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{{Short description|Archaeological site in Northern State, Egypt}} |
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""Uronarti"" |
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{{Infobox ancient site |
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Uronarti was an ancient Egyptian fortress that was located on an island on the Nile River. It was located near the Second Cataract, specifically to the south of it. It stands out from the other fortresses because of its triangular-shaped geography. It is believed to be constructed during the Middle Kingdom (19th century BC) between the rulers Senusret I and Senusret III. Uronarti along with the other fortresses were established in Nubia during a time where the Egyptian influence was sought out to be expanded. And that is why Uronarti along with Buhen, Mirgissa, Shalfak, Askut, Dabenarti, Semna, and Kumma were established within signaling distance of each other. There’s substantial lack of information of Uronarti and the fortresses. The triangular shaped fortress took advantage of the narrow passage of the Nile River because of it being on the actual Nile River on an island. Uronarti in size happens to be the second smallest fortress only being bigger than Askut. The fort had walls that were that were 5 meters thick and were as 10 meters high. It had a length and width of about 120 meters x 60 meters and was made of mud-brick. The fort in its time included loopholes, battlements, ramparts, buttresses, and bastions. There’s speculation in literature that Uronarti along with the other fortresses were strikingly impressive because they exceeded the requirements of the military and may have been considered a form of monumental architecture in the way that the Giza Pyramids were. Also, near the site were located temples of Dedwen and Montu that were dedicated to them. In 1964, the Aswan Dam created Lake Nasser which the site has not been submerged from. |
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|name = Uronarti |
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""Excavation History"" |
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|native_name = |
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Uronarti was first excavated by American Archaeologist George Andrew Reisner under the nominal supervision of Noel F. Wheeler. The preliminary examination of the site was in May of 1924. The excavations took place between November 15, 1928 – January 16, 1929 and February 5, 1930 – March 20, 1930. Reisner became one of the most prominent founding fathers of modern scientific archaeology. |
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|alternate_name = |
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In 2012, The Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project (URAP) was formed by Laurel Bestock and Christian Knoblauch to investigate an outpost of Uronarti. They focused on colonization events rather than broader colonial relations. During their time there they discovered Site FC, contemporary with the fortress itself. |
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|image = Bestock and Knoblauch Final Figure 2.jpg |
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""Finds at Uronarti"" |
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|alt = |
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Finds at Uronarti include: seal impressions, mud stamps, pottery, and papyrus fragments. Most fragments only include a few characters; only a handful contains few badly broken lines. There are also a series of plates, 20 to be exact, that came from investigating Uronarti of hieratic facsimilies which illustrate all the important finds. The mud stamps are unusual because they depict captives. And the overwhelming lot of papyrus found has brought no usable information. The large number of sealings reflect administrative aspects connected with the other Nubian fortresses. The seals referring to the various surrounding fortresses in the Second Cataract region show the close connection between each other. Centers for local administration are also seen in the treasuries and granaries that are shown to exist in the seals as well. The administration for the entire country is represented as well as seen in the seals of the great granary of King Sesostris III. The suggested existence of a dual and shared viziership in Egypt in the Late Middle Kingdom is also seen in a seal found stating “office of the vizier of the Head-of-the South”. |
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|caption = Uronarti. |
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A duplicate of the text of the Semna stela of Senusret III was also found at Uronarti by Steindorff G. Borchardtand H. Shafer. That happened to be the principal object discovered during their expedition of the Second Cataract region. The inscription shows that the Nubians attacked first and that Senusret forced them to retreat. The stela measures 1.50 meters in height and 0.80 meters in breadth and is of brown sandstone and it has some variants from the original Semna stela. The stela stayed in Sudan and is one of the treasures of the Archaeological Museum of Khartoum and it reads: |
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|map_type = Sudan |
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“Horus: Divine of Forms; the Two Ladies: Divine of Birth; the Golden Horus: He has Come into Being(?); The King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Re is Appearing of Ka’s granted life, stability and wealth like Re eternally; The Son of Re of his (own) Body: Sesostris (III), granted life, stability, and wealth like Re eternally! |
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|map_alt = |
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(1) Stela made in year 16, third month of winter, when the fortress “Repelling the Iwentiu” was built. |
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|coordinates = {{coord|21|31|33|N|30|59|25|E|display=inline,title}} |
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(2) I have made the boundary going farther southward than my ancestors and I have exceeded |
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|location = [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern]], Sudan |
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(3) that which was bequeathed to me. I am a king who speaks, (and by it) executes; what my heart plans is done by my hand; |
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|region = [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] |
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(4) aggressive to conquer; acting resolute with success; in whose heart the world does not sleep, |
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|type = Fortress |
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(5) (but) one thinking of his clients who trust on mildness; not being mild against the enemy who attacks him; attacking |
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|part_of = |
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(6) when he is attacked; keeping silence if one is silent (against him); answering a word according to that what has happened in it (i.e., who gives an answer according to the nature of the question). For |
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|length = |
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(7) to desist after being attacked boldness the heart of the enemy. To be aggressive is to be brave, to retreat is timidity. |
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|width = |
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(8) Really unvirille is he who is debarred from his frontier, since the Nubian hears |
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|area = |
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(9) to fall at a word (i.e., the Nubian hardly hears or he falls at the [first] word.); the answering of him causes him to retire. If one is aggressive against him, he turns his back; if one retreats, he falls |
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|height = |
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(10) into aggression. They are not people one must fear; they are wretches, broken of heart. My Majesty has seen them, |
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|builder = |
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(11) there is no untruth. (For) I have captured their wives, and I have brought back their inhabitants, ascended to their wells |
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|material = |
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(12) and slain their bulls. I have pulled up their barley and set the flame in it. As my father lives for me; |
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|built = |
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(13)I speak in truth, without a word of boasting therein issuing from my mouth. Now as for every son of mine |
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|abandoned = |
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(14) who shall strengthen this boundary which My Majesty (life, prosperity and health); has made, he is my son, [and he is born to] |
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|epochs = |
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(15) My Majesty (life, prosperity and health); good is a son, the helper of his father, and who strengthens [the boundary of] |
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|cultures = |
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(16) him that begot him. Now as for him who shall lose it and shall not fight [on behalf of it], |
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|dependency_of = |
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(17) he is not my son and he is not born to me. Now [My Majesty (life, prosperity and health) has caused] |
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|occupants = |
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(18) the erection of a statue of My Majesty (life, prosperity and health) on this frontier [which My Majesty (life, prosperity and health) made] |
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|event = |
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(19) in order that you may persevere on it and in order that [you might fight on behalf of it].” |
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|excavations = |
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""Uronarti History"" |
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|archaeologists = |
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There is a significant lack of information on Uronarti and the fortresses but many archaeologists have tried to make educated guesses based on the information known and gathered. Some believe that trade diminished between the Egyptians and Nubians after the Old Kingdom. And during the First Intermediate Period there was not central government in Egypt. And when Egypt was reunited, Senusret I began to exploit Lower Nubia for its resources. Exploitation continued with his successors and when Senusret III came along he took control of Lower Nubia all the way down to the Second Cataract; the southern-most front being at Semna. The First Boundary Semna Stela that Senusret III made said, “Southern boundary made in the eight year (of the reign of Senusret III) to prevent any Nubian from passing it downstream, either overland or by boat, or any herds of the Nubians, apart from those Nubians who come to trade with Iken or on any good business which may be transacted with them." The fortresses were started under Senusret I, but most of them completed most of their construction during Senusret III. They were all big enough to suffice the necessary housing of personnel. |
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|condition = |
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""Uronarti Significance"" |
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|ownership = |
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Given the size of Uronarti and also the other fortresses they would have been easy to defend. And it is difficult to imagine an enemy of considerable size that would be a formidable foe for any of them. But the support of all of their assets is what is important because they would have needed to run trade as efficiently as possible whether through land or down the river. Especially because there was little to no food available locally, and it would definitely would not be able to support more than several thousands of people. Uronarti and the other fortresses were clearly too large and strong for any foe around the area, it is also seen as being very difficult to survive in the area keeping into consideration that there was not that many resources for the amount of personnel that each fortress could house; this suggests that Uronarti and the fortresses must have had another purpose. Many believe Uronarti like the other fortresses was built to contain the threat of rising powers in Lower Nubia and to serve as monument of the power of the Egyptians. Reisner himself even thinks that the palace on the island of Uronarti was possibly used by the Viceroy of Kush in the 18th Dynasty or even by a king from the Middle Kingdom (most likely Sesostris III). |
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|management = |
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""Site FC at Uronarti"" |
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|public_access = |
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Site FC, an extra-mural site, is just outside the walls of Uronarti had a differentiation to it from the Egyptian fortress itself. The difference noted from Uronarti was in the techniques of the construction that seem to originate from different architectural tradition and the organization of the entirety of the space in Site FC. During a survey of the Eastern side of Uronarti is when Site FC was discovered. It rests about 250 meters away from the fortress. Piles of tumbled stones were recorded to be found in the initial survey of this area. The 25 stones range from 2.5 meters to 4 meters in diameter. Some of the piles of stone were found together in clusters and others were completely isolated by themselves, all together extending over an area of 2000 meters^2. Stone found locally was used in the construction of dwellings in the site. Photographs taken in the 1950’s aerially suggests that the original site may have extended along the eastern shore of the island in its entirety. The site lacks a wall which means it did not have anything surrounding it. All of this is significant because all this information indicates that Site Fc was substantial settlement on its own apart from Uronarti. The inhabitants probably lived an entire different lifestyle from those living in the mud-brick walls of the fortress. Site FC may have been dependent on the fortress for materials but most likely were left to fend for themselves outside of the walls. Site FC brings more questions than answers but what makes this area important is that it demonstrates the complexity of the colonial Egyptians and the local landscape at Uronarti. |
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|website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> |
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|notes = |
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}} |
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'''Uronarti''' is an island and archaeological site in the [[Nile]] just south of the [[Cataracts of the Nile|Second Cataract]] in the north of [[Sudan]]. The site features a massive ancient fortress that still stands on its northern end. This fortress is one of many constructed along the Nile in Lower Nubia during the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], beginning under the reign of [[Senusret I]]. |
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This site was thought to be submerged under [[Lake Nasser]], however parts remain above water and recently seen the establishment of new archaeological projects.<ref name=":2">[https://sites.brown.edu/urap/ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project]</ref> The discoveries of the project include an extramural settlement contemporary with the fortress, called Site FC, and further details on the settlement itself.<ref name=":2" /> |
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==References== |
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== Archaeological Research == |
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Reisner, George A. and Noel F. Wheeler. Second Cataract Forts. Volume II: Uronarti,Shalfak, Mirgissa: Excavated by George Andrew Reisner and Noel F. Wheeler - Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 1967 |
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Smith, Stuart T. [http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/Aegaeum5(pdf)/Smith.pdf Administration at the Egyptian Middle Kingdom Frontier: Sealings from Uronarti and Askut] |
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Uronarti has been researched for over 100 years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Welsby |first=Derek |date=2004 |title=Hidden Treasures of Lake Nubia |journal=Sudan and Nubia |volume=8 |pages=103–4}}</ref> Uronarti was first excavated by British archaeologist Noel F. Wheeler under the nominal supervision of [[George Andrew Reisner]] in 1924. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dunham |first=Dows |title=Second Cataract Forts II: Uronarti, Shalfak, Mirgissa |publisher=Boston Museum of Fine Arts |year=1967}}</ref> The results of these excavations were published by [[Dows Dunham]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.yare.org/essays/fortresses.htm article and map] |
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After the [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]] was built, it believed that this site was submerged under [[Lake Nasser|Lake Nasser.]] Recently, the fortress was recently rediscovered by Derek Welsby.<ref name=":3" /> In 2012, the Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project (URAP) was formed by Dr Laurel Bestock and Dr Christian Knoblauch to investigate Uronarti.<ref name=":2">[https://sites.brown.edu/urap/ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project]</ref> The project, which is ongoing, focuses on colonial relations and the lived experience of ancient people on Uronarti and in the surrounding region. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Bestock |first2=Laurel |date=2017 |title=Evolving Communities: the Egyptian fortress on Uronarti in the Late Middle Kingdom |journal=Sudan and Nubia |volume=21 |pages=50–8}}</ref> |
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== The Fortress == |
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The triangular shaped fortress of Uronarti is situated high on a rocky island, where it took advantage of the narrow passage of the Nile River in an area with the modern name [[Batn-El-Hajar]] - the Belly of Rocks.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Bestock |first1=Laurel |last2=Knoblauch |first2=Christian |date=April 2015 |title=Living Beyond the Walls: new evidence for Egyptian Colonialism at Uronarti, Nubia |url=http://journal.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/bestock344 |website=Antiquity}}</ref> Conforming closely to the topography, the fort is an example of the [[Terrain type]] of Middle Kingdom forts. It was largely constructed of sun-dried mud brick.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Bestock |first2=Laurel |date=2013 |title=The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo |volume=69 |pages=103–42}}</ref> |
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The initial mapping of Uronarti was completed by Dows Dunham.<ref name=":1" /> The interior of the fortress has streets paved with stone.<ref name=":1" /> Sections of the fort include large granaries, buildings thought to be an administrative center, a governor's house, and barracks.<ref name=":22">[https://sites.brown.edu/urap/ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project]</ref><ref name=":1" /> The barracks are similar in plan to small houses known at other Middle Kingdom settlements that were planned by the state<ref name=":02" /> Many of the buildings inside the fortress saw substantial modifications over time, indicating shifts in both social life and administration.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Bestock |first2=Laurel |date=2017 |title=Evolving Communities: the Egyptian fortress on Uronarti in the Late Middle Kingdom |journal=Sudan and Nubia |volume=21 |pages=50–8}}</ref> The ceramics from dumps at Uronarti suggest an occupation history into the very late Middle Kingdom or very early Second Intermediate Period, but not beyond.<ref name=":02" /> |
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Aside from the architecture itself, the overwhelming majority of archaeological finds from Uronarti fortress are ceramics.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Penacho |first=Susan |title=Deciphering Sealing Practices at Uronarti and Askut: a Spatial Analysis of the Built Environment and Individual Sealers |publisher=Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Chicago |year=2015}}</ref> |
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Some other items found at Uronarti include seal impressions, mud stamps, pottery, papyrus fragments, and stelae.<ref name=":8" /> Most papyrus fragments include only a few characters, and while they are thus largely illegible, they attest to the high level of documentation of the administrative activities of the fortress (see the [[Semna Despatches]] for better preserved records of this type of activity). The large number of sealings reflects administrative activities, and can track changes in leadership through the fort's use.<ref name=":8" /> |
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=== Site FC === |
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Site FC is an site some 250m south of the walls of the fortress.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Bestock |first2=Laurel |date=2013 |title=The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo |volume=69 |pages=103–42}}</ref> Discovered in 2012 and partly excavated in 2013 and 2015, it is significantly different from the fort although it appears to be contemporary with it.<ref name=":03" /> Occupying two low hills near the current east shore of the island, the site consists of the remains of at least 25 dry-stone huts constructed of local stone.<ref name=":23">[https://sites.brown.edu/urap/ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project]</ref> Some huts were single rooms, some more elaborate groupings of rooms. <ref name=":03" /> |
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One excavated hut had a hearth and a windbreak protecting large storage vessels.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last1=Bestock |first1=Laurel |last2=Knoblauch |first2=Christian |date=April 2015 |title=Living Beyond the Walls: new evidence for Egyptian Colonialism at Uronarti, Nubia |url=http://journal.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/bestock344 |website=Antiquity}}</ref> This site was most likely contemporary with the early phase of the occupation of the fortress.<ref name=":62" /> |
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=== The "Campaign Palace" === |
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In addition to the fortress, Uronarti had some other mud brick constructions, the largest of which was a rectangular building that is discussed in scholarly literature as the "Campaign Palace".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dunham |first=Dows |title=Second Cataract Forts II: Uronarti, Shalfak, Mirgissa |publisher=Boston Museum of Fine Arts |year=1967}}</ref> Before the construction of Lake Nasser, this rectangular building was interpreted as a palace that the king could have stayed at while on campaign.<ref name=":1" /> However, there is little evidence to support this analysis. We can see this is a larger building than others, and that could have indicated status.<ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoblauch |first1=Christian |last2=Bestock |first2=Laurel |date=2013 |title=The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo |volume=69 |pages=103–42}}</ref> Unfortunately, this area is annually flooded, so studying it can be difficult. The URAP conducted studies at low water to see how much of the "palace" remained, but results were inconclusive.<ref name=":022" /> |
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=== The Exterior Wall === |
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A massive boundary wall runs the length of the exterior, and extends several hundred meters to the south toward the Semna fortress. <ref name=":1" /> |
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== The Boundary Stela of Senusret III == |
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A near-duplicate of the text of the Semna stela of Senusret III was found at Uronarti by [[Georg Steindorff|Georg Steindorf]], [[Ludwig Borchardt]] and H. Schäfer.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Janssen |first=Jozef |date=1953 |title=The Stela (Khartoum Museum No. 3) from Uronarti |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=51–5 |doi=10.1086/371111 |s2cid=162350775 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> The inscription states that Senusret III was victorious over a Nubian army, however it is not clear what in this record is militaristic propaganda, and what is recounting of historical events. A discussion, transcription, and translation were published by J. Janssen.<ref name=":7" /> The stela is currently housed in the [[National Museum of Sudan]].<ref name=":7" /> |
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== Similar Sites == |
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Many similar fortresses, such as [[Buhen]], [[Mirgissa]], [[Shalfak]], [[Askut]], [[Dabenarti]], [[Semna (Nubia)|Semna]], and [[Kumma (Nubia)|Kumma]], were established within signaling distance of each other.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Wegner |first=Josef |date=1995 |title=Regional Control in Middle Kingdom Lower Nubia |journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt |volume=32 |pages=144–9 |doi=10.2307/40000835 |jstor=40000835}}</ref> Most of the fortresses are now beneath Lake Nasser, however areal surveillance has provided recent views of these sites.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Welsby |first=Derek |date=2004 |title=Hidden Treasures of Lake Nubia |journal=Sudan and Nubia |volume=8 |pages=103–4}}</ref> |
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== External Links == |
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https://sites.brown.edu/urap/ |
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== See Also == |
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[[Buhen]] |
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[[Mirgissa]] |
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[[Shalfak]] |
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[[Askut]] |
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[[Dabenarti]] |
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[[Semna (Nubia)|Semna]] |
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[[Kumma (Nubia)|Kumma]] |
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[[Semna Despatches|Semna Dispatches]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{coord|21|31|33|N|30|59|25|E|type:landmark_region:SD-01_dim:130_source:dewiki|display=title}} |
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[[Category:History of Nubia]] |
[[Category:History of Nubia]] |
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Latest revision as of 21:47, 25 November 2024
 Uronarti. | |
  Shown within Sudan | |
| Location | Northern, Sudan |
|---|---|
| Region | Middle Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 21°31′33″N 30°59′25″E / 21.52583°N 30.99028°E |
| Type | Fortress |
Uronarti is an island and archaeological site in the Nile just south of the Second Cataract in the north of Sudan. The site features a massive ancient fortress that still stands on its northern end. This fortress is one of many constructed along the Nile in Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom, beginning under the reign of Senusret I.
This site was thought to be submerged under Lake Nasser, however parts remain above water and recently seen the establishment of new archaeological projects.[1] The discoveries of the project include an extramural settlement contemporary with the fortress, called Site FC, and further details on the settlement itself.[1]
Archaeological Research
[edit]Uronarti has been researched for over 100 years.[2] Uronarti was first excavated by British archaeologist Noel F. Wheeler under the nominal supervision of George Andrew Reisner in 1924. [3] The results of these excavations were published by Dows Dunham.[3]
After the Aswan High Dam was built, it believed that this site was submerged under Lake Nasser. Recently, the fortress was recently rediscovered by Derek Welsby.[2] In 2012, the Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project (URAP) was formed by Dr Laurel Bestock and Dr Christian Knoblauch to investigate Uronarti.[1] The project, which is ongoing, focuses on colonial relations and the lived experience of ancient people on Uronarti and in the surrounding region. [4]
The Fortress
[edit]The triangular shaped fortress of Uronarti is situated high on a rocky island, where it took advantage of the narrow passage of the Nile River in an area with the modern name Batn-El-Hajar - the Belly of Rocks.[5] Conforming closely to the topography, the fort is an example of the Terrain type of Middle Kingdom forts. It was largely constructed of sun-dried mud brick.[6]
The initial mapping of Uronarti was completed by Dows Dunham.[3] The interior of the fortress has streets paved with stone.[3] Sections of the fort include large granaries, buildings thought to be an administrative center, a governor's house, and barracks.[7][3] The barracks are similar in plan to small houses known at other Middle Kingdom settlements that were planned by the state[6] Many of the buildings inside the fortress saw substantial modifications over time, indicating shifts in both social life and administration.[4] The ceramics from dumps at Uronarti suggest an occupation history into the very late Middle Kingdom or very early Second Intermediate Period, but not beyond.[6]
Aside from the architecture itself, the overwhelming majority of archaeological finds from Uronarti fortress are ceramics.[8]
Some other items found at Uronarti include seal impressions, mud stamps, pottery, papyrus fragments, and stelae.[8] Most papyrus fragments include only a few characters, and while they are thus largely illegible, they attest to the high level of documentation of the administrative activities of the fortress (see the Semna Despatches for better preserved records of this type of activity). The large number of sealings reflects administrative activities, and can track changes in leadership through the fort's use.[8]
Site FC
[edit]Site FC is an site some 250m south of the walls of the fortress.[9] Discovered in 2012 and partly excavated in 2013 and 2015, it is significantly different from the fort although it appears to be contemporary with it.[9] Occupying two low hills near the current east shore of the island, the site consists of the remains of at least 25 dry-stone huts constructed of local stone.[10] Some huts were single rooms, some more elaborate groupings of rooms. [9]
One excavated hut had a hearth and a windbreak protecting large storage vessels.[11] This site was most likely contemporary with the early phase of the occupation of the fortress.[11]
The "Campaign Palace"
[edit]In addition to the fortress, Uronarti had some other mud brick constructions, the largest of which was a rectangular building that is discussed in scholarly literature as the "Campaign Palace".[3] Before the construction of Lake Nasser, this rectangular building was interpreted as a palace that the king could have stayed at while on campaign.[3] However, there is little evidence to support this analysis. We can see this is a larger building than others, and that could have indicated status.[12] Unfortunately, this area is annually flooded, so studying it can be difficult. The URAP conducted studies at low water to see how much of the "palace" remained, but results were inconclusive.[12]
The Exterior Wall
[edit]A massive boundary wall runs the length of the exterior, and extends several hundred meters to the south toward the Semna fortress. [3]
The Boundary Stela of Senusret III
[edit]A near-duplicate of the text of the Semna stela of Senusret III was found at Uronarti by Georg Steindorf, Ludwig Borchardt and H. Schäfer.[13] The inscription states that Senusret III was victorious over a Nubian army, however it is not clear what in this record is militaristic propaganda, and what is recounting of historical events. A discussion, transcription, and translation were published by J. Janssen.[13] The stela is currently housed in the National Museum of Sudan.[13]
Similar Sites
[edit]Many similar fortresses, such as Buhen, Mirgissa, Shalfak, Askut, Dabenarti, Semna, and Kumma, were established within signaling distance of each other.[14] Most of the fortresses are now beneath Lake Nasser, however areal surveillance has provided recent views of these sites.[2]
External Links
[edit]See Also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project
- ^ a b c Welsby, Derek (2004). "Hidden Treasures of Lake Nubia". Sudan and Nubia. 8: 103–4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dunham, Dows (1967). Second Cataract Forts II: Uronarti, Shalfak, Mirgissa. Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
- ^ a b Knoblauch, Christian; Bestock, Laurel (2017). "Evolving Communities: the Egyptian fortress on Uronarti in the Late Middle Kingdom". Sudan and Nubia. 21: 50–8.
- ^ Bestock, Laurel; Knoblauch, Christian (April 2015). "Living Beyond the Walls: new evidence for Egyptian Colonialism at Uronarti, Nubia". Antiquity.
- ^ a b c Knoblauch, Christian; Bestock, Laurel (2013). "The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo. 69: 103–42.
- ^ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project
- ^ a b c Penacho, Susan (2015). Deciphering Sealing Practices at Uronarti and Askut: a Spatial Analysis of the Built Environment and Individual Sealers. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Chicago.
- ^ a b c Knoblauch, Christian; Bestock, Laurel (2013). "The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo. 69: 103–42.
- ^ Uronarti Regional Archaeology Project
- ^ a b Bestock, Laurel; Knoblauch, Christian (April 2015). "Living Beyond the Walls: new evidence for Egyptian Colonialism at Uronarti, Nubia". Antiquity.
- ^ a b Knoblauch, Christian; Bestock, Laurel (2013). "The Uronarti Regional Archaeological Project: final report of the 2012 survey". Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo. 69: 103–42.
- ^ a b c Janssen, Jozef (1953). "The Stela (Khartoum Museum No. 3) from Uronarti". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies. 12 (1): 51–5. doi:10.1086/371111. S2CID 162350775 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Wegner, Josef (1995). "Regional Control in Middle Kingdom Lower Nubia". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 32: 144–9. doi:10.2307/40000835. JSTOR 40000835.
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