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{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
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[[Image:Ignaz von Born2.jpg|thumbnail=Ignaz von Born3.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Ignaz von Born]]
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[[Image:Ignaz von Born2.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Ignaz von Born]]


'''Ignaz [[Edler]] von Born''', also known as '''Ignatius von Born''' ({{lang-ro|Ignațiu von Born}}, {{lang-hu|Born Ignác}}, {{lang-cs|Ignác Born}}) (26 December 1742, [[Cavnic]], [[Transylvania|Grand Principality of Transylvania]], [[Habsburg Monarchy]] – d. 24 July 1791, [[Vienna]]) was a [[mineralogist]] and [[metallurgy|metallurgist]]. He was a prominent [[freemason]], being head of Vienna's Illuminati lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist<!--this term didn't exist at that time--> in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the 1770s in the [[age of Enlightenment]].<ref name="ceskatelevize"/>
'''Ignaz [[Edler]] von Born''', also known as '''Ignatius von Born''' ({{langx|hu|Born Ignác}}, {{langx|ro|Ignațiu von Born}}, {{langx|cs|Ignác Born}}) (26 December 1742 in [[Alba Iulia]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born|title=Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries|last1=Born|first1=Ignaz|last2=Raspe|first2=Rudolf Erich|last3=Ferber|first3=Johann Jakob|date=1 January 1777|publisher=London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born/page/136 136]}}</ref> [[Transylvania|Grand Principality of Transylvania]], [[Habsburg monarchy]] – 24 July 1791 in [[Vienna]]), was a [[mineralogist]] and [[metallurgy|metallurgist]]. He was a prominent [[freemason]], being head of Vienna's lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist<!--this term didn't exist at that time--> in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] during the 1770s in the [[Age of Enlightenment]].<ref name="ceskatelevize"/>


His interests include [[mining]], [[mineralogy]], [[paleontology]], [[chemistry]],<ref name="ceskatelevize">{{cs icon}} [http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/program/10214245764-02.10.2009-17:25-2-dvaasedmdesat-jmen-ceske-historie-ignac-born.html ''Dvaasedmdesát jmen české historie (46/72). Ignác Born.'']. (Film document by [[Česká televize|Czech television]], 2009), website accessed 3 October 2009.</ref> [[metallurgy]] and [[malacology]].
His interests include mining, [[mineralogy]], [[palaeontology]], [[chemistry]],<ref name="ceskatelevize">{{Cite web|title=Devaasedmdesát jmen české historie (46/72). Ignác Born.|url=http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/program/10214245764-02.10.2009-17:25-2-dvaasedmdesat-jmen-ceske-historie-ignac-born.html|website=[[Czech Television]]|access-date=3 October 2009}}</ref> [[metallurgy]] and [[malacology]].


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Born belonged to a noble family of [[Transylvanian Saxon]] origin. He was educated in a [[Jesuit]] college in [[Vienna]], but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study [[law]] at [[Prague University]]. He then traveled extensively in [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[France]], studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint.
Born belonged to a noble family of [[Transylvanian Saxon]] origin. He started school in his hometown,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born|title=Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries|last1=Born|first1=Ignaz|last2=Raspe|first2=Rudolf Erich|last3=Ferber|first3=Johann Jakob|date=1 January 1777|publisher=London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley|pages=[https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughba00born/page/137 137]}}</ref> then was educated in a [[Jesuit]] college in [[Vienna]], but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study law at [[Prague University]]. He then travelled extensively to present-day Germany, the Netherlands, and France, studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


In 1776 he was appointed by [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna ({{lang-de|K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette}}, the predecessor of today's [[Naturhistorisches Museum]]), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death.
In 1776 he was appointed by [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]] to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna ({{langx|de|link=no|K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette}}, the predecessor of today's [[Naturhistorisches Museum]]), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (''Uber des Anquicken der Erze'', 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include ''Lithophylacium Bornianum'' (1772–1775) and ''Bergbaukunde'' (1789), besides several museum catalogues.
He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (''Uber des Anquicken der Erze'', 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include ''Lithophylacium Bornianum'' (1772–1775) and ''Bergbaukunde'' (1789), besides several museum catalogues.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


Born attempted [[satire]] with no great success. ''Die Staatsperücke'', a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticized state [[bureaucracy]] in this work.<ref name="ceskatelevize"/> And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled ''Monachologia'', in which the monks are described in the technical language of [[natural history]], is also ascribed to him.
Born attempted satire with no great success. ''Die Staatsperücke'', a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticised state [[bureaucracy]] in this work.<ref name="ceskatelevize"/> And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled ''Monachologia'', in which the monks are described in the technical language of [[natural history]], is also ascribed to him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


Born was well acquainted with [[Latin]] and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with [[metallurgy]] and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in [[Hungary]]. After the death of the [[emperor Joseph II]], the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favorable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born.
Born was well acquainted with [[Latin]] and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with [[metallurgy]] and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of the [[emperor Joseph II]], the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favourable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}


In 1771 Born was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] and in 1774 a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27born%20,%20ignaz%27%29|title= Fellow Details|publisher= Royal Society|access-date= 17 January 2017|archive-date= 29 March 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220329154600/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27born%20,%20ignaz%27%29|url-status= dead}}</ref>
In 1771, Born was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].


In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook.<ref>Nicolai Josephi Jacquin, ''Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones,'' Vienna, Vol.I, 1797, Praefatio, pp.iii-v; Ernst Moritz Kronfeld, ''Park und Garten von Schönbrunn,'' Wien, 1923, S.75-76.</ref> Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of [[Franz Josef Maerter]], who was accompanied by [[Franz Boos]].<ref>Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, "Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien," ''Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe,'' Band 21, Wien, 1856, S.453-454; Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", ''Terrae Incognitae,'' vol.40, 2008, pp.1-28.</ref> Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended [[Thaddaeus Haenke]] to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the [[Malaspina expedition]].<ref>Born to Banks, 8 February 1791, British Library Additional Manuscript 8097: 375-6. Josef Haubelt, "Haenke, Born y Banks", ''Ibero-Americana Pragensia,'' Vol.IV, 1970, p.182.</ref>
In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook.<ref>Nicolai Josephi Jacquin, ''Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones,'' Vienna, Vol.I, 1797, Praefatio, pp.iii-v; Ernst Moritz Kronfeld, ''Park und Garten von Schönbrunn,'' Wien, 1923, S.75–76.</ref> The expedition was described in the press in the following terms:
<blockquote>Vienna, 20 July 1782. His Majesty the Emperor has ordered Councillor von Born, one of our Monarchy's most learned savants, to put forward two subjects experienced in Natural History, to send to America in order to make new discoveries there. Mr. Heidinger, Adjunct in the Imperial Natural History Cabinet, and Doctor Maerter, Lecturer in Natural History at the Theresianum, were presented and approved; also, a Gardener and a Painter were included with them. They will go by Cape Horn to Otaheiti, from thence to Sandwich Island, to the American Coast on the North side of California, and finally to China. They both have knowledge of all areas of Natural History; it can therefore be assured that their discoveries will be of much greater ambit and usefulness than all that have been made hitherto, since Banks, Solander, and Forster looked at few other Objects of Natural History than Botany. At the end of August, they will sail on the Ship ''Comte de Cobenzell''.<ref>''Diemer of Watergraafs-Meersch Courant'' (Amsterdam), 26 July 1782. Also in the ''Mercure de France'', 10 Aout 1782, pp.53-4</ref></blockquote>
Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of [[Franz Josef Maerter]], who was accompanied by [[Franz Boos]].<ref>Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, "Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien," ''Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe,'' Band 21, Wien, 1856, S.453–454; Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", ''Terrae Incognitae'', vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28.</ref> Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended [[Thaddaeus Haenke]] to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the [[Malaspina expedition]].<ref>Born to Banks, 8 February 1791, British Library Additional Manuscript 8097: 375–6. Josef Haubelt, "Haenke, Born y Banks", ''Ibero-Americana Pragensia'', Vol.IV, 1970, p.182.</ref>


In 1790, he catalogued the mineral collection of [[Éléonore de Raab]], and this work formed the basis of [[William Babington (physician)|William Babington]]'s 1799 work ''A New System of Mineralogy, in the form of a Catalogue, after the manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Babington |first1=William |title=A New System of Mineralogy in the Form of a Catalogue: After the Manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab |date=1799 |publisher=W. Phillips, G.C. and J . Robinson and T. Cox |url=https://archive.org/details/anewsystemminer00babigoog/page/n6/mode/2up |access-date=25 July 2022 |language=English}}</ref>
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At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing ''Fasti Leopoldini'', probably relating to the prudent conduct of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.


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At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing ''Fasti Leopoldini'', probably relating to the prudent conduct of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
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As an active [[freemason]] in the "Benevolence" lodge, he introduced and tutored [[Mozart]] into the lodge. Born was also the regional head of the Viennese [[Illuminati]] lodge, and was a sympathizer with the [[age of enlightenment|enlightenment]] ideas of [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]. He published an anticlerical satire called ''Monachologien'' in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.<ref>Robert Kreil, ''Wiener Freunde 1784-1800'', Wien, 1883.</ref>

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As an active [[freemason]] in the "Benevolence" lodge, he introduced and tutored [[Mozart]] into the lodge. Born's essay ''Über die Mysterien der Ägypter '' (The Mysteries of the Egyptians), published in 1784 in the freemason periodical ''Journal für Freymaurer'', was one of the sources for the [[libretto]] for [[The Magic Flute]] written for Mozart by [[Emanuel Schikaneder]].<ref>Jan Assmann, Jehova-Isis: The Mysteries of Egypt and the Quest for Natural Religion in the Age of Enlightenment, in: Irene. A. Bierman (Hrsg.), Egypt and the Fabrication of European Identity (UCLA Near East Center, Colloquium Series), Los Angeles 1995, S. 35-83</ref> Born was also the regional head of the Viennese [[Illuminati]] lodge, and was a sympathiser with the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas of [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]]. He published an anticlerical satire called ''Monachologien'' in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.<ref>Robert Kreil, ''Wiener Freunde 1784–1800'', Wien, 1883.</ref>


The mineral [[bornite]] (Cu<sub>5</sub>FeS<sub>4</sub>), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour.
The mineral [[bornite]] (Cu<sub>5</sub>FeS<sub>4</sub>), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour.


== Bibliography ==
== Selected publications ==
* Born, I. 1778. [https://archive.org/details/indexrerumnatura00born ''Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis'']. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. Vindobonæ: Kraus. [1-40] + 1-458 + [1-82]. (in [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[German language]])
* Born, I. 1778. [https://archive.org/details/indexrerumnatura00born ''Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis'']. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. Vindobonæ: Kraus. [1–40] + 1–458 + [1–82]. (in [[Latin language|Latin]] and German language)
* {{cite book |last1=Born |first1=I. E. von |title=Catalogue Methodique et Raisonne de la Collection des Fossiles de Mlle. Éléonore de Raab |date=1790 |publisher=J. V. Degen |location=Vienna}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Highlights from Record Library IIIB |publisher=[[The Mineralogical Record]] |url=https://mineralogicalrecord.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/pdfs/Highlights-from-Record-Library-III-B.pdf |chapter=[34] Catalog of Eleonore DeRaab (1741-1793?)}}</ref>
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Drace-Francis, Alex 2006. A provincial imperialist and a Curious Account of Wallachia: Ignaz von Born. European History Quarterly, vol. 36 (2006), pp.&nbsp;61–89.


== Species described ==
== Species described ==
Species described by Ignatius von Born include:<ref>Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. accessed 5 October 2009. ([http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?mode=findsnail&genus=&associatedname=&author=Born&attribution=on&year=&yearend=&Search=Search searching for Born])</ref>
Species described by Ignatius von Born include:<ref>Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Retrieved 5 October 2009. ([http://www.malacolog.org/search.php?mode=findsnail&genus=&associatedname=&author=Born&attribution=on&year=&yearend=&Search=Search searching for Born])</ref>


gastropods:
gastropods:


* ''[[Bullata bullata]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Voluta bullata'' Born, 1778; ''Marginella bullata'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Bullata bullata]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Voluta bullata'' Born, 1778; ''Marginella bullata'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Cerithium atratum]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Murex atratus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Cerithium atratum]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Murex atratus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Cerithium litteratum]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Murex litteratus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Cerithium litteratum]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Murex litteratus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Clathrodrillia gibbosa]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Crassispira gibbosa'' (Born, 1778); ''Drillia gibbosa'' (Born, 1778); ''Murex gibbosus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Clathrodrillia gibbosa]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Crassispira gibbosa'' (Born, 1778); ''Drillia gibbosa'' (Born, 1778); ''Murex gibbosus'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Conus centurio]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Conus centurio]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Conus ermineus]]'' Born, 1778 - synonym: ''Dendroconus ermineus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Conus ermineus]]'' Born, 1778 – synonym: ''Dendroconus ermineus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Fissurella nodosa]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Patella nodosa'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Fissurella nodosa]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Patella nodosa'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Hastula cinerea]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Terebra cinerea'' (Born, 1778); ''Buccinum cinereum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Hastula cinerea]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Terebra cinerea'' (Born, 1778); ''Buccinum cinereum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Labyrinthus plicatus]]'' (Born, 1780) - synonym: ''Helix plicata'' Born, 1780
* ''[[Labyrinthus plicatus]]'' (Born, 1780) – synonym: ''Helix plicata'' Born, 1780
* ''[[Osilinus turbinatus]]'' (Born, 1780) - synonym: ''Trochus turbinatus'' Born, 1780
* ''[[Osilinus turbinatus]]'' (Born, 1780) – synonym: ''Trochus turbinatus'' Born, 1780
* ''[[Patella miniata]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Patella miniata]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Patella oculus]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Patella oculus]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Prunum marginatum]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Voluta marginata'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Prunum marginatum]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Voluta marginata'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Scutellastra cochlear]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Patella cochlear'' Born 1778
* ''[[Scutellastra cochlear]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Patella cochlear'' Born 1778
* ''[[Semicassis granulata]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Phalium granulata'' (Born, 1778); ''[[Phalium granulatum]]'' (Born, 1778); ''Buccinum granulatum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Semicassis granulata]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Phalium granulata'' (Born, 1778); ''[[Phalium granulatum]]'' (Born, 1778); ''Buccinum granulatum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Stigmaulax sulcatus]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Nerita sulcata'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Stigmaulax sulcatus]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Nerita sulcata'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Tegula fasciata]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Trochus fasciatus'' Born, 1778; ''Chlorostoma fasciata'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Tegula fasciata]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Trochus fasciatus'' Born, 1778; ''Chlorostoma fasciata'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Thais lacera]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Thais lacerus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Thais lacera]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Thais lacerus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Trochita trochiformis]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Turbo trochiformis'' Born, 1778; ''Patella trochiformis'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Trochita trochiformis]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Turbo trochiformis'' Born, 1778; ''Patella trochiformis'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Vasum muricatum]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Voluta muricata'' Born, 1778; ''Turbinella muricatum'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Vasum muricatum]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Voluta muricata'' Born, 1778; ''Turbinella muricatum'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Xenophora conchyliophora]]'' (Born, 1780) - synonyms: ''Astraea conchyliophora'' (Born, 1780); ''Trochus conchyliophorus'' Born, 1780
* ''[[Xenophora conchyliophora]]'' (Born, 1780) – synonyms: ''Astraea conchyliophora'' (Born, 1780); ''Trochus conchyliophorus'' Born, 1780


synonyms of gastropods:
synonyms of gastropods:
Line 63: Line 69:


bivalves:
bivalves:
* ''[[Argopecten nucleus]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Ostrea nucleus'' Born, 1778; ''Aequipecten nucleus'' (Born, 1778); ''Pecten nucleus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Argopecten nucleus]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Ostrea nucleus'' Born, 1778; ''Aequipecten nucleus'' (Born, 1778); ''Pecten nucleus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Ctenoides scabra]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Ostrea scabra'' Born, 1778; ''Lima scabra'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Ctenoides scabra]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Ostrea scabra'' Born, 1778; ''Lima scabra'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Dosinia concentrica]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Venus concentrica'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea concentrica'' (Born, 1778); ''Artemis concentrica'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Dosinia concentrica]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Venus concentrica'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea concentrica'' (Born, 1778); ''Artemis concentrica'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Eurytellina punicea]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Tellina punicea'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Eurytellina punicea]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Tellina punicea'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Gafrarium calipygum]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Gafrarium calipygum]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Mactra glauca]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Mactra glauca]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Ostrea cristata]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Ostrea cristata]]'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Panopea glycimeris]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Panopea glycimeris]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Papyridea lata]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Cardium latum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Papyridea lata]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Cardium latum'' Born, 1778
* ''[[Pitar circinatus]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonyms: ''Venus circinata'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea circinatus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Pitar circinatus]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonyms: ''Venus circinata'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea circinatus'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Tellina punicea]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Tellina punicea]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Tivela mactroides]]'' (Born, 1778) - synonym: ''Venus mactroides'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea mactroides'' (Born, 1778)
* ''[[Tivela mactroides]]'' (Born, 1778) – synonym: ''Venus mactroides'' Born, 1778; ''Cytherea mactroides'' (Born, 1778)

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==Notes==
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{{German title Edler}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[List of minerals named after people]]
* [[List of minerals named after people]]

⚫
==Notes==
⚫
{{German title Edler}}


== References ==
== References ==
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Born, Ignaz}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Born, Ignaz|volume=4|page=255}}
*Museum guide of [[Mozarthaus Vienna]] (Prestel museum guide)
*Museum guide of [[Mozarthaus Vienna]] (Prestel museum guide)
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
⚫
*Drace-Francis, Alex 2006. "A provincial imperialist and a Curious Account of Wallachia: Ignaz von Born." ''European History Quarterly'', vol. 36 (2006), pp.&nbsp;61–89.


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{wikispecies|Ignatius, Edler von Born}}
{{wikispecies|Ignatius, Edler von Born}}
* http://ignatiusvonborn.ro
* https://web.archive.org/web/20170925112650/http://ignatiusvonborn.ro/
* http://www.ilab.org/db/book1099_22049.html
* http://www.ilab.org/db/book1099_22049.html{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cs icon}} http://tv.sms.cz/televize/CT2/20091002/1170029325_Dvaasedmdesat_jmen_ceske_historie_46_72
* {{in lang|cs}} http://tv.sms.cz/televise/CT2/20091002/1170029325_Dvaasedmdesat_jmen_ceske_historie_46_72
* [http://www.malacolog.org/bibliography.php?mode=details&target=4&showspecies=y species described in ''Index rerum naturalium…'']
* [http://www.malacolog.org/bibliography.php?mode=details&target=4&showspecies=y species described in ''Index rerum naturalium…'']


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Latest revision as of 17:46, 26 November 2024

A portrait of Ignaz von Born

Ignaz Edler von Born, also known as Ignatius von Born (Hungarian: Born Ignác, Romanian: Ignațiu von Born, Czech: Ignác Born) (26 December 1742 in Alba Iulia,[1] Grand Principality of Transylvania, Habsburg monarchy – 24 July 1791 in Vienna), was a mineralogist and metallurgist. He was a prominent freemason, being head of Vienna's lodge and an influential anti-clerical writer. He was the leading scientist in the Holy Roman Empire during the 1770s in the Age of Enlightenment.[2]

His interests include mining, mineralogy, palaeontology, chemistry,[2] metallurgy and malacology.

Biography

[edit]

Born belonged to a noble family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. He started school in his hometown,[3] then was educated in a Jesuit college in Vienna, but left the Jesuits after sixteen months to study law at Prague University. He then travelled extensively to present-day Germany, the Netherlands, and France, studying mineralogy, and on his return to Prague in 1770 entered the department of mines and the mint.[4]

In 1776 he was appointed by Maria Theresa to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna (German: K.k. Hof-Naturalienkabinette, the predecessor of today's Naturhistorisches Museum), where he was nominated to the council of mines and the mint, and continued to reside until his death.[4]

He introduced a method of extracting metals by amalgamation (Uber des Anquicken der Erze, 1786), and other improvements in mining and other technical processes. His publications also include Lithophylacium Bornianum (1772–1775) and Bergbaukunde (1789), besides several museum catalogues.[4]

Born attempted satire with no great success. Die Staatsperücke, a tale published without his knowledge in 1772. He criticised state bureaucracy in this work.[2] And an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king's astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled Monachologia, in which the monks are described in the technical language of natural history, is also ascribed to him.[4]

Born was well acquainted with Latin and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not immediately connected with metallurgy and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of the emperor Joseph II, the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favourable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Born.[4]

In 1771 Born was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1774 a Fellow of the Royal Society[5]

In 1781 Born proposed that Austria undertake a scientific voyage round the world, emulating those of Cook.[6] The expedition was described in the press in the following terms:

Vienna, 20 July 1782. His Majesty the Emperor has ordered Councillor von Born, one of our Monarchy's most learned savants, to put forward two subjects experienced in Natural History, to send to America in order to make new discoveries there. Mr. Heidinger, Adjunct in the Imperial Natural History Cabinet, and Doctor Maerter, Lecturer in Natural History at the Theresianum, were presented and approved; also, a Gardener and a Painter were included with them. They will go by Cape Horn to Otaheiti, from thence to Sandwich Island, to the American Coast on the North side of California, and finally to China. They both have knowledge of all areas of Natural History; it can therefore be assured that their discoveries will be of much greater ambit and usefulness than all that have been made hitherto, since Banks, Solander, and Forster looked at few other Objects of Natural History than Botany. At the end of August, they will sail on the Ship Comte de Cobenzell.[7]

Born himself hoped to lead the expedition, but the poor state of his health meant that he had to relinquish the post of leader in favour of Franz Josef Maerter, who was accompanied by Franz Boos.[8] Subsequently, in July 1789, Born recommended Thaddaeus Haenke to the Spanish Government for appointment as botanist on the Malaspina expedition.[9]

In 1790, he catalogued the mineral collection of Éléonore de Raab, and this work formed the basis of William Babington's 1799 work A New System of Mineralogy, in the form of a Catalogue, after the manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab.[10]

At the time of his death in 1791, he was writing Fasti Leopoldini, probably relating to the prudent conduct of Leopold II, the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.[4]

As an active freemason in the "Benevolence" lodge, he introduced and tutored Mozart into the lodge. Born's essay Über die Mysterien der Ägypter (The Mysteries of the Egyptians), published in 1784 in the freemason periodical Journal für Freymaurer, was one of the sources for the libretto for The Magic Flute written for Mozart by Emanuel Schikaneder.[11] Born was also the regional head of the Viennese Illuminati lodge, and was a sympathiser with the Enlightenment ideas of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He published an anticlerical satire called Monachologien in 1783, in which he depicts monks as being of a distinct race that is a mixture between ape and man.[12]

The mineral bornite (Cu5FeS4), a common copper ore mineral was named in his honour.

Selected publications

[edit]
  • Born, I. 1778. Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere. Vindobonæ: Kraus. [1–40] + 1–458 + [1–82]. (in Latin and German language)
  • Born, I. E. von (1790). Catalogue Methodique et Raisonne de la Collection des Fossiles de Mlle. Éléonore de Raab. Vienna: J. V. Degen.[13]

Species described

[edit]

Species described by Ignatius von Born include:[14]

gastropods:

synonyms of gastropods:

  • Tritonium costatum (Born, 1778) and Triton costatum (Born, 1778) and Murex costatus Born, 1778 are synonyms for Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1793)
  • Murex gigas Born, 1780 is a synonym for Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Turbo torcularis Born, 1778 is a synonym for Torcula exoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)

bivalves:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Regarding personal names: Edler is a rank of nobility, not a first or middle name. The female form is Edle.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 136.
  2. ^ a b c "Devaasedmdesát jmen české historie (46/72). Ignác Born". Czech Television. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  3. ^ Born, Ignaz; Raspe, Rudolf Erich; Ferber, Johann Jakob (1 January 1777). Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, Transylvania, and Hungary, in the year 1770. Described in a series of letter to Prof. Ferber, on the mines and mountains of these different countries. London : Printed by J. Miller, for G. Kearsley. pp. 137.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
  5. ^ "Fellow Details". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  6. ^ Nicolai Josephi Jacquin, Plantarum Rariorum Horti Caesarei Schoenbrunnensis Descriptiones et Icones, Vienna, Vol.I, 1797, Praefatio, pp.iii-v; Ernst Moritz Kronfeld, Park und Garten von Schönbrunn, Wien, 1923, S.75–76.
  7. ^ Diemer of Watergraafs-Meersch Courant (Amsterdam), 26 July 1782. Also in the Mercure de France, 10 Aout 1782, pp.53-4
  8. ^ Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, "Geschichte des Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-Naturalien-Cabinetes zu Wien," Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Band 21, Wien, 1856, S.453–454; Robert J. King, "William Bolts and the Austrian Origins of the Lapérouse Expedition", Terrae Incognitae, vol.40, 2008, pp.1–28.
  9. ^ Born to Banks, 8 February 1791, British Library Additional Manuscript 8097: 375–6. Josef Haubelt, "Haenke, Born y Banks", Ibero-Americana Pragensia, Vol.IV, 1970, p.182.
  10. ^ Babington, William (1799). A New System of Mineralogy in the Form of a Catalogue: After the Manner of Baron Born's Systematic Catalogue of the collection of fossils of Mlle Éléonore de Raab. W. Phillips, G.C. and J . Robinson and T. Cox. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  11. ^ Jan Assmann, Jehova-Isis: The Mysteries of Egypt and the Quest for Natural Religion in the Age of Enlightenment, in: Irene. A. Bierman (Hrsg.), Egypt and the Fabrication of European Identity (UCLA Near East Center, Colloquium Series), Los Angeles 1995, S. 35-83
  12. ^ Robert Kreil, Wiener Freunde 1784–1800, Wien, 1883.
  13. ^ "[34] Catalog of Eleonore DeRaab (1741-1793?)". Highlights from Record Library IIIB (PDF). The Mineralogical Record.
  14. ^ Malacolog Version 4.1.1. A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. Retrieved 5 October 2009. (searching for Born)

Further reading

[edit]
  • Drace-Francis, Alex 2006. "A provincial imperialist and a Curious Account of Wallachia: Ignaz von Born." European History Quarterly, vol. 36 (2006), pp. 61–89.
[edit]
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