David McReynolds: Difference between revisions

David McReynolds
David McReynolds
	McReynolds at the 2009 Left Forum in New York City
Personal details
Born	David Ernest McReynolds; October 25, 1929; Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died	August 17, 2018 (aged 88); New York, New York, U.S.
Political party	Independent (2015–2018)
Other political; affiliations	Socialist Party (1951–2015); Prohibition Party (before 1951); Green (affiliated non-member)
Alma mater	University of California Los Angeles
Occupation	Activist, politician, writer

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David Ernest McReynolds (October 25, 1929 – August 17, 2018) was an American politician and social activist who was a prominent democratic socialist and pacifist activist. He described himself as "a peace movement bureaucrat" during his 40-year career with the War Resisters League.^[3]^[4] He was a resident of New York City.^[5] McReynolds was twice a candidate for President of the United States, running atop the ticket of the Socialist Party USA in 1980 and 2000. He was the Socialist Party USA's first openly gay presidential candidate.^[6] He was also America's first gay presidential candidate if not counting John Hospers - although multiple sources, including the Libertarian Party, have referred to John Hospers, who was in 1972 the first presidential nominee of the newly formed Libertarian Party,^[7] as the first openly gay person to run for president of the United States,^[8]^[9]^[10] The Guardian’s obituary stated that his family “strenuously denied” he was gay.^[11]

Early life and education

David Ernest McReynolds was born in Los Angeles to Elizabeth Grace (Tallon), a nurse, and Lt. Col. Charles McReynolds, an Air Force intelligence officer.^[12] Between 1957 and 1960, he worked for the editorial board of the left-wing magazine Liberation. He was openly gay and wrote his first article^[13]^[14] about living as a gay man in 1969.^[15]

McReynolds became a member of the Prohibition Party in 1946 or 1947 due to his upbringing as a fundamentalist Baptist, but left the party around the same time that it expelled its entire youth section for being communist. During his time in the Prohibitionist Party he became more left-wing and he later joined the Socialist Party of America in 1951. He became a pacifist in 1949, and attended a pacifist youth conference in Europe in the same year during which he realized that he was homosexual and became an atheist. He attended UCLA and graduated in 1953, and during his education he was arrested for refusing to serve in the Korean War, but the charges were dismissed. He was elected to the National Committee of the Socialist Party in 1954.^[16]

War Resisters League

McReynolds was staunchly anti-war and a draft resister, and in 1960 joined the staff of the War Resisters League (WRL), where he remained until his retirement in 1999. In 1965, he lectured on "The Old Left and the New Left" at the newly founded Free University of New York.^[17]

He edited the League's bi-monthly, Liberation. In November 1965, he persuaded Casey Hayden to let him publish under the title "Sex and Caste" a paper she had been circulating among women questioning their role and position within Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.^[18]^[19] The publication of the article has since been regarded as a key bridge connecting civil rights to women's liberation.^[20]

That same month, November 1965, McReynolds was one of five men who publicly burned their draft cards at an anti-war demonstration at Union Square in New York. This was one of the first public draft-card burnings after U.S. law was changed on August 30, 1965, to make such actions a felony, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. He was close friends with Bayard Rustin^[21] and other prominent peace activists, as well as literary figures such as Quentin Crisp.^[22]

In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War,^[23] and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated tax resistance as a form of anti-war protest.^[24]

McReynolds was particularly active internationally, both in War Resisters' International, of which he was chairperson for the term 1986–88, and in the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace, which eventually merged into the International Peace Bureau.

Socialist Party USA

The SPA was renamed the Social Democrats USA by a majority vote at the 1972 convention. Michael Harrington resigned and then formed the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (now the Democratic Socialists of America, DSA) with the purpose of "realignment" strengthening the role of labor unions and other progressive organizations in the Democratic Party to pull it to the left. The smallest and the most left wing faction of the SPA, known as the Debs Caucus, including McReynolds, formed the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA). McReynolds was long a member of both DSA and SPUSA.

McReynolds' primary theoretical contribution to socialism came from his blending of a pacifist world-view with a commitment to re-distributive socialist economics. Politically, he was a staunch anti-authoritarian and collaborated with a diverse set of political formations on the democratic left. His widely read pamphlet, The Philosophy of Nonviolence, provides a unique window into the mind of a lifelong activist wrestling with the contradictions and pitfalls which plagued the political left in the 20th century. He concludes that "...there is no living, vital philosophy which does not have 'holes' in it." Consequently, he mapped out a pluralistic approach which is, on the one hand, socialist, yet is entirely engaged with thought systems as seemingly contradictory as Hindu philosophy. He concluded that a brand of pacifist-socialism is best suited for future socialist experiments since it offers the greatest opportunity to prefigure the kinds of democratic relations necessary to create a functional and free society.^{[clarification needed]}

In his political career, McReynolds ran for Congress from Lower Manhattan twice and for President twice. In 1958, he ran as a write-in SPA candidate and then in 1968 as a Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Congress in the 19th district pulling in 4.7% of the vote (3,969 votes).^[25]

The Socialist Party attempted to unite behind Barry Commoner as a presidential candidate with the Citizens Party during the 1980 presidential election, but was unsuccessful. The party gave its presidential nomination to McReynolds and vice-presidential nomination to Diane Drufenbrock, the party's treasurer, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were on the ballots in ten states and raised around $25,000 during the campaign. The purpose of his campaign was to increase the party's membership. He received more votes than Frank Zeidler, the party's presidential nominee in the 1976 presidential election, in every state except for Wisconsin which McReynolds stated was due to Zeidler's name recognition in the state.^[16]

He was given the party's presidential nomination again during the 2000 election. After the 2000 election, the Palm Beach Post speculated that the vast majority of the 2,908 voters who had voided their votes by punching the names of both McReynolds and Democratic candidate Al Gore on a "confusing butterfly ballot" (and also of the over 3,000 more who punched both Gore and Buchanan) had meant to vote for Gore and that mistaken voting on the Palm Beach County butterfly ballot had consequently cost Gore the state's crucial electoral votes, and therefore the election as a whole.^[26]

In January 2015, the Socialist Party USA's National Committee voted to censure McReynolds over alleged racist comments made on social media regarding the Charlie Hebdo shooting and shooting of Michael Brown.^[27] He resigned from the SPUSA shortly thereafter.^[2]

2004 Senate campaign

On July 10, 2004, McReynolds announced his candidacy running on the Green Party ticket for one of the New York seats in the Senate, running an anti-war campaign against Democratic incumbent Chuck Schumer, where he pulled in 36,942 votes for 0.5% of total.^[4]^[28]

Later life

McReynolds was active politically until just before his death, attending meetings, speaking in classrooms, being interviewed for films and research, and participating in peace, justice, antiwar, and antinuclear actions. His last arrest was at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in 2015 at an action calling for immediate nuclear disarmament.

He was an avid photographer throughout his adult life and spent time during the last three years of his life sorting his collection of more than 50,000 photos.

In 2015, McReynolds endorsed U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States, praising him as a "serious candidate" and for not personally attacking his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton.^[29]

McReynolds died on August 17, 2018, aged 88, following a fall he sustained at his New York City home.^[30]

Footnotes

^ James T. Havel. The Elections, 1789-1992, Macmillan Library Reference USA, (1996)
^ ^a ^b Mulkerin, Joseph. "A socialist presidential candidate — no, not that one — looks back". The Villager, August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
^ David McReynolds, "Thinking About Retirement", Nonviolent Activist, March–April 1999, p. 7.
^ ^a ^b Duberman, Martin (March 1, 2011). A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds. The New Press. ISBN 978-1595583239.
^ "Our Campaigns - Candidate - David McReynolds". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ "David McReynolds, pacifist and socialist leader, is dead at 88 - The Villager | The Villager". www.thevillager.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019.
^ Boaz, David (2008). "Hospers, John (1918– )". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 228–229. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n139. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
^ Walker, Jesse (June 13, 2011). "John Hospers, RIP". Reason Online. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
^ Riley, John (November 23, 2018). "In final tally, Libertarian gay couple outperforms top Republican in D.C. elections". Metro Weekly. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
^ "Gay Libertarian couple outpolls GOP in DC". Libertarian Party. November 11, 2018. The first openly gay presidential nominee of any U.S political party was John Hospers
^ O'Grady, Jane (July 13, 2011). "John Hospers obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
^ "Candidate - David McReynolds". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
^ McReynolds, David (November 15, 1969). "Notes for a more coherent article". WIN Magazine.
^ McReynolds, David (1970). We have been invaded by the 21st century. New York: Praeger Publishers.
^ Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism. Edited By David De Leon Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 ISBN 0-313-27414-2 pp.215–219
^ ^a ^b Smallwood, Frank (1983). The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections. University Press of New England.
^ Berke, Joseph (October 29, 1965), "The Free University of New York", Peace News: 6–7 as reproduced in Jakobsen, Jakob (2012), Anti-University of London–Antihistory Tabloid, London: MayDay Rooms, pp. 6–7, archived from the original on October 12, 2012
^ Document 86A: Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason) and Mary King, "Sex and Caste", November 18, 1965, Liberation Magazine, April 1966, Elaine DeLott Baker Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, pp. 35–36. https://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/SNCC/doc86A.htm
^ Casey Hayden (2015), "Only Love Is Radical". Inspiring Participatory Democracy: Student Movements from Port Huron to Today, ed. Tom Hayden. New York: Routledge, 2015, 65.
^ Polletta, Francesca. Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 155.
^ John D'Emilio. "READING THE SILENCES IN A GAY LIFE The Case of Bayard Rustin", pp. 59–68 in The Seductions of Biography. Edited by Mary Rhiel, David Suchoff, David Bruce Suchoff. Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0-415-91089-7.
"Rustin's only defender was Dave McReynolds, a younger gay staffer at the War Resisters League, whom Rustin had mentored over the years."
^ Dave McReynolds. "NOTES ON KNOWING QUENTIN". and "QUENTIN CRISP: THE RADICAL", Quentin Crisp Archives (2005).
^ "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", January 30, 1968, New York Post.
^ "A Call to War Tax Resistance", The Cycle, 14 May 1970, p. 7.
^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968" (PDF). Retrieved September 27, 2011.
^ "Joel Engelhardt and Scott McCabe, "Over-votes cost Gore the election in Florida," Palm Beach Post, undated website". Palmbeachpost.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
^ Reinholz, Mary (May 1, 2015). "Rift Among Socialists Over Former Presidential Hopeful's 'Potentially Racist' Comments About Michael Brown". Bedford + Bowery. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
^ "NYS Board of Elections US Senate Election Returns Nov. 7, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
^ "Why I support Bernie Sanders". Peoples World. July 7, 2015.
^ "David McReynolds, longtime peace activist and agitator, dead at 88". New York Daily News. August 17, 2018.

Works

We Have Been Invaded by the 21st Century. Praeger, 1970.
"Thinking About Retirement," Nonviolent Activist, March–April 1999.
"Queer Reflections", New Politics, Vol. 12, no. 1 (2008).
"David McReynolds Photography"

External links

Socialist Party USA
War Resisters League
The Philosophy of Nonviolence by David McReynolds
The Infinite Series by David McReynolds
His articles at MyTown
Paul Buhle, David McReynolds: Socialist Peacemaker
Anthony Giacchino, Unclassified: Documentary of David McReynolds, Vimeo.
Collection of his papers at Bryn Mawr
Articles by David McReynolds at The Rag Blog
David McReynolds and Martin Duberman on Rag Radio, interviewed by Thorne Dreyer, March 25, 2011 (53:28)
Appearances on C-SPAN

Party political offices
Preceded by Frank Zeidler	Socialist Party Presidential candidate 1980 (lost)	Succeeded by Willa Kenoyer
Preceded by Mary Cal Hollis	Socialist Party Presidential candidate 2000 (lost)	Succeeded by Walt Brown
Preceded by Mark Dunau	Green Party Candidate for United States Senator from New York 2004 (lost)	Succeeded by Howie Hawkins

[1] James T. Havel. The Elections, 1789-1992, Macmillan Library Reference USA, (1996)

[thevillager.com-2] Mulkerin, Joseph. "A socialist presidential candidate — no, not that one — looks back". The Villager, August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.

[3] David McReynolds, "Thinking About Retirement", Nonviolent Activist, March–April 1999, p. 7.

[DubermanSavingRemnant-4] Duberman, Martin (March 1, 2011). A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds. The New Press. ISBN 978-1595583239.

[5] "Our Campaigns - Candidate - David McReynolds". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 4, 2017.

[6] "David McReynolds, pacifist and socialist leader, is dead at 88 - The Villager | The Villager". www.thevillager.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019.

[Hamowy-7] Boaz, David (2008). "Hospers, John (1918– )". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 228–229. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n139. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

[Walker-8] Walker, Jesse (June 13, 2011). "John Hospers, RIP". Reason Online. Retrieved June 14, 2011.

[9] Riley, John (November 23, 2018). "In final tally, Libertarian gay couple outperforms top Republican in D.C. elections". Metro Weekly. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

[10] "Gay Libertarian couple outpolls GOP in DC". Libertarian Party. November 11, 2018. The first openly gay presidential nominee of any U.S political party was John Hospers

[OGrady-11] O'Grady, Jane (July 13, 2011). "John Hospers obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved June 19, 2023.

[12] "Candidate - David McReynolds". Our Campaigns. Retrieved May 30, 2019.

[13] McReynolds, David (November 15, 1969). "Notes for a more coherent article". WIN Magazine.

[14] McReynolds, David (1970). We have been invaded by the 21st century. New York: Praeger Publishers.

[15] Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism. Edited By David De Leon Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 ISBN 0-313-27414-2 pp.215–219

[book-16] Smallwood, Frank (1983). The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections. University Press of New England.

[17] Berke, Joseph (October 29, 1965), "The Free University of New York", Peace News: 6–7 as reproduced in Jakobsen, Jakob (2012), Anti-University of London–Antihistory Tabloid, London: MayDay Rooms, pp. 6–7, archived from the original on October 12, 2012

[18] Document 86A: Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason) and Mary King, "Sex and Caste", November 18, 1965, Liberation Magazine, April 1966, Elaine DeLott Baker Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, pp. 35–36. https://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/SNCC/doc86A.htm

[19] Casey Hayden (2015), "Only Love Is Radical". Inspiring Participatory Democracy: Student Movements from Port Huron to Today, ed. Tom Hayden. New York: Routledge, 2015, 65.

[20] Polletta, Francesca. Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 155.

[21] John D'Emilio. "READING THE SILENCES IN A GAY LIFE The Case of Bayard Rustin", pp. 59–68 in The Seductions of Biography. Edited by Mary Rhiel, David Suchoff, David Bruce Suchoff. Routledge, 1996 ISBN 0-415-91089-7.
"Rustin's only defender was Dave McReynolds, a younger gay staffer at the War Resisters League, whom Rustin had mentored over the years."

[22] Dave McReynolds. "NOTES ON KNOWING QUENTIN". and "QUENTIN CRISP: THE RADICAL", Quentin Crisp Archives (2005).

[23] "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", January 30, 1968, New York Post.

[24] "A Call to War Tax Resistance", The Cycle, 14 May 1970, p. 7.

[25] "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968" (PDF). Retrieved September 27, 2011.

[26] "Joel Engelhardt and Scott McCabe, "Over-votes cost Gore the election in Florida," Palm Beach Post, undated website". Palmbeachpost.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.

[27] Reinholz, Mary (May 1, 2015). "Rift Among Socialists Over Former Presidential Hopeful's 'Potentially Racist' Comments About Michael Brown". Bedford + Bowery. Retrieved February 16, 2016.

[28] "NYS Board of Elections US Senate Election Returns Nov. 7, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 22, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2011.

[29] "Why I support Bernie Sanders". Peoples World. July 7, 2015.

[30] "David McReynolds, longtime peace activist and agitator, dead at 88". New York Daily News. August 17, 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|American politician and social activist}}
+{{Short description|American politician and activist (1929–2018)}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2014}}
-{{Infobox politician
+{{Infobox officeholder
 | name                = David McReynolds
 | image               = NLN David McReynolds.jpg
 | caption             = McReynolds at the 2009 Left Forum in [[New York City]]
-| party               = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2015-2018)
+| party               = [[Independent politician|Independent]]&nbsp;(2015–2018)
-| otherparty          = [[Socialist Party USA|Socialist Party]] (1951–2015)<br>[[Prohibition Party]] (before 1951)<ref name="thevillager.com">Mulkerin, Joseph. [http://thevillager.com/2015/08/27/a-socialist-presidential-candidate-no-not-that-one-looks-back/ "A socialist presidential candidate — no, not that one — looks back"]. ''[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]'', 27 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.</ref><br> [[Green Party (United States)|Green]] (affiliated non-member)
+| otherparty          = [[Socialist Party USA|Socialist Party]] (1951–2015)<br />[[Prohibition Party]] (before 1951)<ref name="thevillager.com">Mulkerin, Joseph. [http://thevillager.com/2015/08/27/a-socialist-presidential-candidate-no-not-that-one-looks-back/ "A socialist presidential candidate — no, not that one — looks back"]. ''[[The Villager (Manhattan)|The Villager]]'', August 27, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.</ref><br /> [[Green Party (United States)|Green]] (affiliated non-member)
-|birth_name=David Ernest McReynolds<ref>James T. Havel. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=BwgWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22David+Ernest+McReynolds%22&dq=%22David+Ernest+McReynolds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitqY3vg_bcAhXp7IMKHWxQCJ4Q6AEIFDAA ''The Elections, 1789-1992''], Macmillan Library Reference USA, (1996)</ref>
+|birth_name=David Ernest McReynolds<ref>James T. Havel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BwgWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22David+Ernest+McReynolds%22 ''The Elections, 1789-1992''], Macmillan Library Reference USA, (1996)</ref>
 | birth_date          = {{Birth date|1929|10|25}}
-| birth_place         = [[Los Angeles, California]]
+| birth_place         = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
 | alma_mater          = [[University of California Los Angeles]]
 | death_date          = {{death date and age|2018|8|17|1929|10|25}}
-| death_place         = [[New York, New York]]
+| death_place         = [[New York, New York]], U.S.
 | religion            =
 | occupation          = Activist, politician, writer
 }}
+{{Socialism US|people}}
-{{Commonscat}}
-'''David Ernest McReynolds''' (October 25, 1929 – August 17, 2018) was an American politician and [[social activist]] who was a prominent [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] and [[pacifist]] [[activist]]. He described himself as "a peace movement bureaucrat" during his 40-year career with the [[War Resisters League]].<ref>David McReynolds, "Thinking About Retirement", ''Nonviolent Activist'', March–April 1999, p. 7.</ref><ref name=DubermanSavingRemnant>[https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Remnant-Radical-Barbara-McReynolds/dp/1595583238 Martin Duberman, ''A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds,'' New York: The New Press (2011)]{{rp|221}}</ref> He was a resident of New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=7993|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - David McReynolds|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> McReynolds was twice a candidate for [[President of the United States]], running atop the ticket of the [[Socialist Party USA]] in 1980 and 2000. He was America's first openly gay presidential candidate.<ref>https://www.thevillager.com/2018/08/david-mcreynolds-pacifist-and-socialist-leader-is-dead-at-88/</ref>
+'''David Ernest McReynolds''' (October 25, 1929 – August 17, 2018) was an American politician and [[social activist]] who was a prominent [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] and [[pacifist]] [[activist]]. He described himself as "a peace movement bureaucrat" during his 40-year career with the [[War Resisters League]].<ref>David McReynolds, "Thinking About Retirement", ''Nonviolent Activist'', March–April 1999, p. 7.</ref><ref name=DubermanSavingRemnant>{{Cite book|title=A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds|first=Martin|last=Duberman|date=March 1, 2011|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595583239 }}</ref> He was a resident of New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=7993|title=Our Campaigns - Candidate - David McReynolds|website=www.ourcampaigns.com|access-date=October 4, 2017}}</ref> McReynolds was twice a candidate for [[President of the United States]], running atop the ticket of the [[Socialist Party USA]] in 1980 and 2000. He was the [[Socialist Party USA]]'s first [[Coming out|openly gay]] presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thevillager.com/2018/08/david-mcreynolds-pacifist-and-socialist-leader-is-dead-at-88/ |title=David McReynolds, pacifist and socialist leader, is dead at 88 - The Villager {{!}} The Villager |website=www.thevillager.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530160102/https://www.thevillager.com/2018/08/david-mcreynolds-pacifist-and-socialist-leader-is-dead-at-88/ |archive-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> He was also America's first gay presidential candidate if not counting [[John Hospers]] - although multiple sources, including the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]], have referred to John Hospers, who was in 1972 the first presidential nominee of the newly formed Libertarian Party,<ref name="Hamowy">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Boaz |first=David |author-link=David Boaz |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title=Hospers, John (1918– ) |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n139.xml|doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n139 |year=2008 |pages=228–229 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |isbn=978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024 |lccn =2008009151 }}</ref> as the first openly gay person to run for president of the United States,<ref name = Walker>{{cite news |author-link=Jesse Walker |last=Walker |first=Jesse |date=June 13, 2011 |title=John Hospers, RIP |work=[[Reason Online]] |access-date=June 14, 2011 |url=http://reason.com/blog/2011/06/13/john-hospers-rip}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.metroweekly.com/2018/11/in-final-tally-libertarian-gay-couple-outperforms-top-republican-in-d-c-election/|title = In final tally, Libertarian gay couple outperforms top Republican in D.C. elections|date = November 23, 2018|accessdate = June 19, 2023|last = Riley|first = John|newspaper = [[Metro Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.lp.org/gay-libertarian-couple-outpolls-gop-in-dc/|title = Gay Libertarian couple outpolls GOP in DC|website = [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]|date = November 11, 2018|quote = The first openly gay presidential nominee of any U.S political party was John Hospers}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]’s'' obituary stated that his family “strenuously denied” he was gay.<ref name = OGrady>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/13/john-hospers-obituary|title = John Hospers obituary|date = July 13, 2011|accessdate = June 19, 2023|last = O'Grady|first = Jane|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
+==Early life and education==
-{{American socialism |expanded=People}}
+David Ernest McReynolds was born in [[Los Angeles]] to Elizabeth Grace (Tallon), a nurse, and Lt. Col. Charles McReynolds, an Air Force intelligence officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=7993 |title=Candidate - David McReynolds |publisher=Our Campaigns |access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> Between 1957 and 1960, he worked for the [[editorial board]] of the left-wing magazine ''[[Liberation (magazine)|Liberation]]''. He was [[openly gay]] and wrote his first article<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McReynolds |first1=David |title=Notes for a more coherent article |journal=WIN Magazine |date=November 15, 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McReynolds |first1=David |title=We have been invaded by the 21st century |date=1970 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=New York}}</ref> about living as a gay man in 1969.<ref>Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism. Edited By David De Leon Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 {{ISBN|0-313-27414-2}} pp.215–219</ref>
+McReynolds became a member of the [[Prohibition Party]] in 1946 or 1947 due to his upbringing as a fundamentalist [[Baptist]], but left the party around the same time that it expelled its entire youth section for being communist. During his time in the Prohibitionist Party he became more left-wing and he later joined the [[Socialist Party of America]] in 1951. He became a [[Pacifism|pacifist]] in 1949, and attended a pacifist youth conference in Europe in the same year during which he realized that he was homosexual and became an atheist. He attended [[UCLA]] and graduated in 1953, and during his education he was arrested for refusing to serve in the [[Korean War]], but the charges were dismissed. He was elected to the National Committee of the Socialist Party in 1954.<ref name="book">{{cite book |last=Smallwood |first=Frank |date=1983 |title=The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections |publisher=[[University Press of New England]]}}</ref>
-==Early life==
-McReynolds was born in Los Angeles, to Elizabeth Grace (Tallon), a nurse, and Lt. Col. Charles McReynolds, an Air Force intelligence officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=7993 |title=Candidate - David McReynolds |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=2019-05-30}}</ref> In 1951 he joined the [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA) and in 1953 he graduated from [[UCLA]] with a degree in [[political science]]. Between 1957 and 1960, he worked for the [[editorial board]] of the left-wing magazine ''[[Liberation (magazine)|Liberation]]''. He was [[openly gay]] and wrote his first article about living as a gay man in 1969.<ref>Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism. Edited By David De Leon Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 {{ISBN|0-313-27414-2}} pp.215–219</ref>
 ==War Resisters League==
-McReynolds was staunchly [[anti-war]] and a [[Conscription#Draft resisters|draft resister]], and in 1960 joined the staff of the [[War Resisters League]] (WRL), where he remained until his retirement in 1999. In 1965 he lectured on "The Old Left and the New Left" at the newly founded [[Free University of New York]].<ref>{{Citation| last = [[Joseph Berke|Berke]]| first = Joseph
+McReynolds was staunchly [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] and a [[Conscription#Draft resisters|draft resister]], and in 1960 joined the staff of the [[War Resisters League]] (WRL), where he remained until his retirement in 1999. In 1965, he lectured on "The Old Left and the New Left" at the newly founded [[Free University of New York]].<ref>{{Citation| last = Berke| author-link = Joseph Berke| first = Joseph
-| title = The Free University of New York| journal = Peace News| volume =| issue =|date=October 29, 1965| pages = 6–7| url =}} as reproduced in {{Citation
+| title = The Free University of New York| journal = Peace News|date=October 29, 1965| pages = 6–7}} as reproduced in {{Citation
  |last=Jakobsen
  |first=Jakob
- |title=Anti-University of Londin–Antihistory Tabloid
+ |title=Anti-University of London–Antihistory Tabloid
  |publisher=MayDay Rooms
  |location=London
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
  |url=http://maydayrooms.org/room-3-research/
  |url-status=dead
- |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012141942/http://maydayrooms.org/room-3-research/
+ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012141942/http://maydayrooms.org/room-3-research/
- |archivedate=October 12, 2012
+ |archive-date=October 12, 2012
  |df=mdy
 }}</ref>
+He edited the League's bi-monthly, ''Liberation''. In November 1965, he persuaded [[Casey Hayden]] to let him publish under the title "Sex and Caste" a paper she had been circulating among women questioning their role and position within [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]].<ref>Document 86A: Casey Hayden (aka Sandra Cason) and Mary King, "Sex and Caste", November 18, 1965, ''Liberation Magazine'', April 1966, Elaine DeLott Baker Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, pp. 35–36. https://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/SNCC/doc86A.htm</ref><ref>Casey Hayden (2015), "Only Love Is Radical". ''Inspiring Participatory Democracy: Student Movements from Port Huron to Today'', ed. Tom Hayden. New York: Routledge, 2015, 65.</ref> The publication of the article has since been regarded as a key bridge connecting civil rights to women's liberation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Polletta |first=Francesca |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3682810.html |title=Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |pages=155 |language=en}}</ref>
-On November 6, 1965, he was one of five men who publicly [[Draft-card burning|burned their draft cards]] at an [[Opposition to the Vietnam War#The draft|anti-war demonstration]] at Union Square in New York.  This was one of the first public draft-card burnings after U.S. law was changed on August 30, 1965 to make such actions a felony, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. He was close friends with [[Bayard Rustin]]<ref>John D'Emilio. READING THE SILENCES IN A GAY LIFE The Case of Bayard Rustin pp. 59–68 in The Seductions of Biography. Edited: Mary Rhiel, David Suchoff, David Bruce Suchoff. Routledge, 1996 {{ISBN|0-415-91089-7}}<br>
-"Rustin's only defender was Dave McReynolds, a younger gay staffer at the War Resisters League, whom Rustin had mentored over the years"</ref> and other prominent peace activists, as well as literary figures such as [[Quentin Crisp]].<ref>Dave McReynolds. [http://www.crisperanto.org/memories/mcreynolds.html NOTES ON KNOWING QUENTIN]. and [http://www.crisperanto.org/memories/mcreynolds1.html QUENTIN CRISP: THE RADICAL], Quentin Crisp Archives (2005)</ref>
+That same month, November 1965, McReynolds was one of five men who publicly [[Draft-card burning|burned their draft cards]] at an [[Opposition to the Vietnam War#The draft|anti-war demonstration]] at Union Square in New York.  This was one of the first public draft-card burnings after U.S. law was changed on August 30, 1965, to make such actions a felony, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. He was close friends with [[Bayard Rustin]]<ref>John D'Emilio. "READING THE SILENCES IN A GAY LIFE The Case of Bayard Rustin", pp. 59–68 in ''The Seductions of Biography''. Edited by Mary Rhiel, David Suchoff, David Bruce Suchoff. Routledge, 1996 {{ISBN|0-415-91089-7}}.<br />
-In 1968, he signed the "[[Writers and Editors War Tax Protest]]" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War,<ref>"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 ''New York Post''</ref> and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated [[tax resistance]] as a form of anti-war protest.<ref>"A Call to War Tax Resistance" ''The Cycle'' 14 May 1970, p.&nbsp;7</ref>
+"Rustin's only defender was Dave McReynolds, a younger gay staffer at the War Resisters League, whom Rustin had mentored over the years."</ref> and other prominent peace activists, as well as literary figures such as [[Quentin Crisp]].<ref>Dave McReynolds. [http://www.crisperanto.org/memories/mcreynolds.html "NOTES ON KNOWING QUENTIN"]. and [http://www.crisperanto.org/memories/mcreynolds1.html "QUENTIN CRISP: THE RADICAL"], Quentin Crisp Archives (2005).</ref>
+In 1968, he signed the "[[Writers and Editors War Tax Protest]]" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War,<ref>"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", January 30, 1968, ''New York Post''.</ref> and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated [[tax resistance]] as a form of anti-war protest.<ref>"A Call to War Tax Resistance", ''The Cycle'', 14 May 1970, p.&nbsp;7.</ref>
 McReynolds was particularly active internationally, both in [[War Resisters' International]], of which he was chairperson for the term 1986–88, and in the International Confederation for Disarmament and Peace, which eventually merged into the [[International Peace Bureau]].
 ==Socialist Party USA==
-The SPA was renamed the [[Social Democrats USA]] by a majority vote at the 1972 convention. [[Michael Harrington]] resigned and then formed the [[Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee]] (now the [[Democratic Socialists of America]], DSA) with the purpose of "realignment" strengthening the role of labor unions and other progressive organizations in the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] to pull it to the left.  The smallest and the most left wing faction of the SPA, known as the [[Debs Caucus]], including McReynolds, formed the [[Socialist Party USA]] (SPUSA).  McReynolds was long a member of both DSA and SPUSA.
+The SPA was renamed the [[Social Democrats USA]] by a majority vote at the 1972 convention. [[Michael Harrington]] resigned and then formed the [[Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee]] (now the [[Democratic Socialists of America]], DSA) with the purpose of "realignment" strengthening the role of labor unions and other progressive organizations in the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] to pull it to the left.  The smallest and the most left wing faction of the SPA, known as the [[Debs Caucus]], including McReynolds, formed the [[Socialist Party USA]] (SPUSA). McReynolds was long a member of both DSA and SPUSA.
-McReynolds' primary theoretical contribution to socialism came from his blending of a [[pacifist]] world-view with a commitment to re-distributive [[socialist economics]].  Politically, he was a staunch [[anti-authoritarian]] and collaborated with a diverse set of political formations on the democratic left.  His widely read pamphlet, ''The Philosophy of Nonviolence'', provides a unique window into the mind of a lifelong activist wrestling with the contradictions and pitfalls which plagued the political left in the 20th century.  He concludes that "...there is no living, vital philosophy which does not have 'holes' in it."  Consequently, he mapped out a [[Pluralism (philosophy)|pluralistic]] approach which is, on the one hand, socialist, yet is entirely engaged with thought systems as seemingly contradictory as [[Hindu philosophy]].  He concluded that a brand of pacifist-socialism is best suited for future socialist experiments since it offers the greatest opportunity to prefigure the kinds of democratic relations necessary to create a functional and free society.{{Clarify|date=September 2010}}
+McReynolds' primary theoretical contribution to socialism came from his blending of a [[Pacifism|pacifist]] world-view with a commitment to re-distributive [[socialist economics]]. Politically, he was a staunch [[anti-authoritarian]] and collaborated with a diverse set of political formations on the democratic left. His widely read pamphlet, ''The Philosophy of Nonviolence'', provides a unique window into the mind of a lifelong activist wrestling with the contradictions and pitfalls which plagued the political left in the 20th century. He concludes that "...there is no living, vital philosophy which does not have 'holes' in it." Consequently, he mapped out a [[Pluralism (philosophy)|pluralistic]] approach which is, on the one hand, socialist, yet is entirely engaged with thought systems as seemingly contradictory as [[Hindu philosophy]]. He concluded that a brand of pacifist-socialism is best suited for future socialist experiments since it offers the greatest opportunity to prefigure the kinds of democratic relations necessary to create a functional and free society.{{Clarify|date=September 2010}}
+In his political career, McReynolds ran for [[United States Congress|Congress]] from [[Lower Manhattan]] twice and for [[President of the United States|President]] twice. In 1958, he ran as a write-in SPA candidate and then in 1968 as a [[Peace and Freedom Party]] candidate for Congress in the 19th district pulling in 4.7% of the vote (3,969 votes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1968election.pdf |title=Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968 |access-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
+The Socialist Party attempted to unite behind [[Barry Commoner]] as a presidential candidate with the [[Citizens Party (United States)|Citizens Party]] during the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 presidential election]], but was unsuccessful. The party gave its presidential nomination to McReynolds and vice-presidential nomination to [[Diane Drufenbrock]], the party's treasurer, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were on the ballots in ten states and raised around $25,000 during the campaign. The purpose of his campaign was to increase the party's membership. He received more votes than [[Frank Zeidler]], the party's presidential nominee in the [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 presidential election]], in every state except for Wisconsin which McReynolds stated was due to Zeidler's name recognition in the state.<ref name="book" />
-In his political career, McReynolds ran for [[United States Congress|Congress]] from [[Lower Manhattan]] twice and for [[President of the United States|President]] twice.  In 1958 he ran as a write-in SPA candidate and then in 1968 as a [[Peace and Freedom Party]] candidate for Congress in the 19th district pulling in 4.7% of the vote (3,969 votes).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1968election.pdf |title=Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968 |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref> In 1980, he ran for President of the United States as the SPUSA candidate, with [[Diane Drufenbrock]] as vice presidential candidate, receiving 6,994 votes (0.01%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1980&off=0 |title=1980 Presidential General Election Results |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref><ref>Kari Lydersen. David vs. Goliath. In These Times. Vol. 24, No. 10 (2000). <br>
-On his 1980 presidential run:
-"He was among the first openly gay political candidates for any office, having come out in WIN magazine in 1969, and though he doesn't see himself as a "gay and lesbian candidate," he has continued to work for gay rights."</ref>  He ran again for president as the SPUSA candidate in 2000 with [[Mary Cal Hollis]] as his running mate, receiving 5,602 votes.  In both 1980 and 2000, McReynolds received the endorsement and ballot line of the [[Liberty Union Party]] in Vermont.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/G00/VT.html#Pre |title=Vermont November 2000 General Election |publisher=Thegreenpapers.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref>
 [[File:Butterfly Ballot, Florida 2000 (large).jpg|thumb|360px|Palm Beach County's "butterfly ballot"]]
-After the 2000 election the ''Palm Beach Post'' speculated that the vast majority of the 2,908 voters who had voided their votes by punching the names of both McReynolds and Democratic candidate Al Gore on a "confusing [[butterfly ballot]]" (and also of the over 3,000 more who punched both Gore and Buchanan) had meant to vote for Gore and that mistaken voting on the Palm Beach County butterfly ballot had consequently cost Gore the state's crucial electoral votes, and therefore the election as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/news/election2000/election2000_overvote_gore.html |title=Joel Engelhardt and Scott McCabe, "Over-votes cost Gore the election in Florida," '&#39;Palm Beach Post,'&#39; undated website |publisher=Palmbeachpost.com |accessdate=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616195335/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/news/election2000/election2000_overvote_gore.html |archivedate=June 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} </ref>
+He was given the party's presidential nomination again during the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 election]]. After the 2000 election, the ''Palm Beach Post'' speculated that the vast majority of the 2,908 voters who had voided their votes by punching the names of both McReynolds and Democratic candidate Al Gore on a "confusing [[butterfly ballot]]" (and also of the over 3,000 more who punched both Gore and Buchanan) had meant to vote for Gore and that mistaken voting on the Palm Beach County butterfly ballot had consequently cost Gore the state's crucial electoral votes, and therefore the election as a whole.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/news/election2000/election2000_overvote_gore.html |title=Joel Engelhardt and Scott McCabe, "Over-votes cost Gore the election in Florida," ''Palm Beach Post,'' undated website |publisher=Palmbeachpost.com |access-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616195335/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/politics/content/news/election2000/election2000_overvote_gore.html |archive-date=June 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
-In January 2015, the [[Socialist Party USA]]'s National Committee voted to [[censure]] McReynolds over alleged racist comments made on social media regarding the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] and [[shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Reinholz|first=Mary|title=Rift Among Socialists Over Former Presidential Hopeful’s ‘Potentially Racist’ Comments About Michael Brown|url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2015/05/rift-among-socialists-over-former-presidential-hopefuls-potentially-racist-comments-about-michael-brown/|publisher=Bedford + Bowery|date=May 1, 2015|accessdate=February 16, 2016}}</ref> He resigned from the SPUSA shortly thereafter.<ref name="thevillager.com"/>
+In January 2015, the [[Socialist Party USA]]'s National Committee voted to [[censure]] McReynolds over alleged racist comments made on social media regarding the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]] and [[shooting of Michael Brown]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Reinholz|first=Mary|title=Rift Among Socialists Over Former Presidential Hopeful's 'Potentially Racist' Comments About Michael Brown|url=http://bedfordandbowery.com/2015/05/rift-among-socialists-over-former-presidential-hopefuls-potentially-racist-comments-about-michael-brown/|publisher=Bedford + Bowery|date=May 1, 2015|access-date=February 16, 2016}}</ref> He resigned from the SPUSA shortly thereafter.<ref name="thevillager.com"/>
 ==2004 Senate campaign==
-{{Main|United States Senate election in New York, 2004}}
+{{Main|2004 United States Senate election in New York}}
-On July 10, 2004, McReynolds announced his candidacy running on the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] ticket for one of the New York seats in the [[United States Senate elections, 2004|Senate]], running an anti-war campaign against Democratic incumbent [[Chuck Schumer]], where he pulled in 36,942 votes for 0.5% of total.<ref name=DubermanSavingRemnant/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf |title=NYS Board of Elections US Senate Election Returns Nov. 7, 2006 |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822221220/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf |archivedate=August 22, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
+On July 10, 2004, McReynolds announced his candidacy running on the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] ticket for one of the New York seats in the [[2004 United States Senate elections|Senate]], running an anti-war campaign against Democratic incumbent [[Chuck Schumer]], where he pulled in 36,942 votes for 0.5% of total.<ref name=DubermanSavingRemnant/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf |title=NYS Board of Elections US Senate Election Returns Nov. 7, 2006 |access-date=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822221220/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>
 ==Later life==
 McReynolds was active politically until just before his death, attending meetings, speaking in classrooms, being interviewed for films and research, and participating in peace, justice, antiwar, and antinuclear actions. His last arrest was at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations in 2015 at an action calling for immediate nuclear disarmament.
 He was an avid photographer throughout his adult life and spent time during the last three years of his life sorting his collection of more than 50,000 photos.
@@ Line 72: / Line 76: @@
 In 2015, McReynolds endorsed U.S. Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] for [[President of the United States]], praising him as a "serious candidate" and for not personally attacking his Democratic rival [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoplesworld.org/article/why-i-support-bernie-sanders/|title=Why I support Bernie Sanders|publisher=Peoples World|date=July 7, 2015}}</ref>
-McReynolds died on August 17, 2018, aged 88, following a fall he sustained at his New York City home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-news-david-mcreynolds-dead-88-story.html|title=David McReynolds, longtime peace activist and agitator, dead at 88|publisher=New York Daily News|date=August 17, 2018}}</ref>
+McReynolds died on August 17, 2018, aged 88, following a fall he sustained at his New York City home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-news-david-mcreynolds-dead-88-story.html|title=David McReynolds, longtime peace activist and agitator, dead at 88|work=New York Daily News|date=August 17, 2018}}</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[List of peace activists]]
 ==Footnotes==
-{{Reflist|2}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
 == Works ==
-* ''We Have Been Invaded by the 21st Century.'' Praeger, 1970.
+* ''We Have Been Invaded by the 21st Century''. Praeger, 1970.
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100701044409/http://www.warresisters.org/nva/nva0399-3.htm "Thinking About Retirement,"] ''Nonviolent Activist'', March–April 1999.
-* [http://newpol.org/content/queer-reflections "Queer Reflections,"] ''[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]'', Vol 12, no. 1 (2008).
+* [http://newpol.org/content/queer-reflections "Queer Reflections"], ''[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]'', Vol. 12, no. 1 (2008).
 * [http://www.mcreynoldsphotos.org/ "David McReynolds Photography"]
 ==Further reading==
 * [[Paul Buhle]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026220247/http://www.warresisters.org/nva/nva0399-2.htm "David McReynolds:Socialist Peacemaker"]. ''Nonviolent Activist'', March–April 1999.
-* Scott H. Bennett, "Conscience, Comrades, and the Cold War: The Korean War Draft Resistance Cases of Socialist Pacifists David McReynolds and Vern Davidson," ''Peace and Change,'' vol. 38, no. 1 (Jan. 2013), pp.&nbsp;83–120.
+* Scott H. Bennett, "Conscience, Comrades, and the Cold War: The Korean War Draft Resistance Cases of Socialist Pacifists David McReynolds and Vern Davidson", ''Peace and Change'', vol. 38, no. 1 (January 2013), pp.&nbsp;83–120.
-* Scott H. Bennett, ''Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963.'' Syracuse University Press, 2003.
+* Scott H. Bennett, ''Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963''. Syracuse University Press, 2003.
-* [[Dan Vera]], "Being Peaceful: An Interview with David McReynolds." ''[[White Crane (magazine)|White Crane]],'' No. 57 (Summer 2003), pp.&nbsp;4–10.
+* [[Dan Vera]], "Being Peaceful: An Interview with David McReynolds." ''[[White Crane (magazine)|White Crane]]'', No. 57 (Summer 2003), pp.&nbsp;4–10.
-* Keith Stern, ''Queers in History.'' Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books, 2009.
+* Keith Stern, ''Queers in History''. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books, 2009.
 ==External links==
+{{Commons category}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040701084622/http://www.sp-usa.org/ Socialist Party USA]
 * [http://www.warresisters.org War Resisters League]
@@ Line 96: / Line 104: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041222091744/http://www.thesocialistparty.org/spo/archive/McR/index.html ''The Infinite Series''] by David McReynolds
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060502130736/http://www.mytown.ca/mcreynolds/ His articles at MyTown]
-* Paul Buhle, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016121956/http://www.warresisters.org/nva0399-2.htm ''David McReynolds: Socialist Peacemaker.'']
+* Paul Buhle, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016121956/http://www.warresisters.org/nva0399-2.htm ''David McReynolds: Socialist Peacemaker'']
 * Anthony Giacchino, [https://vimeo.com/7788130 ''Unclassified: Documentary of David McReynolds''], Vimeo.
-* [https://archive.is/20121210053409/http://tripod.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b2600973 Collection of his papers at Bryn Mawr]
+* [https://archive.today/20121210053409/http://tripod.brynmawr.edu/find/Record/.b2600973 Collection of his papers at Bryn Mawr]
 * [http://theragblog.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20McReynolds Articles by David McReynolds at ''The Rag Blog'']
 * [https://archive.org/details/RagRadio2011-03-25 David McReynolds and Martin Duberman on Rag Radio], interviewed by [[Thorne Dreyer]], March 25, 2011 (53:28)
-* {{C-SPAN|davidmcreynolds}}
+* {{C-SPAN|33867}}
 {{S-start}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 123: @@
  title=[[Socialist Party USA|Socialist Party]] [[President of the United States|Presidential]] [[:Category:Socialist Party USA presidential nominees|candidate]]|
  years=[[U.S. presidential election, 2000|2000]] (lost)|
- after=[[Walt Brown]]
+ after=[[Walt Brown (politician)|Walt Brown]]
 }}
 {{Succession box
@@ Line 130: / Line 138: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:McReynolds, David}}
-[[Category:American pacifists]]
+[[Category:1929 births]]
-[[Category:American conscientious objectors]]
+[[Category:2018 deaths]]
-[[Category:Nonviolence advocates]]
+[[Category:Accidental deaths in New York (state)]]
-[[Category:War Resisters League activists]]
-[[Category:American tax resisters]]
 [[Category:Activists from California]]
 [[Category:Activists from New York (state)]]
-[[Category:New York (state) Greens]]
+[[Category:American atheists]]
-[[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]]
+[[Category:American conscientious objectors]]
-[[Category:Socialist Party USA politicians from New York (state)]]
+[[Category:American gay politicians]]
-[[Category:Socialist Party USA presidential nominees]]
+[[Category:American pacifists]]
+[[Category:American tax resisters]]
 [[Category:Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election]]
 [[Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election]]
 [[Category:Candidates in the 2004 United States elections]]
-[[Category:20th-century American politicians]]
+[[Category:Deaths from falls]]
-[[Category:Politicians from New York City]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ people from California]]
-[[Category:Gay politicians]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
-[[Category:LGBT politicians from the United States]]
-[[Category:LGBT people from California]]
-[[Category:LGBT people from New York (state)]]
-[[Category:LGBT socialists]]
-[[Category:American atheists]]
 [[Category:Marxist humanists]]
+[[Category:Members of the Democratic Socialists of America]]
+[[Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America]]
+[[Category:New York (state) Greens]]
+[[Category:American nonviolence advocates]]
+[[Category:Politicians from New York City]]
+[[Category:Socialist Party USA politicians from New York (state)]]
+[[Category:Socialist Party USA presidential nominees]]
 [[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
-[[Category:Accidental deaths in New York (state)]]
+[[Category:War Resisters League activists]]
-[[Category:Deaths from falls]]
+[[Category:LGBTQ socialism]]
-[[Category:1929 births]]
-[[Category:2018 deaths]]

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