Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh: Difference between revisions

Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh; المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي
	Gold dinar of Mamluk sultan Shaykh al-Mahmudi minted in Cairo between 1412 and 1421
Sultan of Egypt and Syria
Reign	6 November 1412 – 13 January 1421
Predecessor	Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in Bi'llah
Successor	Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
Born	c. 1369
Died	13 January 1421 (aged 51–52)
Spouse	Khawand Khadija; Khawand Zaynab; Khawand Sa'adat; Qutlubay;
Issue	al-Muzaffar Ahmad; Sidi Ibrahim; Khawand Asiya;
Religion	Sunni Islam

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Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (Arabic: المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي; c. 1369 – 13 January 1421) was a Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 6 November 1412 to 13 January 1421.^[1]^[2]

Early career

At the age of twelve, Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh was purchased as a slave by Sultan Barquq. Having entered the service of the Sultan, he went through all the ranks. In 1400, he was appointed governor of Tripoli by Sultan An-Nasir Faraj during the Tamerlane's invasion of Syria. While the other emirs took refuge during the sack of Aleppo, he dared to attack and was imprisoned before he managed to escape.^[3]

Following Tamerlane's departure, he was appointed as governor of Damascus. In 1404, he allied himself with Yazbak, in which both seriously threatened An-Nasir Faraj's rule in Syria but they were ultimately defeated. A year later, a new sedition deposed the sultan, who had to flee and was replaced by his brother Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz. Yazbak's party triumphed and Al-Mu'ayyad became lieutenant general of the sultanate. He returned to the government of Damascus after the re-establishment of An-Nasir Faraj. He even seemed to be a faithful servant by assisting the latter in suppressing the revolt of Djakam, emir of Aleppo, who proclaimed himself sultan. However, An-Nasir Faraj recklessly arrested Al-Mu'ayyad who escaped and recaptured Damascus from Nauroz, his designated successor, to whom he ceded the governance of Tripoli. In 1409, Nasir Faraj returned to Damascus, where Al-Mu'ayyad protested his loyalty to the sultan.^[3]

In 1410, he along with other emirs took control of Cairo where they attempted to establish An-Nasir Faraj's son as sultan. As Sultan approached, Al-Mu'ayyad retreated to Suez. An-Nasir Faraj pardoned him once again and gave him the government of Aleppo. In 1412, a new rebellion forced the sultan to return to Damascus, but this time the sultan, abandoned by his troops, was beaten and had to surrender to the insurgents. On 23 May 1412, An-Nasir Faraj was arrested and killed in the Citadel of Damascus. Later on, Al-Mu'ayyad returned to Cairo and conspired to make the Abbasid caliph Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in Bi'llah unpopular, before he managed to dismiss him after seven months of reign and was proclaimed sultan.^[4]

Reign

The situation that Al-Mu'ayyad found in Cairo was chaotic, the plague was wreaking havoc on the population, famine reigned and the currency was devalued. Al-Mu'ayyad had to take corrective measures. The monetary situation was fixed, Bedouin incursions were repressed, and the agricultural production resumed with the price of cereals fell.^[5]

Nauroz, emir of Damascus, refused to recognize Al-Mu'ayyad as new sultan, and proclaimed holy war under the pretext of the destitution of the caliph. In July 1414, Nauroz was defeated, arrested and put to death after being besieged in Damascus.^[4]

After restoring order, Al-Mu'ayyad prepared to wage war in Anatolia. Tarsus had just been taken from the Ramadanids by Mehmed of Dulkadir. In 1415, Al-Muayyad returned Tarsus to the Ramadanid emir Shihāb al-Dīn Ahmad. In 1418, danger came from the Turkmen Qara Qoyunlu, where Tarsus was recaptured. Al-Mu'ayyad sent his son Ibrahim to regain what was lost, in which he managed to take Kayseri, Konya and Karaman.^[6]

In the meantime, the Cypriots attempted a landing at Damour in 1413. Al-Mu'ayyad responded by organizing a landing on the island, which prompted King Janus to sign a peace agreement, despite continuing Catalan pirates' raids on the coasts of Egypt and Syria.^[7]

Al-Mu'ayyad died on 13 January 1421 and was succeeded by his young son, Al-Muzaffar Ahmad.^[8]

Family

Shaykh's first wife was Khawand Khadija, whom he married before his accession to the throne.^[9] Another wife was Khawand Zaynab, the daughter of Sultan Barquq.^[10]^[9] She died in February–March 1423,^[10]^[11] and was buried in the mausoleum of her father.^[11] Another wife was Khawand Sa'adat.^[12] She was the daughter of Sirgitmish, and was the mother of his son Sultan Al-Muzaffar Ahmad.^[9] After Shaykh's death, she married Sultan Sayf ad-Din Tatar. She died in 1430.^[10] One of his concubines was Qutlubay, a Circassian. She was the mother of his son Sidi Ibrahim. After Shaykh's death she married Amir Inal al-Jakami.^[13] Ibrahim married Satita, daughter of Sultan An-Nasir Faraj.^[10] His only daughter was Khawand Asiya. She died in 1486.^[14]

Architectural patronage

Al-Mu'ayyad was one of the major patrons of Mamluk architecture in his era, commissioning or restoring a number of buildings around Cairo.^[15] Between 1415 and 1420, he built a large mosque and funerary complex, the Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad. It is located adjacent to Bab Zuweila, above which he built the mosque's two minarets. A large hammam associated with the complex was also built nearby, partially preserved today.^[16] Upon his death, al-Mu'ayyad was buried in the mausoleum attached to the mosque.^[17]

Another of his construction projects still partially preserved today is the Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad in Darb al-Ahmar, a hospital (maristan) built between 1418 and 1420.^[18] His other contributions included a mosque on Roda Island, a khanqah in Giza, a palace called al-Khamas Wujuh along the Khalij (canal) on the northern edge of Cairo, and a palace along the Nile in present-day Imbaba, but none of these are still extant.^[15] He also restored the hippodrome (training ground) near the Nile River which had been previously built by al-Nasir Muhammad and since abandoned.^[15]

References

^ Poole, Edward Stanley; Lane-Poole, Stanley; Margoliouth, David Samuel (1911). "Egypt/3 History" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–130, see page 102 para. (7) Period of Burjī Mamelukes.....On the 23rd of May 1412...."
^ Eduard von Zambaur (1980). معجم الأنساب والأسرات الحاكمة في التاريخ الإسلامي للمستشرق زامباور (in Arabic). Beirut: IslamKotob. p. 163.
^ ^a ^b Michaud & Michaud 1820, p. 184.
^ ^a ^b Michaud & Michaud 1820, p. 185.
^ Clot 2009, p. 177.
^ Clot 2009, p. 179.
^ Clot 2009, p. 183–184.
^ Ibn Taghribirdi 1929, p. 167.
^ ^a ^b ^c Akkuş Yiğit, Fatma (20 April 2016). "Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research. 9 (43). The Journal of International Social Research: 560. doi:10.17719/jisr.20164317631. ISSN 1307-9581.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d D'hulster, Kristof; Steenbergen, Jo Van. "Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy". Annales Islamologiques. 47: 61–82. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Karam, Amina (22 May 2019). "Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo". AUC DAR Home. p. 86. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
^ Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1954). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D. University of California Press. p. 142.
^ Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1976). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D. AMS Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-404-58800-7.
^ Ghersetti, A. (2016). Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014). Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-33452-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Behrens-Abouseif 2007, p. 239.
^ Behrens-Abouseif 2007, pp. 239–241.
^ Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 192. ISBN 9789774168550.
^ Behrens-Abouseif 2007, pp. 244–245.

Sources

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture. The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774160776.
Clot, André (2009). L'Égypte des Mamelouks 1250-1517. L'empire des esclaves, capítol "Misère, peste et disette" (in French). Perrin. ISBN 9782262030452.
Michaud, Louis Gabriel; Michaud, Joseph Fr. (1820). Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, Volume 26 (in French). University of California.
Ibn Taghribirdi (1929). Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah (in Arabic). Vol. 14. Egyptian Dar al-Kutub Press in Cairo.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Al-Musta'in	Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 6 November 1412 – 13 January 1421	Succeeded by Al-Muzaffar Ahmad

[Britannica101-103-1] Poole, Edward Stanley; Lane-Poole, Stanley; Margoliouth, David Samuel (1911). "Egypt/3 History" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–130, see page 102 para. (7) Period of Burjī Mamelukes.....On the 23rd of May 1412...."

[2] Eduard von Zambaur (1980). معجم الأنساب والأسرات الحاكمة في التاريخ الإسلامي للمستشرق زامباور (in Arabic). Beirut: IslamKotob. p. 163.

[FOOTNOTEMichaudMichaud1820184-3] Michaud & Michaud 1820, p. 184.

[FOOTNOTEMichaudMichaud1820185-4] Michaud & Michaud 1820, p. 185.

[FOOTNOTEClot2009177-5] Clot 2009, p. 177.

[FOOTNOTEClot2009179-6] Clot 2009, p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEClot2009183–184-7] Clot 2009, p. 183–184.

[FOOTNOTEIbn_Taghribirdi1929167-8] Ibn Taghribirdi 1929, p. 167.

[yigit-9] Akkuş Yiğit, Fatma (20 April 2016). "Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme" (PDF). Journal of International Social Research. 9 (43). The Journal of International Social Research: 560. doi:10.17719/jisr.20164317631. ISSN 1307-9581.

[Dhulster_Steenbergen-10] D'hulster, Kristof; Steenbergen, Jo Van. "Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy". Annales Islamologiques. 47: 61–82. Retrieved 30 November 2021.

[Karam_2019-11] Karam, Amina (22 May 2019). "Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo". AUC DAR Home. p. 86. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

[Taghrībirdī_Popper_1954-12] Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1954). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D. University of California Press. p. 142.

[Taghrībirdī-13] Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1976). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D. AMS Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-404-58800-7.

[Ghersetti_2016-14] Ghersetti, A. (2016). Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014). Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-33452-6.

[FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif2007239-15] Behrens-Abouseif 2007, p. 239.

[FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif2007239–241-16] Behrens-Abouseif 2007, pp. 239–241.

[:03-17] Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 192. ISBN 9789774168550.

[FOOTNOTEBehrens-Abouseif2007244–245-18] Behrens-Abouseif 2007, pp. 244–245.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1412–1421)}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
-{{Infobox monarch
+{{Infobox royalty
-| name            = Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh<br> المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي‎
+| name            = Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh<br> المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي
 | full name       =
-| image           = File:Gold_dinar_of_Shaykh_al-Mahmudi.jpg
+| image           = Gold_dinar_of_Shaykh_al-Mahmudi.jpg
 | image_size      =
 | caption         = Gold dinar of Mamluk sultan Shaykh al-Mahmudi minted in Cairo between 1412 and 1421
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 }}
-'''Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh''' ({{lang-ar|المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي}}; {{circa}} 1369 – 13 January 1421) was a [[Mamluk]] [[sultan]] of [[Egypt]] from 6 November 1412 to 13 January 1421.<ref name="Britannica101-103">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Egypt/3 History |volume= 09 | pages= 80&ndash;130; see page 102 para | quote= (7) Period of Burjī Mamelukes.....On the 23rd of May 1412...." |last1= Poole |first1= Edward Stanley |last2= Lane-Poole |first2= Stanley |last3= Margoliouth |first3= David Samuel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eduard von Zambaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djNGCwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82&pg=PA18|title=معجم الأنساب والأسرات الحاكمة في التاريخ الإسلامي للمستشرق زامباور|publisher=IslamKotob|year=1980|place=Beirut|language=ar|page=163}}</ref>
+'''Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh''' ({{langx|ar|المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي}}; {{circa}} 1369 – 13 January 1421) was a [[Mamluk]] [[sultan]] of [[Egypt]] from 6 November 1412 to 13 January 1421.<ref name="Britannica101-103">{{cite EB1911|wstitle= Egypt/3 History |volume= 09 | pages= 80&ndash;130; see page 102 para | quote= (7) Period of Burjī Mamelukes.....On the 23rd of May 1412...." |last1= Poole |first1= Edward Stanley |last2= Lane-Poole |first2= Stanley |last3= Margoliouth |first3= David Samuel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eduard von Zambaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djNGCwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82&pg=PA18|title=معجم الأنساب والأسرات الحاكمة في التاريخ الإسلامي للمستشرق زامباور|publisher=IslamKotob|year=1980|place=Beirut|language=ar|page=163}}</ref>
 ==Early career==
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 In 1410, he along with other emirs took control of [[Cairo]] where they attempted to establish An-Nasir Faraj's son as sultan. As Sultan approached, Al-Mu'ayyad retreated to [[Suez]]. An-Nasir Faraj pardoned him once again and gave him the government of Aleppo. In 1412, a new rebellion forced the sultan to return to Damascus, but this time the sultan, abandoned by his troops, was beaten and had to surrender to the insurgents. On 23 May 1412, An-Nasir Faraj was arrested and killed in the [[Citadel of Damascus]]. Later on, Al-Mu'ayyad returned to Cairo and conspired to make the Abbasid caliph [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in Bi'llah]] unpopular, before he managed to dismiss him after seven months of reign and was proclaimed sultan.{{sfn|Michaud|Michaud|1820|p=185}}
-==Rule==
+==Reign==
-The situation that Al-Mu'ayyad found in Cairo was chaotic, the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] was wreaking havoc on the population, [[famine]] reigned and the currency was devalued. Al-Mu'ayyad had to take corrective measures. The monetary situation was fixed, [[Bedouin]] incursions were repressed, and the agricultural production resumed with the price of cereals fell.
+The situation that Al-Mu'ayyad found in Cairo was chaotic, the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] was wreaking havoc on the population, [[famine]] reigned and the currency was devalued. Al-Mu'ayyad had to take corrective measures. The monetary situation was fixed, [[Bedouin]] incursions were repressed, and the agricultural production resumed with the price of cereals fell.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=177}}
 Nauroz, emir of Damascus, refused to recognize Al-Mu'ayyad as new sultan, and proclaimed holy war under the pretext of the destitution of the caliph. In July 1414, Nauroz was defeated, arrested and put to death after being besieged in Damascus.{{sfn|Michaud|Michaud|1820|p=185}}
-After restoring order, Al-Mu'ayyad prepared to wage war in [[Anatolia]]. [[Tarsus]] had just been taken from the [[Ramadanid Emirate|Ramadanid]]s by [[Mehmed of Dulkadir]]. In 1415, Al-Muayyad returned Tarsus to the Ramadanid emir Shihāb al-Dīn Ahmad. In 1418, danger came from the Turkmen [[Qara Qoyunlu]], where Tarsus was recaptured. Al-Mu'ayyad sent his son Ibrahim to regain what was lost, in which he managed to take [[Kayseri]], [[Konya]] and [[Karaman]].
+After restoring order, Al-Mu'ayyad prepared to wage war in [[Anatolia]]. [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] had just been taken from the [[Ramadanid Emirate|Ramadanid]]s by [[Mehmed of Dulkadir]]. In 1415, Al-Muayyad returned Tarsus to the Ramadanid emir Shihāb al-Dīn Ahmad. In 1418, danger came from the Turkmen [[Qara Qoyunlu]], where Tarsus was recaptured. Al-Mu'ayyad sent his son Ibrahim to regain what was lost, in which he managed to take [[Kayseri]], [[Konya]] and [[Karaman]].{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=179}}
-In the meantime, the [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cypriots]] attempted a landing at [[Damour]] in 1413. Al-Mu'ayyad responded by organizing a landing on the island, which prompted [[King Janus]] to sign a peace agreement, despite continuing [[Catalan Company|Catalan]] pirates' raids on the coasts of Egypt and Syria.
+In the meantime, the [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cypriots]] attempted a landing at [[Damour]] in 1413. Al-Mu'ayyad responded by organizing a landing on the island, which prompted [[King Janus]] to sign a peace agreement, despite continuing [[Catalan Company|Catalan]] pirates' raids on the coasts of Egypt and Syria.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=183–184}}
-Al-Mu'ayyad died on 13 January 1421 and was succeeded by his young son, [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]].
+Al-Mu'ayyad died on 13 January 1421 and was succeeded by his young son, [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]].{{sfn|Ibn Taghribirdi|1929|p=167}}
 ==Family==
 Shaykh's first wife was Khawand Khadija, whom he married before his accession to the throne.<ref name="yigit">{{cite journal | last=Akkuş Yiğit | first=Fatma | title=Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme | journal=Journal of International Social Research | publisher=The Journal of International Social Research | volume=9 | issue=43 | date=2016-04-20 | url = https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/a-study-on-monogamy-and-polygamy-in-mamluk-palace.pdf | issn=1307-9581 | doi=10.17719/jisr.20164317631 | pages=560}}</ref> Another wife was Khawand Zaynab, the daughter of Sultan [[Barquq]].<ref name="Dhulster Steenbergen">{{cite journal | last1=D'hulster | first1=Kristof | last2=Steenbergen | first2=Jo Van | title=Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy | journal=Annales Islamologiques | volume=47 | pages=61–82 | url=https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/family-matters-the-family-in-law-impulse-in-mamluk-marriage-polic | access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref><ref name="yigit"/> She died in February–March 1423,<ref name="Dhulster Steenbergen"/><ref name="Karam 2019">{{cite web | last=Karam | first=Amina | title=Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo | website=AUC DAR Home | date=2019-05-22 | url=http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | access-date=2021-12-18 | page=86 | archive-date=18 December 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218152406/http://dar.aucegypt.edu/handle/10526/5732 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and was buried in the mausoleum of her father.<ref name="Karam 2019"/> Another wife was Khawand Sa'adat.<ref name="Taghrībirdī Popper 1954">{{cite book | last1=Taghrībirdī | first1=A.M.Y.I. | last2=Popper | first2=W. | title=History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D | publisher=University of California Press | year=1954 | page=142}}</ref> She was the daughter of Sirgitmish, and was the mother of his son Sultan [[Al-Muzaffar Ahmad]].<ref name="yigit"/> After Shaykh's death, she married Sultan [[Sayf ad-Din Tatar]]. She died in 1430.<ref name="Dhulster Steenbergen"/> One of his concubines was Qutlubay, a Circassian. She was the mother of his son Sidi Ibrahim. After Shaykh's death she married Amir Inal al-Jakami.<ref name="Taghrībirdī">{{cite book | last1=Taghrībirdī | first1=A.M.Y.I. | last2=Popper | first2=W. | title=History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D.: 1412-1422 A.D | publisher=AMS Press | year=1976 | isbn=978-0-404-58800-7 | page = 143}}</ref> Ibrahim married Satita, daughter of Sultan [[An-Nasir Faraj]].<ref name="Dhulster Steenbergen"/> His only daughter was Khawand Asiya. She died in 1486.<ref name="Ghersetti 2016">{{cite book | last=Ghersetti | first=A. | title=Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014) | publisher=Brill | series=Islamic History and Civilization | year=2016 | isbn=978-90-04-33452-6 | page=56}}</ref>
+==Architectural patronage==
-==Architecture==
+[[File:Cairo, Egypt (52663538335).jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad]], which includes his domed mausoleum (right), was built in Cairo from 1415 to 1420]]
-[[File:Muayyad Maristan facade 1.jpg|thumb|Muayyad Maristan facade]]
+Al-Mu'ayyad was one of the major patrons of Mamluk architecture in his era, commissioning or restoring a number of buildings around Cairo.{{Sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=239}} Between 1415 and 1420, he built a large mosque and funerary complex, the [[Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad]]. It is located adjacent to [[Bab Zuweila]], above which he built the mosque's two [[minaret]]s. A large [[hammam]] associated with the complex was also built nearby, partially preserved today.{{Sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=|pp=239–241}} Upon his death, al-Mu'ayyad was buried in the mausoleum attached to the mosque.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Caroline |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2018 |isbn=9789774168550 |edition=7th |location=Cairo |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Zewela Gate -Cairo.jpg|thumb|Minarets of Sultan al-Muayyad Mosque on Zewela Gate - old Cairo]]
-He has built the [[Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad]] and [[Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad]].{{fact|date=April 2022}}
+Another of his construction projects still partially preserved today is the [[Maristan of al-Mu'ayyad]] in Darb al-Ahmar, a [[Bimaristan|hospital (maristan)]] built between 1418 and 1420.{{Sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=|pp=244–245}} His other contributions included a mosque on [[Roda Island]], a ''[[khanqah]]'' in [[Giza]], a palace called al-Khamas Wujuh along the Khalij (canal) on the northern edge of Cairo, and a palace along the Nile in present-day [[Imbaba]], but none of these are still extant.{{Sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=239}} He also restored the hippodrome (training ground) near the Nile River which had been previously built by al-Nasir Muhammad and since abandoned.{{Sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=239}}
-==See also==
-*[[Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 65: / Line 63: @@
 ==Sources==
+* {{Cite book |last=Behrens-Abouseif |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyLqAAAAMAAJ |title=Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |year=2007 |isbn=9789774160776 |language=en}}
+* {{cite book |last=Clot |first=André |title=L'Égypte des Mamelouks 1250-1517. L'empire des esclaves, capítol "Misère, peste et disette" |publisher=Perrin |language=fr |year=2009 |isbn=9782262030452 }}
 * {{cite book |last1=Michaud |first1=Louis Gabriel |last2=Michaud |first2=Joseph Fr. |title=Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, Volume 26 |publisher=University of California |language=fr |year=1820 }}
+* {{cite book |author=[[Ibn Taghribirdi]] |title=Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah |volume=14 |publisher=Egyptian Dar al-Kutub Press in Cairo |language=ar |date=1929 }}
 {{s-start}}
@@ Line 73: / Line 74: @@
 {{Mamluk Sultans of Egypt}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaykh, Al-Muayyad}}
 [[Category:Burji sultans]]
 [[Category:15th-century Mamluk sultans]]
-[[Category:1369 births]]
+[[Category:1360s births]]
 [[Category:1421 deaths]]
-{{Africa-royal-stub}}
-{{Egypt-bio-stub}}

v t e Mamluk sultans of Cairo
Salihi Mamluks	Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257) Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259) Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)
Bahri dynasty	Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277) Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279) Badr al-Din Salamish (1279) Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290) Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294) Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296) Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309) Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341) Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341) Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342) Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345) Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346) Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347) Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351) Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354) Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361) Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363) Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377) Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381) Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)
Burji dynasty	Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389) As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390) Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405) Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412) Al-Musta'in Billah (1412) Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421) Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421) Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421) Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422) Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438) Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438) Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453) Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453) Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461) Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467) Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467) Timurbugha (1467–1468) Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496) An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498) Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500) Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501) Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501) Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516) Tumanbay II (1516–1517)