration (Lincoln subsequently appointed Seward Secretary of State).

At the state election in November 1859, 23 Republicans and 9 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1860–1861) in the State Senate. At the state election in November 1860, 93 Republicans and 35 Democrats were elected to the Assembly for the session of 1861. The 84th New York State Legislature met from January 1 to April 16, 1861, at Albany, New York.

Ira Harris was the candidate of the Republican Party. Harris had been a Whig assemblyman in 1845 and 1846, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1859.

Ex-Governor Horatio Seymour (in office 1853–1854) was the candidate of the Democratic Party.

Both in the Assembly and the Senate a strict party vote confirmed the caucus selections.

In the Assembly 119 votes were given: Republicans Smith Anthony (Cayuga Co.), Martin Finch (Essex Co.), Henry A. Prendergast (Chautauqua Co.), Victor M. Rice (Erie Co.) and Perez H. Field (Ontario Co.), along with Democrats Luke F. Cozans (NYC), Benjamin H. Long (Erie Co.), N. Holmes Odell (Westchester Co.) and Christian B. Woodruff (NYC) did not vote.

In the State Senate, 31 votes were given as William H. Ferry (Rep., 19th D.) was absent.

Ira Harris was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House Republican Democratic
State Senate (31 members voting) Ira Harris 22 Horatio Seymour 9
State Assembly (119 members voting) Ira Harris 88 Horatio Seymour 31

Pennsylvania

[edit]

There were two elections in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania (regular)

[edit]

The regular election in Pennsylvania was held January 8, 1861. Edgar Cowan was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[4]

Incumbent Democrat William Bigler, who was elected in 1856, was not a candidate for re-election to another term. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 8, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1861. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

General election results[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Edgar Cowan 98 73.68
Democratic Henry Foster 35 26.32%
Total votes 133 100%

Pennsylvania (special)

[edit]

A special election was held in Pennsylvania on March 14, 1861. David Wilmot was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[5]

Republican Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in January 1857. After Senator Cameron resigned his seat on March 4, 1861, to become United States Secretary of War in Abraham Lincoln's administration,[6] the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 14, 1861, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy.

The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

Special election results[5][7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican David Wilmot 96 72.18
Democratic William H. Welsh 34 25.56%
Republican Winthrop W. Ketcham 1 0.75%
Democratic William Wilkins 1 0.75%
N/A Not voting 1 0.75%
Total votes 133 100%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, 1861. Springfield, IL: Bailache & Baker, Printers. 1861.
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1861". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  4. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 8 January 1861" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 14 March 1861" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  6. ^ "CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
  7. ^ "PA US Senate - Special Election". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.