Black cocaine: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Mixture of regular cocaine base or cocaine hydrochloride with various other substances}} |
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{{For|the extended plays|Black Cocaine (Margeaux EP)|Black Cocaine (Mobb Deep EP)}} |
{{For|the extended plays|Black Cocaine (Margeaux EP)|Black Cocaine (Mobb Deep EP)}} |
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'''Black cocaine''' |
'''Black cocaine''' ({{langx|es|italic=no|'''coca negra'''}}) is a mixture of regular [[cocaine]] [[Freebase (chemistry)|base]] or cocaine [[hydrochloride]] with various other substances. These other substances are added |
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* to [[camouflage]] the typical appearance (pigments and dyes, e.g. charcoal), |
* to [[camouflage]] the typical appearance (pigments and dyes, e.g. charcoal), |
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* to make the mixture undetectable by [[detection dog|drug sniffing dogs]] ([[activated carbon]] may sufficiently absorb trace odors). |
* to make the mixture undetectable by [[detection dog|drug sniffing dogs]] ([[activated carbon]] may sufficiently absorb trace odors). |
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Since the result is usually black, it is generally smuggled as [[toner]], [[fingerprint powder]], [[fertilizer]], [[pigment]] |
Since the result is usually black, it is generally smuggled as [[toner (printing)|toner]], [[fingerprint powder]], [[fertilizer]], [[pigment]], metal moldings,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/04/28/cartels-shipping-black-cocaine/e2959de9-d524-4636-bc1a-176d99ff2edf/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104232219/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-583383.html|url-status=live|archive-date=November 4, 2012|title=Cartels Shipping 'Black' Cocaine; Bricks of Drug Look Like Metal Moldings, McCaffrey Says|last=Branigin|first=William|date=April 28, 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> or charcoal.<ref name=jones>{{Cite news |title=Police in Spain seize 860 kilos of black and odourless cocaine |last=Jones |first=Sam |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 June 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/02/police-in-spain-seize-860-kilos-of-black-and-odourless-cocaine}}</ref> The pure cocaine base can be recovered from the mixture by [[extraction (chemistry)|extraction]] (freebase) or [[acid-base extraction]] (hydrochloride) using common [[solvent|organic solvents]] such as [[methylene chloride]]<ref name="Lopez">{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Jaime |title=Black Cocaine from Colombia: How Does it Turn White? |url=https://news.co.cr/black-cocaine-from-colombia-how-does-it-turn-white/41409/ |accessdate=8 December 2019 |work=The Costa Rica Star |date=8 September 2015}}</ref> or [[acetone]]. A second process is required to convert cocaine base into powdered cocaine hydrochloride.<ref name="Lopez"/> |
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It was reported that in the mid-1980s Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]] ordered his army to build a clandestine cocaine laboratory in Chile where chemists mixed cocaine with other chemicals to produce what Pinochet's former top aide for intelligence Manuel Contreras described as a "black cocaine" capable of being smuggled past drug agents in the US and Europe.<ref name="Franklin">Jonathan Franklin, [https://www.theguardian.com/chile/story/0,,1818137,00.html Pinochet 'sold cocaine to Europe and US'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 July 2006</ref> |
It was reported that in the mid-1980s Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]] ordered his army to build a clandestine cocaine laboratory in Chile where chemists mixed cocaine with other chemicals to produce what Pinochet's former top aide for intelligence Manuel Contreras described as a "black cocaine" capable of being smuggled past drug agents in the US and Europe.<ref name="Franklin">Jonathan Franklin, [https://www.theguardian.com/chile/story/0,,1818137,00.html Pinochet 'sold cocaine to Europe and US'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 July 2006</ref> |
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Black cocaine was detected in Bogota, Colombia in May 1998.<ref name="Davison">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/global-alert-for-undetectable-black-cocaine-1196670.html|title=Global alert for undetectable black cocaine|last=Davison|first=Phil|date=8 September 1998|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=12 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="McNicholas2008">{{cite book|last=McNicholas|first=Michael|title=Maritime security: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZIzff8gzi8C |
Black cocaine was detected in [[Bogota]], Colombia in May 1998.<ref name="Davison">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/global-alert-for-undetectable-black-cocaine-1196670.html|title=Global alert for undetectable black cocaine|last=Davison|first=Phil|date=8 September 1998|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=12 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="McNicholas2008">{{cite book|last=McNicholas|first=Michael|title=Maritime security: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZIzff8gzi8C&dq=%22coca+negra%22&pg=PT212|accessdate=12 October 2010|year=2008|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-0-12-370859-5|page=190}}</ref> In 2008, a new type of black cocaine was discovered by police in Spain. It had been manufactured into rubber-like sheets and made into luggage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_15169.shtml |title=New Black Cocaine discovered at Barajas airport |work=Typically Spanish |date=Feb 19, 2008 |accessdate=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314041537/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_15169.shtml |archivedate=March 14, 2008 }}</ref> In 2021, {{convert|860|kg|lb|-1|abbr=on}} of black cocaine disguised as charcoal, in 30 sacks among 1,364 sacks of charcoal, were seized in Spain, one of the biggest cocaine seizures recorded in [[Castilla y León]].<ref name=jones/> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Cocaine paste]] |
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* [[Black tar heroin]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:Smuggling]] |
[[Category:Smuggling]] |
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[[Category:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)]] |
[[Category:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)]] |
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[[Category:Adulteration]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:11, 26 November 2024
Black cocaine (Spanish: coca negra) is a mixture of regular cocaine base or cocaine hydrochloride with various other substances. These other substances are added
- to camouflage the typical appearance (pigments and dyes, e.g. charcoal),
- to interfere with color-based drug tests (mixing thiocyanates and iron salts or cobalt salts forms deep red complexes in solution),
- to make the mixture undetectable by drug sniffing dogs (activated carbon may sufficiently absorb trace odors).
Since the result is usually black, it is generally smuggled as toner, fingerprint powder, fertilizer, pigment, metal moldings,[1] or charcoal.[2] The pure cocaine base can be recovered from the mixture by extraction (freebase) or acid-base extraction (hydrochloride) using common organic solvents such as methylene chloride[3] or acetone. A second process is required to convert cocaine base into powdered cocaine hydrochloride.[3]
It was reported that in the mid-1980s Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ordered his army to build a clandestine cocaine laboratory in Chile where chemists mixed cocaine with other chemicals to produce what Pinochet's former top aide for intelligence Manuel Contreras described as a "black cocaine" capable of being smuggled past drug agents in the US and Europe.[4]
Black cocaine was detected in Bogota, Colombia in May 1998.[5][6] In 2008, a new type of black cocaine was discovered by police in Spain. It had been manufactured into rubber-like sheets and made into luggage.[7] In 2021, 860 kg (1,900 lb) of black cocaine disguised as charcoal, in 30 sacks among 1,364 sacks of charcoal, were seized in Spain, one of the biggest cocaine seizures recorded in Castilla y León.[2]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Branigin, William (April 28, 1999). "Cartels Shipping 'Black' Cocaine; Bricks of Drug Look Like Metal Moldings, McCaffrey Says". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
- ^ a b Jones, Sam (2 June 2021). "Police in Spain seize 860 kilos of black and odourless cocaine". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Lopez, Jaime (8 September 2015). "Black Cocaine from Colombia: How Does it Turn White?". The Costa Rica Star. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
- ^ Jonathan Franklin, Pinochet 'sold cocaine to Europe and US', The Guardian, 11 July 2006
- ^ Davison, Phil (8 September 1998). "Global alert for undetectable black cocaine". The Independent. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ McNicholas, Michael (2008). Maritime security: an introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-12-370859-5. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ "New Black Cocaine discovered at Barajas airport". Typically Spanish. Feb 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2010.