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'''James MacTear''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=80%|sep=,|FCS|FIC}} (3 April 1845 |
'''James MacTear''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=80%|sep=,|FCS|FIC}} (3 April 1845 – 3 June 1903) was a Scottish chemical engineer<ref name="obit">{{cite journal |title=Obituary. James Mactear, 1845-1903. |journal=Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |date=January 1903 |volume=154 |issue=1903 |pages=378–379 |doi=10.1680/imotp.1903.18039}}</ref> who became a partner and the technical manager of the [[St Rollox Chemical Works]] in [[Glasgow]]. Mactear was known for inventing a rotating furnace that was used for the continuous manufacturing of [[sodium sulfate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mactear |first1=James |title=A new mechanical furnace, and a continuous system of manufacturing sulphate of soda |journal=Journal of the Society of Arts |date=19 November 1880 |volume=29 |page=178}}</ref> He influenced the technical development of the chamber process for making [[sulphuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Colin Archibald |last2=Britain) |first2=Royal Society of Chemistry (Great |title=Chemistry, Society and Environment: A New History of the British Chemical Industry |date=2000 |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |isbn=978-0-85404-599-0 |page=82 |language=en}}</ref> In 1871, MacTear, created a chemical process to recover [[sulphur]] from the alkali waste piles behind the factory at St Rollox.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Peter |title=Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life and Work of Robert Angus Smith|date=23 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-18582-6 |language=en|series=Science, technology, and culture, 1700-1945|edition=1st|page=148}}</ref> In 1879, MacTear was the first to discover the process to make artificial diamonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unpublished letter, '{{as written|Arti|fically [sic]}}<!--Royal Society error, not the letter writers--> formed diamonds' from James Mactear to the Secretary of the Royal Society |url=https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/items/ap_60_12/unpublished-letter-artifically-formed-diamonds-from-james-mactear-to-the-secretary-of-the-royal-society |website=The Royal Society |publisher=The Royal Society Archives |access-date=2 November 2023 |location=London |date=14 December 1879}}</ref> In 1884, MacTear left Glasgow for London becoming a specialist in the metals and metallurgy of mercury and gold. |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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MacTear's father was Andrew MacTear who was a lithographer, who worked in a business with his brother William at 95 Argyll Street, Glasgow. His father, Andrew MacTear married Martha De Courcy Lewthwaite on 13 June 1844 and had one son, James and three daughters |
MacTear's father was Andrew MacTear who was a lithographer, who worked in a business with his brother William at 95 Argyll Street, Glasgow. His father, Andrew MacTear married Martha De Courcy Lewthwaite on 13 June 1844 and had one son, James, and three daughters none of whom survived. MacTear grew up and was educated in Glasgow and as a young man he had a particular fondness towards chemistry.<ref name="obit"/> He studied manufacturing chemistry under the tutelage of the Scottish chemist [[William Wallace (chemist)|William Wallace]], as well as how to manage workmen.<ref name="obit"/> |
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==Career== |
==Career== |
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MacTear was initially employed as an assistant manager by [[Edward Cortis Stanford]] at the British Seaweed Company, Whitecrook chemical works<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Catalogue of the British Section of the Vienna Universal Exhibition 1873 |date=1873 |publisher=J.M. Johnson and Sons |location=London |page=11 |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref> in [[Dalmuir]], [[Clydebank]].<ref name="obit"/> Stanford had invented a process to extract [[iodine]] and [[potash]] from seaweed<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisniak |first1=Jaime |title=The History of Iodine from Discovery to Commodity |journal=Indian Journal of Chemical Technology |date=November 2001 |volume=8 |pages= |
MacTear was initially employed as an assistant manager by [[Edward Cortis Stanford]] at the British Seaweed Company, Whitecrook chemical works<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Catalogue of the British Section of the Vienna Universal Exhibition 1873 |date=1873 |publisher=J.M. Johnson and Sons |location=London |page=11 |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref> in [[Dalmuir]], [[Clydebank]].<ref name="obit"/> Stanford had invented a process to extract [[iodine]] and [[potash]] from seaweed<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wisniak |first1=Jaime |title=The History of Iodine from Discovery to Commodity |journal=Indian Journal of Chemical Technology |date=November 2001 |volume=8 |pages=518–526 |url=https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/22953/1/IJCT%208%286%29%20518-526.pdf |publisher=Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev}}</ref> that was being introduced to Scotland at the time. MacTear invented a process to extract the [[bromine]] which previously had been lost.<ref name="obit"/> His next position began in 1864 when he was appointed as an assistant manager,<ref name="obit"/> in a chemical factory, C. Allhusen & Sons located in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], that was owned by [[Christian Allhusen]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Some Founders of the Chemical Industry: Men to be Remembered | last1=Allen |first1=John Fenwick | publisher = Sherratt & Hughes |url = https://archive.org/details/somefoundersche00allegoog | chapter= Christian Allhusen. | date = 1906 | pages =231–248 }}</ref> In 1867, MacTear became the general manager of the [[St Rollox Chemical Works]] in Springburn, [[Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irving |first1=Joseph |title=The Book of Scotsmen Eminent for Achievements in Arms and Arts, Church and State, Law, Legislation, and Literature, Commerce, Science, Travel, and Philanthropy |date=1881 |publisher=A. Gardner |location=Paisley |page=381 |language=en}}</ref> MacTear made a number of improvements at St Rollox Chemical Works including inventing a new process to recover sulphur from the waste soda ash piles behind the factory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Peter |title=Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life and Work of Robert Angus Smith |date=23 March 2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-18582-6 |page=148 |language=en|series=Science, technology, and culture, 1700-1945|edition=1s}}</ref> Within two years, MacTear was promoted to partner at the plant.<ref name="obit"/> MacTear remained at the company until 1884 when he retired from the company and moved to London.<ref name="obit"/> |
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In London, MacTear established himself by training in mining and metallurgy with a specialism in mining and metallurgy of [[Mercury (element)|quicksilver]].<ref name="obit"/> As part of the training, he visited nearly all the countries in which the metal had been discovered and used the experience to invent new processes to distil and condense the metal.<ref name="obit"/> He also invented a number of processes for the processing of gold.<ref name="obit"/> |
In London, MacTear established himself by training in mining and metallurgy with a specialism in mining and metallurgy of [[Mercury (element)|quicksilver]].<ref name="obit"/> As part of the training, he visited nearly all the countries in which the metal had been discovered and used the experience to invent new processes to distil and condense the metal.<ref name="obit"/> He also invented a number of processes for the processing of gold.<ref name="obit"/> |
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==Volunteer rifles company== |
==Volunteer rifles company== |
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An invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer Movement]], and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular [[British Army]] in time of need began to be organised throughout Great Britain.<ref> |
An invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer Movement]], and a Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular [[British Army]] in time of need, began to be organised throughout Great Britain.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spiers |first1=Edward M. |title=The Army and society, 1815-1914 |date=1980 |publisher=Longman |location=London New York |isbn=0-582-48565-7|pages=163–168}}</ref> In Glasgow, the [[1st Lanarkshire Artillery Volunteers|5th Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteer Corps]] was formed on 5 December 1859. MacTear became the commanding officer of the unit between 22 June 1881 and 27 February 1886 with the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=J. M. |title=The Records of the Scottish Volunteer Force 1859 to 1908 |date=1909 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh |page=255 |url=https://www.tradeshouselibrary.org/uploads/4/7/7/2/47723681/half_of_2nd_the_records_of_the_scottish_volunteer_force_1859_to_1908.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Awards and honors== |
==Awards and honors== |
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In 1876, MacTear was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Arts for the invention of new methods into alkali manufacture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Some Recent Improvements in the Process Connected with Alkali Manufacture |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |date=17 May 1878 |url=https://books.google. |
In 1876, MacTear was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Arts for the invention of new methods into alkali manufacture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Some Recent Improvements in the Process Connected with Alkali Manufacture |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |date=17 May 1878 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXi5NGtKuFkC |language=en|page=988}}</ref> |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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===Articles=== |
===Articles=== |
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* {{cite journal |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Technical chemistry, Notes on the loss of soda in Leblanc's process |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society |date=1872 |volume=25 | |
* {{cite journal |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Technical chemistry, Notes on the loss of soda in Leblanc's process |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society |date=1872 |volume=25 |page=335 |doi=10.1039/JS8722500335}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1= MacTear |first1=James|editor-last1=Crookes |editor-first1=William |editor-last2=Gardiner |editor-first2=James H. |editor-last3=Druce |editor-first3=Gerald |last4=Ryan |first4=H. W. Blood |title=On the growth of the alkali and bleaching powder manufacture of the Glasgow district |journal=Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science |date=12 January 1877 |publisher=Chemical news office |language=en|volume=XXXV|ref=none}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Mactear |first1=James |title=LVII.—On the part played by carbon in reducing the sulphates of the alkalis |journal=J. Chem. Soc., Trans. |date=1878 |volume=33 |issue=0 |pages=475–487 |doi=10.1039/CT8783300475}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1= |
* {{cite journal |last1=Mactear |first1=James |title=LVII.—On the part played by carbon in reducing the sulphates of the alkalis |journal=J. Chem. Soc., Trans. |date=1878 |volume=33 |pages=475–487 |doi=10.1039/CT8783300475|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1857189 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Some Recent Improvements in the Process Connected with Alkali Manufacture |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |date=17 May 1878 |page=553 |language=en}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy |date=1895 |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution |location=London |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Some Notes on Persian Mining and Metallurgy}} |
* {{cite book |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy |date=1895 |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution |location=London |page=2 |language=en |chapter=Some Notes on Persian Mining and Metallurgy}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy |date=1895 |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution |location=London |page=331 |language=en |chapter=A Description of Dry Blowing}} |
* {{cite book |last1=MacTear |first1=James |title=Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy |date=1895 |publisher=E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution |location=London |page=331 |language=en |chapter=A Description of Dry Blowing}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:33, 26 November 2024
James MacTear FCS, FIC (3 April 1845 – 3 June 1903) was a Scottish chemical engineer[1] who became a partner and the technical manager of the St Rollox Chemical Works in Glasgow. Mactear was known for inventing a rotating furnace that was used for the continuous manufacturing of sodium sulfate.[2] He influenced the technical development of the chamber process for making sulphuric acid.[3] In 1871, MacTear, created a chemical process to recover sulphur from the alkali waste piles behind the factory at St Rollox.[4] In 1879, MacTear was the first to discover the process to make artificial diamonds.[5] In 1884, MacTear left Glasgow for London becoming a specialist in the metals and metallurgy of mercury and gold.
Life
[edit]MacTear's father was Andrew MacTear who was a lithographer, who worked in a business with his brother William at 95 Argyll Street, Glasgow. His father, Andrew MacTear married Martha De Courcy Lewthwaite on 13 June 1844 and had one son, James, and three daughters none of whom survived. MacTear grew up and was educated in Glasgow and as a young man he had a particular fondness towards chemistry.[1] He studied manufacturing chemistry under the tutelage of the Scottish chemist William Wallace, as well as how to manage workmen.[1]
Career
[edit]MacTear was initially employed as an assistant manager by Edward Cortis Stanford at the British Seaweed Company, Whitecrook chemical works[6] in Dalmuir, Clydebank.[1] Stanford had invented a process to extract iodine and potash from seaweed[7] that was being introduced to Scotland at the time. MacTear invented a process to extract the bromine which previously had been lost.[1] His next position began in 1864 when he was appointed as an assistant manager,[1] in a chemical factory, C. Allhusen & Sons located in Newcastle upon Tyne, that was owned by Christian Allhusen.[8] In 1867, MacTear became the general manager of the St Rollox Chemical Works in Springburn, Glasgow.[9] MacTear made a number of improvements at St Rollox Chemical Works including inventing a new process to recover sulphur from the waste soda ash piles behind the factory.[10] Within two years, MacTear was promoted to partner at the plant.[1] MacTear remained at the company until 1884 when he retired from the company and moved to London.[1]
In London, MacTear established himself by training in mining and metallurgy with a specialism in mining and metallurgy of quicksilver.[1] As part of the training, he visited nearly all the countries in which the metal had been discovered and used the experience to invent new processes to distil and condense the metal.[1] He also invented a number of processes for the processing of gold.[1]
Volunteer rifles company
[edit]An invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of the Volunteer Movement, and a Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need, began to be organised throughout Great Britain.[11] In Glasgow, the 5th Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteer Corps was formed on 5 December 1859. MacTear became the commanding officer of the unit between 22 June 1881 and 27 February 1886 with the rank of Lieutenant colonel.[12]
Awards and honors
[edit]In 1876, MacTear was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Arts for the invention of new methods into alkali manufacture.[13]
Bibliography
[edit]Address
[edit]- Mactear, James (1879). On the antiquity of the chemical art. Londres. OCLC 763913647.
Articles
[edit]- MacTear, James (1872). "Technical chemistry, Notes on the loss of soda in Leblanc's process". Journal of the Chemical Society. 25: 335. doi:10.1039/JS8722500335.
- MacTear, James (12 January 1877). Crookes, William; Gardiner, James H.; Druce, Gerald (eds.). "On the growth of the alkali and bleaching powder manufacture of the Glasgow district". Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. XXXV. Chemical news office.
- Mactear, James (1878). "LVII.—On the part played by carbon in reducing the sulphates of the alkalis". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 33: 475–487. doi:10.1039/CT8783300475.
- MacTear, James (17 May 1878). "Some Recent Improvements in the Process Connected with Alkali Manufacture". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts: 553.
- MacTear, James (1895). "Some Notes on Persian Mining and Metallurgy". Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. London: E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution. p. 2.
- MacTear, James (1895). "A Description of Dry Blowing". Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. London: E. & F.N. Spon, Limited; The Institution. p. 331.
- Mactear, James (1895). Mining and Metallurgy of Quicksilver in Mexico. Abstract of proceedings - Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.
- MacTear, James (1897). "Improvements in the Extraction of Precious Metals From Ores or From Compounds Containing The Same". Papers and Reports Relating to Minerals and Mining. Wellington: New Zealand Mines Department. p. 190.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Obituary. James Mactear, 1845-1903". Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 154 (1903): 378–379. January 1903. doi:10.1680/imotp.1903.18039.
- ^ Mactear, James (19 November 1880). "A new mechanical furnace, and a continuous system of manufacturing sulphate of soda". Journal of the Society of Arts. 29: 178.
- ^ Russell, Colin Archibald; Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great (2000). Chemistry, Society and Environment: A New History of the British Chemical Industry. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-85404-599-0.
- ^ Reed, Peter (23 March 2016). Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life and Work of Robert Angus Smith. Science, technology, and culture, 1700-1945 (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-317-18582-6.
- ^ "Unpublished letter, 'Artifically [sic] formed diamonds' from James Mactear to the Secretary of the Royal Society". The Royal Society. London: The Royal Society Archives. 14 December 1879. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Official Catalogue of the British Section of the Vienna Universal Exhibition 1873 (2nd ed.). London: J.M. Johnson and Sons. 1873. p. 11.
- ^ Wisniak, Jaime (November 2001). "The History of Iodine from Discovery to Commodity" (PDF). Indian Journal of Chemical Technology. 8. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev: 518–526.
- ^ Allen, John Fenwick (1906). "Christian Allhusen.". Some Founders of the Chemical Industry: Men to be Remembered. Sherratt & Hughes. pp. 231–248.
- ^ Irving, Joseph (1881). The Book of Scotsmen Eminent for Achievements in Arms and Arts, Church and State, Law, Legislation, and Literature, Commerce, Science, Travel, and Philanthropy. Paisley: A. Gardner. p. 381.
- ^ Reed, Peter (23 March 2016). Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life and Work of Robert Angus Smith. Science, technology, and culture, 1700-1945 (1s ed.). London: Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-317-18582-6.
- ^ Spiers, Edward M. (1980). The Army and society, 1815-1914. London New York: Longman. pp. 163–168. ISBN 0-582-48565-7.
- ^ Grierson, J. M. (1909). The Records of the Scottish Volunteer Force 1859 to 1908 (PDF). Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 255.
- ^ MacTear, James (17 May 1878). "Some Recent Improvements in the Process Connected with Alkali Manufacture". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts: 988.