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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{taxobox
{{speciesbox
⚫
| name = ''Fraxinus angustifolia''
| image = Fraxinus angustifolia foliage.jpg
| image = Fraxinus angustifolia foliage.jpg
| image_width = 245px
| image_caption = Foliage of subsp. ''oxycarpa''
| image_caption = Foliage of subsp. ''oxycarpa''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| genus = Fraxinus
| parent = Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
⚫
| species = angustifolia
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| authority = [[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]
⚫
| range_map = Fraxinus angustifolia range.svg
| familia = [[Oleaceae]]
| range_map_caption = Distribution map
| genus = ''[[Fraxinus]]''
⚫
| synonyms =
⚫
| species = '''''F. angustifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Fraxinus angustifolia''
| binomial_authority = [[Martin Vahl|Vahl]]
⚫
|synonyms =
*''F. lentiscifolia'' <small>([[Desf.]])</small>
*''F. lentiscifolia'' <small>([[Desf.]])</small>
*''F. oxycarpa'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]</small>
*''F. oxycarpa'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]</small>
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*''F. rotundifolia'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small>
*''F. rotundifolia'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small>
|}}
|}}
[[File:Fraxinus angustifolia MHNT.BOT.2007.40.13.jpg|thumb|''Fraxinus angustifolia'' – [[MHNT]]]]


'''''Fraxinus angustifolia''''' ('''Narrow-leafed Ash''') is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' native to central and southern [[Europe]], northwest [[Africa]], and southwest [[Asia]].<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Fraxinus&SPECIES_XREF=angustifolia&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Fraxinus angustifolia'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>
'''''Fraxinus angustifolia''''', the '''narrow-leaved ash''', is a species of ''[[Fraxinus]]'' native to [[Central Europe]] and [[Southern Europe]], [[Northwest Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia]].<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Fraxinus&SPECIES_XREF=angustifolia&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Fraxinus angustifolia'']</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
It is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 20–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The [[bark]] is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming square-cracked and knobbly on old trees. The [[bud]]s are pale brown, which readily distinguishes it from the related ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'' (black buds) even in winter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are in opposite pairs or whorls of three, pinnate, 15–25&nbsp;cm long, with 3-13 leaflets; the leaflets being distinctively slender, 3–8&nbsp;cm long and 1-1.5&nbsp;cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[inflorescence]]s which can be male, hermaphrodite or mixed male and hermaphrodite. The male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on all individuals, i.e. all trees are functionally hermaphrodite. Flowering occurs in early spring. The [[fruit]] when fully formed is a [[samara (fruit)|samara]] 3–4&nbsp;cm long, the seed 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6</ref><ref name=afm1>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). ''The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0</ref><ref name=bean2>Bean, W. J. (1978). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 2. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2256-0.</ref>
It is a medium-sized [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 20–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming square-cracked and knobbly on old trees. The [[bud]]s are pale brown, which readily distinguishes it from the related ''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'' (black buds) even in winter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are in opposite pairs or whorls of three, pinnate, 15–25&nbsp;cm long, with 3–13 leaflets; the leaflets being distinctively slender, 3–8&nbsp;cm long and 1–1.5&nbsp;cm broad. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[inflorescence]]s which can be male, hermaphrodite or mixed male and hermaphrodite. The male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on all individuals, i.e. all trees are functionally hermaphrodite. Flowering occurs in early spring. The [[fruit]] when fully formed is a [[samara (fruit)|samara]] 3–4&nbsp;cm long, the seed 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5–2&nbsp;cm long.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=afm>Mitchell, A. F. (1974). ''A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-212035-6}}</ref><ref name=afm1>Mitchell, A. F. (1982). ''The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-219037-0}}</ref><ref name=bean2>Bean, W. J. (1978). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 2. John Murray {{ISBN|0-7195-2256-0}}.</ref>
[[File:Fraxinus angustifolia Inflorescencia 2012-1-29 SierraMadrona.jpg|thumb|''Fraxinus angustifolia'' inflorescence]]


==Variation==
==Variation==
There are four [[subspecies]], treated as distinct species by some authors:<ref name=fe/><ref name=rushforth/>
There are four [[subspecies]], treated as distinct species by some authors:<ref name=fe/><ref name=rushforth/>
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'''''. Western Europe north to France, northwest Africa. Leaves with 7–13 leaflets; leaflets hairless beneath.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'''''. Western Europe north to France, northwest Africa. Leaves with 7–13 leaflets; leaflets hairless beneath.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa''''' (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso (syn. ''F. oxycarpa'' M.Bieb. ex Willd.). '''Caucasian Ash'''. Eastern Europe north to the Czech Republic, southwest Asia east to northern Iran. Leaves with 3–9 leaflets; leaflets with white hairs on the lower half of the midribs.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa''''' (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso (syn. ''F. oxycarpa'' M.Bieb. ex Willd.). '''Caucasian ash'''. Eastern Europe north to the Czech Republic, southwest Asia east to northern Iran. Leaves with 3–9 leaflets; leaflets with white hairs on the lower half of the midribs.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''syriaca''''' Middle East and West Asia.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''syriaca''''' Middle East and West Asia.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''danubialis''''' (described by [[Zdeněk Pouzar]]) Middle Europe.
*'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''danubialis''''' (described by [[Zdeněk Pouzar]]) Middle Europe (also called '''subsp. ''pannonica''''', Soó et Simon, 1960).


==Cultivars==
==Cultivars==
of '''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'''''
of '''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia'''''
*'[[Fraxinus angustifolia 'Pendula Vera'|Pendula Vera]]', True Weeping Narrow-leafed Ash.
*'[[Fraxinus angustifolia 'Pendula Vera'|Pendula Vera]]', True weeping narrow-leaved ash.


of '''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa'''''
of '''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''oxycarpa'''''
Line 40: Line 38:


==Uses==
==Uses==
In Sicily, it is cultivated as a source of a [[plant sap]] product called manna (see [[Fraxinus ornus]]).<ref>[http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/fraxigen/fraxinus/fraxinus/manna.html Production of manna in Sicily] (visited December 21, 2009)</ref>
In Sicily, it is cultivated as a source of a [[plant sap]] product called manna (see ''[[Fraxinus ornus]]'').<ref>[https://archive.today/20120710105545/http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/fraxigen/fraxinus/fraxinus/manna.html Production of manna in Sicily] (visited December 21, 2009)</ref>


==Weed Potential==
==Weed potential==
'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia''''' has become a weed in many parts of Australia, where it is known as ''Desert Ash''. It has been widely planted as a street and park tree, and has spread to native bushland and grasslands, as well as stream banks and drainage lines, out-competing native plants for moisture, light and nutrients.<ref name="weed">{{cite web | title = Desert ash | publisher = Weeds Australia | url = http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E15 | accessdate = 2008-06-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Desert Ash|url=http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/files/e941c717-4b7b-496a-a340-9d2700dd764f/Desert_Ash.pdf|publisher=Shire of Yarra Ranges|accessdate=2013-01-02}}</ref>
'''''Fraxinus angustifolia'' subsp. ''angustifolia''''' has become a weed in many parts of Australia, where it is known as ''Desert Ash''. It has been widely planted as a street and park tree, and has spread to native bushland and grasslands, as well as stream banks and drainage lines, out-competing native plants for moisture, light and nutrients.<ref name="weed">{{cite web | title = Desert ash | publisher = Weeds Australia | url = http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E15 | accessdate = 2008-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060830191232/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E15 | archive-date = 2006-08-30 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Desert Ash|url=http://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/webdocuments/environment-engineering/parks-environment/environment-parks-environment/desert_ash_web.pdf|publisher=Shire of Yarra Ranges|accessdate=2015-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406184532/https://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/webdocuments/environment-engineering/parks-environment/environment-parks-environment/desert_ash_web.pdf|archive-date=2019-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It has been declared an invasive species in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/algerian-ash/ | title=Algerian ash – Invasive Species South Africa }}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Fraxinus angustifolia}}
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|Leaves of subsp. ''oxycarpa''
Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|Leaves of subsp. ''oxycarpa''
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Image:Fraxinus angustifolia subsp angustifolia.jpg|Young spring leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia'', known as Desert Ash in Australia, where it is classed as a weed.<ref name="weed"/>
Image:Fraxinus angustifolia subsp angustifolia.jpg|Young spring leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia'', known as Desert Ash in Australia, where it is classed as a weed.<ref name="weed"/>
Image:New Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia leaves.jpg|New leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia''
Image:New Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia leaves.jpg|New leaves of subsp. ''angustifolia''
Image:Полски ясен - клонка 2.jpg|Characteristic brown buds
</gallery>
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.euforgen.org/species/fraxinus-angustifolia/ ''Fraxinus angustifolia''] – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q518949}}

[[Category:Fraxinus|angustifolia]]
[[Category:Fraxinus|angustifolia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Martin Vahl]]
[[Category:Flora of the Mediterranean basin]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Trees of Europe]]

Latest revision as of 22:11, 25 November 2024

Fraxinus angustifolia
Foliage of subsp. oxycarpa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Fraxinus
Section: Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus
Species:
F. angustifolia
Binomial name
Fraxinus angustifolia
Distribution map
Synonyms
Fraxinus angustifolia – MHNT

Fraxinus angustifolia, the narrow-leaved ash, is a species of Fraxinus native to Central Europe and Southern Europe, Northwest Africa, and Southwest Asia.[1][2]

Description

[edit]

It is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 20–30 m tall with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The bark is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming square-cracked and knobbly on old trees. The buds are pale brown, which readily distinguishes it from the related Fraxinus excelsior (black buds) even in winter. The leaves are in opposite pairs or whorls of three, pinnate, 15–25 cm long, with 3–13 leaflets; the leaflets being distinctively slender, 3–8 cm long and 1–1.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced in inflorescences which can be male, hermaphrodite or mixed male and hermaphrodite. The male and hermaphrodite flowers occur on all individuals, i.e. all trees are functionally hermaphrodite. Flowering occurs in early spring. The fruit when fully formed is a samara 3–4 cm long, the seed 1.5–2 cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5–2 cm long.[2][3][4][5]

Fraxinus angustifolia inflorescence

Variation

[edit]

There are four subspecies, treated as distinct species by some authors:[1][2]

  • Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia. Western Europe north to France, northwest Africa. Leaves with 7–13 leaflets; leaflets hairless beneath.
  • Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco & Rocha Afonso (syn. F. oxycarpa M.Bieb. ex Willd.). Caucasian ash. Eastern Europe north to the Czech Republic, southwest Asia east to northern Iran. Leaves with 3–9 leaflets; leaflets with white hairs on the lower half of the midribs.
  • Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. syriaca Middle East and West Asia.
  • Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. danubialis (described by Zdeněk Pouzar) Middle Europe (also called subsp. pannonica, Soó et Simon, 1960).

Cultivars

[edit]

of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia

of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa

  • 'Raywood'. This cultivar is commonly planted as an ornamental tree in temperate regions. It has notable autumn colour, but has the major drawback of very brittle branches.

Uses

[edit]

In Sicily, it is cultivated as a source of a plant sap product called manna (see Fraxinus ornus).[6]

Weed potential

[edit]

Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia has become a weed in many parts of Australia, where it is known as Desert Ash. It has been widely planted as a street and park tree, and has spread to native bushland and grasslands, as well as stream banks and drainage lines, out-competing native plants for moisture, light and nutrients.[7][8]

It has been declared an invasive species in South Africa.[9]

[edit]
  • Leaves of subsp. oxycarpa
    Leaves of subsp. oxycarpa
  • Specimen of 'Raywood', typically showing several broken branches
    Specimen of 'Raywood', typically showing several broken branches
  • Young spring leaves of subsp. angustifolia, known as Desert Ash in Australia, where it is classed as a weed.[7]
    Young spring leaves of subsp. angustifolia, known as Desert Ash in Australia, where it is classed as a weed.[7]
  • New leaves of subsp. angustifolia
    New leaves of subsp. angustifolia
  • Characteristic brown buds
    Characteristic brown buds

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Flora Europaea: Fraxinus angustifolia
  2. ^ a b c Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  3. ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1974). A Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6
  4. ^ Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-219037-0
  5. ^ Bean, W. J. (1978). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., vol. 2. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2256-0.
  6. ^ Production of manna in Sicily (visited December 21, 2009)
  7. ^ a b "Desert ash". Weeds Australia. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  8. ^ "Desert Ash" (PDF). Shire of Yarra Ranges. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  9. ^ "Algerian ash – Invasive Species South Africa".
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraxinus angustifolia.
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