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Security measures are taken to protect the Palace of Westminster in London, UK. The heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb or other device being rammed into the building.

National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military attack, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from terrorism, minimization of crime, economic security, energy security, environmental security, food security, and cyber-security. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other states, action by violent non-state actors, by narcotic cartels, organized crime, by multinational corporations, and also the effects of natural disasters.

Governments rely on a range of measures, including political, economic, and military power, as well as diplomacy, to safeguard the security of a state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing transnational causes of insecurity, such as climate change, economic inequality, political exclusion, and nuclear proliferation.

Definitions

The concept of national security remains ambiguous, having evolved from simpler definitions which emphasised freedom from military threat and from political coercion.^[1]^: 1–6^[2]^: 52–54 Among the many definitions proposed to date are the following, which show how the concept has evolved to encompass non-military concerns:

"A nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate interests to avoid war, and is able, if challenged, to maintain them by war." (Walter Lippmann, 1943).^[3]^: 5
"The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation." (Harold Lasswell, 1950)^[3]^: 79
"National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked." (Arnold Wolfers, 1960)^[4]
"National security then is the ability to preserve the nation's physical integrity and territory; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms; to preserve its nature, institution, and governance from disruption from outside; and to control its borders." (Harold Brown, U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1977–1981)^[5]
"National security... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy, prosperity, and wellbeing." (Charles Maier, 1990)^[6]
"National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might." (National Defence College of India, 1996)^[7]
"[National security is the] measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance... and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." (Prabhakaran Paleri, 2008)^[2]^: 52–54

Dimensions

Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. military or cyber attack), violent non-state actors (e.g. terrorist attack), organised criminal groups such as narcotic cartels, and also the effects of natural disasters (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).^[3]^{: v, 1–8}^[8]^[9] Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include climate change, economic inequality and marginalisation, political exclusion, and nuclear proliferation.^[8]^: 3^[9]

In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a state has several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power.

Increasingly, governments organise their security policies into a national security strategy (NSS);^[10] as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Some states also appoint a National Security Council and/or a National Security Advisor which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. India holds one such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998.

Although states differ in their approach, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly military capabilities.^[8] The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the air, space, cyberspace, and psychological operations.^[15] Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.

Physical

In practice, national security is associated primarily with managing physical threats and with the military capabilities used for doing so.^[11]^[13]^[14] That is, national security is often understood as the capacity of a nation to mobilise military forces to guarantee its borders and to deter or successfully defend against physical threats including military aggression and attacks by non-state actors, such as terrorism. Most states, such as South Africa and Sweden,^[16]^[12] configure their military forces mainly for territorial defence; others, such as France, Russia, the UK and the US,^[17]^[18]^[13]^[14] invest in higher-cost expeditionary capabilities, which allow their armed forces to project power and sustain military operations abroad.

Infrastructural

Infrastructure security is the security provided to protect infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, such as airports, highways,^[19] rail transport, hospitals, bridges, transport hubs, network communications, media, the electricity grid, dams, power plants, seaports, oil refineries, and water systems. Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures and systems to sabotage, terrorism, and contamination.^[20]

Many countries have established government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure, usually, through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such as United States Federal Protective Service, and also dedicated transport police such as the British Transport Police. There are also commercial transportation security units such as the Amtrak Police in the United States. Critical infrastructure is vital for the essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage can have a serious impact on the economy and essential services. Some of the threats to infrastructure include:

Terrorism: person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately targeted.
Sabotage: person or groups such as ex-employees, anti-government groups, environmental groups. Refer to Bangkok's International Airport Seized by Protestors.
Information warfare: private person hacking for private gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and damage a country's cyberinfrastructure. Cyberattacks on Estonia and cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war are examples.
Natural disaster: hurricane or other natural events that damage critical infrastructures such as oil pipelines, water, and power grids. See Hurricane Ike and Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina for examples.

Virtual

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, refers to the security of computing devices such as computers and smartphones, as well as computer networks such as private and public networks, and the Internet. It concerns the protection of hardware, software, data, people, and also the procedures by which systems are accessed, and the field has growing importance due to the increasing reliance on computer systems in most societies.^[21] Since unauthorized access to critical civil and military infrastructure is now considered a major threat, cyberspace is now recognised as a domain of warfare. One such example is the use of Stuxnet by the US and Israel against the Iranian nuclear programme^[15]

Political

Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver, Jaap de Wilde and others have argued that national security depends on political security: the stability of the social order.^[22] Others, such as Paul Rogers, have added that the equitability of the international order is equally vital.^[9] Hence, political security depends on the rule of international law (including the laws of war), the effectiveness of international political institutions, as well as diplomacy and negotiation between nations and other security actors.^[22] It also depends on, among other factors, effective political inclusion of disaffected groups and the human security of the citizenry.^[9]^[8]^[23]

Economic

Economic security, in the context of international relations, is the ability of a nation state to maintain and develop the national economy, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic capability largely determines the defence capability of a nation, and thus a sound economic security directly influences the national security of a nation. That is why we see countries with sound economy, happen to have sound security setup too, such as The United States, China, India among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. Developing countries may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid work.^{[citation needed]}

Environmental

Environmental security, also known as ecological security, refers to the integrity of ecosystems and the biosphere, particularly in relation to their capacity to sustain a diversity of life-forms (including human life). The security of ecosystems has attracted greater attention as the impact of ecological damage by humans has grown.^[24] The degradation of ecosystems, including topsoil erosion, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate change, affect economic security and can precipitate mass migration, leading to increased pressure on resources elsewhere. Ecological security is also important since most of the countries in the world are developing and dependent on agriculture and agriculture gets affected largely due to climate change. This effect affects the economy of the nation, which in turn affects national security.

The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.^[3]^: 29–33 Romm (1993) classifies the major impacts of ecological changes on national security as:^[3]^: 15

Transnational environmental problems. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.^[3]^: 15
Local environmental or resource pressures. These include resource scarcities leading to local conflict, such as disputes over water scarcity in the Middle East; migration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture in Mexico;^[3]^: 15 and the impact on the conflict in Syria of erosion of productive land.^[25] Environmental insecurity in Rwanda following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may also have contributed to the genocide there.^[26]
Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare. These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the Roman destruction of agriculture in Carthage; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the Gulf War;^[3]^: 15–16 the use of Agent Orange by the UK in the Malayan Emergency and the US in the Vietnam War for defoliating forests.

Energy and natural resources

Resources include water, sources of energy, land, and minerals. Availability of adequate natural resources is important for a nation to develop its industry and economic power. For example, in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Iraq captured Kuwait partly in order to secure access to its oil wells, and one reason for the US counter-invasion was the value of the same wells to its own economy.^{[citation needed]} Water resources are subject to disputes between many nations, including India and Pakistan, and in the Middle East.

The interrelations between security, energy, natural resources, and their sustainability is increasingly acknowledged in national security strategies and resource security is now included among the UN Sustainable Development Goals.^[12]^[11]^[27]^[14]^[28] In the US, for example, the military has installed solar photovoltaic microgrids on their bases in case of power outage.^[29]^[30]

Issues

Consistency of approach

The dimensions of national security outlined above are frequently in tension with one another. For example:

The high cost of maintaining large military forces can place a burden on the economic security of a nation And annual defence spending as per cent of GDP varies significantly by country.^[31] Conversely, economic constraints can limit the scale of expenditure on military capabilities.
Unilateral security action by states can undermine political security at an international level if it erodes the rule of law and undermines the authority of international institutions. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the annexation of Crimea in 2014 have been cited as examples.^[32]^[33]
The pursuit of economic security in competition with other nation states can undermine the ecological security of all when the impact includes widespread topsoil erosion, biodiversity loss, and climate change.^[34] Conversely, expenditure on mitigating or adapting to ecological change places a burden on the national economy.

If tensions such as these are mismanaged, national security policies and actions may be ineffective or counterproductive.

Versus transnational security

Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without also developing the security of their regional and international context.^[14]^[27]^[11]^[12] For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared:

"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."^[12]

The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done, is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of strategic supremacy).^[35]^[36]^[37] Others argue that security depends principally on building the conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively.^[38]^[8]^[9] In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through NATO by the United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained".^[39]

Civil liberties and human rights

Approaches to national security can have a complex impact on human rights and civil liberties. For example, the rights and liberties of citizens are affected by the use of military personnel and militarised police forces to control public behaviour; the use of surveillance, including mass surveillance in cyberspace, which has implications for privacy; military recruitment and conscription practices; and the effects of warfare on civilians and civil infrastructure. This has led to a dialectical struggle, particularly in liberal democracies, between government authority and the rights and freedoms of the general public.

Even where the exercise of national security is subject to good governance, and the rule of law, a risk remains that the term national security may become a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views. In the US, for example, the controversial USA Patriot Act of 2001, and the revelation by Edward Snowden in 2013 that the National Security Agency harvests the personal data of the general public, brought these issues to wide public attention. Among the questions raised are whether and how national security considerations at times of war should lead to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms, and whether such restrictions are necessary when a state is at peace.

By region

Argentina and Brazil

National security ideology as taught by the US Army School of the Americas to military personnel was vital in causing the military coup of 1964 in Brazil and the 1976 one in Argentina. The military dictatorships were installed on the claim by the military that Leftists were an existential threat to the national interests.^[40]

China

China's military is the People's Liberation Army (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3 million active troops in 2005.

The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."^[41]

European Union

For Schengen area^[42] some parts of national security and external border control are enforced by Frontex^[43] according to the Treaty of Lisbon. The security policy of the European Union is set by High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and assisted by European External Action Service.^[44] Europol is one of the agencies of the European Union responsible for combating various forms of crime in the European Union through coordinating law enforcement agencies of the EU member states.^[45]

European Union national security has been accused of insufficiently preventing foreign threats.^[46]

India

The state of the Republic of India's national security is determined by its internal stability and geopolitical interests. While Islamic upsurge in Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir demanding secession and far left-wing terrorism in India's red corridor remain some key issues in India's internal security, terrorism from Pakistan-based militant groups has been emerging as a major concern for New Delhi.

The National Security Advisor of India heads the National Security Council of India, receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the Prime Minister of India over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India's defence, foreign, home, finance ministers and deputy chairman of NITI Aayog as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for India's security in all aspects.^[47]

A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a Public interest litigation (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport illegal immigrants. Responding to this PIL, Delhi Police told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months.^[48] There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya immigrants in National Capital Region (NCR) region specially in the districts of Gurugram, Faridabad, and Nuh (Mewat region), as well as interior villages of Bhiwani and Hisar. Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the Chief Minister of Haryana, Manohar Lal Khattar announced the implementation of NRC for Haryana by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.^[49]

Russia

In the years 1997 and 2000, Russia adopted documents titled "National Security Concept" that described Russia's global position, the country's interests, listed threats to national security, and described the means to counter those threats. In 2009, these documents were superseded by the "National Security Strategy to 2020". The key body responsible for coordinating policies related to Russia's national security is the Security Council of Russia.

According to provision 6 of the National Security Strategy to 2020, national security is "the situation in which the individual, the society and the state enjoy protection from foreign and domestic threats to the degree that ensures constitutional rights and freedoms, decent quality of life for citizens, as well as sovereignty, territorial integrity and stable development of the Russian Federation, the defence and security of the state."

Singapore

Total Defence is Singapore's whole-of-society national defence concept^[50] based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence^[51] – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.^[52] Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,^[53] Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.^[54] Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.^[55] Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.

Ukraine

National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and information security, social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of subsoil, land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."^[56]

The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. It is an advisory state agency to the President of Ukraine, tasked with developing a policy of national security on domestic and international matters. All sessions of the council take place in the Presidential Administration Building. The council was created by the provision of Supreme Council of Ukraine #1658-12 on October 11, 1991. It was defined as the highest state body of collegiate governing on matters of defence and security of Ukraine with the following goals:

Protecting sovereignty
Constitutional order
Territorial integrity and inviolability of the republic
Developing strategies and continuous improvement of policy in the sphere of defence and state security
Comprehensive scientific assessment of the military threat nature
Determining position toward modern warfare
Effective control over the execution of the tasks of the state and its institutions keeping defence capabilities of Ukraine at the level of defence sufficiency

United Kingdom

The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in the UK is the National Security Council (United Kingdom) which helps produce and enact the UK's National Security Strategy. It was created in May 2010 by the new coalition government of the Conservative Party (UK) and Liberal Democrats. The National Security Council is a committee of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and was created as part of a wider reform of the national security apparatus. This reform also included the creation of a National Security Adviser and a National Security Secretariat to support the National Security Council.^[57]

United States

National Security Act of 1947

The concept of national security became an official guiding principle of foreign policy in the United States when the National Security Act of 1947 was signed on July 26, 1947, by U.S. President Harry S. Truman.^[3]^: 3 As amended in 1949, this Act:

created important components of American national security, such as the precursor to the Department of Defense;
subordinated the military branches to the new cabinet-level position of Secretary of Defense;
established the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency;^[58]

Notably, the Act did not define national security, which was conceivably advantageous, as its ambiguity made it a powerful phrase to invoke against diverse threats to interests of the state, such as domestic concerns.^[3]^: 3–5

The notion that national security encompasses more than just military security was present, though understated, from the beginning. The Act established the National Security Council so as to "advise the President on the integration of domestic, military and foreign policies relating to national security".^[2]^: 52

The act establishes, within the National Security Council, the Committee on Foreign Intelligence, whose duty is to conduct an annual review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United States as specified by the President" (emphasis added).^[59]

In Gen. Maxwell Taylor's 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states:^[60]

The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests, as well as the sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and earthy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political assets such as the Bill of Rights, our political institutions, and international friendships to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national security.

National security state

To address the institutionalisation of new bureaucracies and government practices in the post–World War II period in the U.S., the culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation joined the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for the practical application of the concept of the national security state:^[61]^[62]^[63]

During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of U.S. history, the continental United States was secure. But, by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with the advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum — "If you want peace, prepare for war."^[64]
— David Jablonsky

Obama administration

The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff defines national security of the United States in the following manner :^[65]

A collective term encompassing both national defense and foreign relations of the United States. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage over any foreign nation or group of nations; b. a favorable foreign relations position; or c. a defense posture capable of successfully resisting hostile or destructive action from within or without, overt or covert.

In 2010, the White House included an all-encompassing world-view in a national security strategy which identified "security" as one of the country's "four enduring national interests" that were "inexorably intertwined":^[66]

"To achieve the world we seek, the United States must apply our strategic approach in pursuit of four enduring national interests:
Security: The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners.

Prosperity: A strong, innovative, and growing U.S. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity.

Values: Respect for universal values at home and around the world.

International Order: An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.
Each of these interests is inextricably linked to the others: no single interest can be pursued in isolation, but at the same time, positive action in one area will help advance all four."
— National Security Strategy, Executive Office of the President of the United States (May 2010)

Empowerment of women

U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said that, "The countries that threaten regional and global peace are the very places where women and girls are deprived of dignity and opportunity".^[67] She has noted that countries, where women are oppressed, are places where the "rule of law and democracy are struggling to take root",^[67] and that, when women's rights as equals in society are upheld, the society as a whole changes and improves, which in turn enhances stability in that society, which in turn contributes to global society.^[67]

Cyber

The Bush administration in January 2008 initiated the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities and apprehending those trying to access federal information systems.^[68]

President Obama said the "cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation" and that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity".^[69]

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^ Chalmers, M (2015-05-05). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR". RUSI. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
^ Emir Sader, "The coup in Brazil and the doctrine of National Security" (Portuguese) http://cartamaior.com.br/?/Blog/Blog-do-Emir/O-golpe-no-Brasil-e-a-doutrina-de-seguranca-nacional/2/27107 Archived 2020-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ministry of State Security, Intelligence Resource Program, Federation of American Scientists
^ Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty (OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57).
^ See Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 recital 11 ("...the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union should therefore be expanded. To reflect those changes, it should be renamed the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, which will continue to be commonly referred to as Frontex. It should remain the same legal person, with full continuity in all its activities and procedures....") and article 6 ("The European Border and Coast Guard Agency shall be the new name for the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Members States of the European Union established by Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004. Its activities shall be based on this Regulation....")
^ Gateway to the European Union, European External Axis Service – accessed 16 February 2011
^ "Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA)". Official Journal of the European Union. L (121). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2017 – via EUR-Lex.
^ Russians Keep Turning Up Dead All Over the World, The Wall Street Journal, 2024
^ "20 years of NSC: What India's Expanded Security Architecture Looks Like". Nitin A. Gokhale. 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC, Times of India, 31 July 2019.
^ Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC, Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.
^ "Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
^ "Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
^ The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985. National Archives of Singapore. 2010. p. 63.
^ "Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years". MINDEF Singapore. 15 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
^ "Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm" (PDF). National Archives Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 17, 2024.
^ "Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence". MINDEF Singapore. 15 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
^ Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 № 964-IV
^ Joe Devanny & Josh Harris (4 November 2014). "The National Security Council: national security at the centre of government". Institute for Government & King's College London. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
^ Davis, Robert T. (2010). Robert T. Davis (ed.). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. Praeger Security International Series (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-313-38385-4. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ 50 U.S.C. § 402
^ Taylor, Gen Maxwell (1974). "The Legitimate Claims of National Security". Foreign Affairs. 52 (Essay of 1974). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.: 577–594. doi:10.2307/20038070. JSTOR 20038070. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
^ Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.
^ Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 9781400823772
^ Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
^ David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. PDF Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
^ US NATO Military Terminology Group (2010). JP 1 (02) "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms", 2001 (As amended through 31 July 2010) (PDF). Pentagon, Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Department of Defense. p. 361. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
^ Obama, Barack. National Security Strategy, May 2010 Archived 2017-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Office of the President of the United States, White House, p. 17. Accessed 23 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach (2013). "The Hillary Doctrine: Women's Rights Are a National Security Issue". the Atlantic.
^ Rollins, John, and Anna C. Henning. Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Legal Authorities and Policy Considerations. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2009.
^ "White House: Cybersecurity". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.

External links

National Security Internet Archive (NSIA) at the Internet Archive

[cite_1993-1] Romm, Joseph J. (1993). Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects. Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87609-135-7. Retrieved 22 September 2010.

[Paleri-2] Paleri, Prabhakaran (2008). National Security: Imperatives And Challenges. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-07-065686-4. Retrieved 23 September 2010.

[Romm_1993-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Romm, Joseph J. (1993). Defining national security: the nonmilitary aspects. Pew Project on America's Task in a Changed World (Pew Project Series). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87609-135-7. Retrieved 22 September 2010.

[auto-4] Quoted in Paleri (2008) ibid. Pg 52.

[books.google.com-5] Brown, Harold (1983) Thinking about national security: defense and foreign policy in a dangerous world. As quoted in Watson, Cynthia Ann (2008). U.S. national security: a reference handbook. Contemporary world issues (2 (revised) ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 281. ISBN 978-1-59884-041-4. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[MacArthur_Fellowship_Program_1990._p.5-6] Maier, Charles S. Peace and security for the 1990s. Unpublished paper for the MacArthur Fellowship Program, Social Science Research Council, 12 Jun 1990. As quoted in Romm 1993, p.5

[auto1-7] Definition from "Proceedings of Seminar on "A Maritime Strategy for India" (1996). National Defence College, Tees January Marg, New Delhi, India. quoted in Paleri 2008 (ibid).

[:2-8] Ammerdown Group (2016). "Rethinking Security: A discussion paper" (PDF). rethinkingsecurity.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[:0-9] Rogers, P (2010). Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century (3rd ed.). London: Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745329376. OCLC 658007519.

[10] "National Security Strategy". Office of the Security of Defense.

[:1-11] Spanish Government (2013). "The National Security Strategy: Sharing a common project" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[:7-12] Sweden, Prime Minister's Office (2017). "National Security Strategy" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[:3-13] UK, Cabinet Office (2015). "National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015". Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[:4-14] US, White House (2015). "National Security Strategy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[:6-15] "War in the fifth domain". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[16] South Africa, Department of Defence (2015). "South African Defence Review, 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[17] France (2017). "Strategic Review of Defence and National Security" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[18] Olika, O (2016). "Unpacking Russia's New National Security Strategy". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[19] "Highways For Travelers". Transportation Security Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.

[20] "TSA | Who We Are". Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-07.

[21] "Reliance spells end of road for ICT amateurs", May 07, 2013, The Australian

[:5-22] Security: a new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1998. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-55587-784-2.

[23] United Nations. "UN Trust Fund for Human Security". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[24] United Nations General Assembly (2010). "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2010". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[25] Gleick, Peter H. (2014-03-03). "Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria". Weather, Climate, and Society. 6 (3): 331–340. doi:10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1. ISSN 1948-8327. S2CID 153715885.

[26] Diamond, Jared. "Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide". Retrieved 26 September 2010.

[:8-27] UK, Cabinet Office (2008). "The national security strategy of the United Kingdom: security in an interdependent world". Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[28] Farah, Paolo Davide (2015). "Sustainable Energy Investments and National Security: Arbitration and Negotiation Issues". Journal of World Energy Law and Business. 8 (6).

[29] Prehoda, et al. 2017. U.S. Strategic Solar Photovoltaic-Powered Microgrid Deployment for Enhanced National Security. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 78, 167–175. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.094

[30] U.S. Army and Lockheed Martin Commission Microgrid at Fort Bliss. 2013. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2013/may/mfc-051613-us-armyand-LM.html

[31] World Bank (2017). "Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure, 2015)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[32] Wars in peace : British military operations since 1991. Johnson, Adrian (Historian), Chalmers, Malcolm, 1956–, Clarke, Michael, 1950–, Codner, Michael, Fry, Robert (Robert Alan), 1951–, Omand, David. London, UK. 2014. ISBN 9780855161934. OCLC 880550682.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[33] Section, United Nations News Service (2014-03-27). "UN News - Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid". UN News Service Section. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[34] Jackson, T (2009). Prosperity without growth: economics for a finite planet. London: Earthscan. ISBN 9781849713238. OCLC 320800523.

[35] US, Department of Defense (2000). "Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance". archive.defense.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[36] House of Commons Defence Committee (2015). "Re-thinking defence to meet new threats". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[37] General Sir Nicholas Houghton (2015). "Building a British military fit for future challenges rather than past conflicts". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[38] FCNL (2015). "Peace Through Shared Security". Retrieved 2017-12-17.

[39] Chalmers, M (2015-05-05). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR". RUSI. Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved 2017-12-18.

[40] Emir Sader, "The coup in Brazil and the doctrine of National Security" (Portuguese) http://cartamaior.com.br/?/Blog/Blog-do-Emir/O-golpe-no-Brasil-e-a-doutrina-de-seguranca-nacional/2/27107 Archived 2020-10-23 at the Wayback Machine

[41] Ministry of State Security, Intelligence Resource Program, Federation of American Scientists

[42] Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty (OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57).

[43] See Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 recital 11 ("...the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union should therefore be expanded. To reflect those changes, it should be renamed the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, which will continue to be commonly referred to as Frontex. It should remain the same legal person, with full continuity in all its activities and procedures....") and article 6 ("The European Border and Coast Guard Agency shall be the new name for the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Members States of the European Union established by Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004. Its activities shall be based on this Regulation....")

[eeas-44] Gateway to the European Union, European External Axis Service – accessed 16 February 2011

[45] "Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA)". Official Journal of the European Union. L (121). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2017 – via EUR-Lex.

[46] Russians Keep Turning Up Dead All Over the World, The Wall Street Journal, 2024

[47] "20 years of NSC: What India's Expanded Security Architecture Looks Like". Nitin A. Gokhale. 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

[illegalbang3-48] Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC, Times of India, 31 July 2019.

[illegalbang2-49] Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC, Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.

[50] "Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[:10-51] "Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges". www.mindef.gov.sg. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[52] The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985. National Archives of Singapore. 2010. p. 63.

[:11-53] "Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years". MINDEF Singapore. 15 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[54] "Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm" (PDF). National Archives Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 17, 2024.

[:12-55] "Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence". MINDEF Singapore. 15 Feb 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-10.

[56] Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 № 964-IV

[57] Joe Devanny & Josh Harris (4 November 2014). "The National Security Council: national security at the centre of government". Institute for Government & King's College London. Retrieved 6 November 2014.

[Davis-58] Davis, Robert T. (2010). Robert T. Davis (ed.). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. Praeger Security International Series (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0-313-38385-4. Retrieved 25 September 2010.

[59] 50 U.S.C. § 402

[60] Taylor, Gen Maxwell (1974). "The Legitimate Claims of National Security". Foreign Affairs. 52 (Essay of 1974). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.: 577–594. doi:10.2307/20038070. JSTOR 20038070. Retrieved 25 September 2010.

[61] Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.

[62] Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. ISBN 9781400823772

[63] Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

[64] David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. PDF Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine

[65] US NATO Military Terminology Group (2010). JP 1 (02) "Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms", 2001 (As amended through 31 July 2010) (PDF). Pentagon, Washington: Joint Chiefs of Staff, US Department of Defense. p. 361. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2010.

[66] Obama, Barack. National Security Strategy, May 2010 Archived 2017-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Office of the President of the United States, White House, p. 17. Accessed 23 September 2010.

[Lemmon_2013-67] Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach (2013). "The Hillary Doctrine: Women's Rights Are a National Security Issue". the Atlantic.

[68] Rollins, John, and Anna C. Henning. Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Legal Authorities and Policy Considerations. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2009.

[69] "White House: Cybersecurity". whitehouse.gov – via National Archives.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 [[File:national.security.parliament.arp.750pix.Clean.jpg|thumb|Security measures are taken to protect the [[Palace of Westminster]] in [[London]], UK. The heavy blocks of [[concrete]] are designed to prevent a [[car bomb]] or other device being rammed into the building.]]
-'''National security''', or '''national defence''', is the [[security]] and [[Defence (military)|defence]] of a [[sovereign state]], including its [[Citizenship|citizens]], [[economy]], and [[institutions]], which is regarded as a duty of [[government]]. Originally conceived as protection against [[Offensive (military)|military attack]], national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from [[terrorism]], minimization of [[crime]], [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], and [[Computer security|cyber-security]]. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other [[nation state]]s, action by [[violent non-state actor]]s, by [[narcotic cartel]]s, [[organized crime]], by [[multinational corporation]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s.
+'''National security''', or '''national defence''' ('''national defense''' in [[American English]]), is the [[security]] and [[Defence (military)|defence]] of a [[sovereign state]], including its [[Citizenship|citizens]], [[economy]], and [[institutions]], which is regarded as a duty of [[government]]. Originally conceived as protection against [[Offensive (military)|military attack]], national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, such as the security from [[terrorism]], minimization of [[crime]], [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], and [[Computer security|cyber-security]]. Similarly, national security risks include, in addition to the actions of other [[State (polity)|state]]s, action by [[violent non-state actor]]s, by [[narcotic cartel]]s, [[organized crime]], by [[multinational corporation]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s.
-Governments rely on a range of measures, including [[Political power|political]], [[Economic power|economic]], and [[military]] power, as well as [[diplomacy]], to safeguard the security of a nation state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing [[Transnationalism|transnational]] causes of insecurity, such as [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].
+Governments rely on a range of measures, including [[Political power|political]], [[Economic power|economic]], and [[military]] power, as well as [[diplomacy]], to safeguard the security of a state. They may also act to build the conditions of security regionally and internationally by reducing [[Transnationalism|transnational]] causes of insecurity, such as [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].
 == Definitions ==
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 * "National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity, human resources, economic structure and capacity, technological competence, industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might." ([[National Defence College, India|National Defence College of India]], 1996)<ref name="auto1">Definition from "Proceedings of Seminar on "A Maritime Strategy for India" (1996). National Defence College, [[Tees January Marg]], New Delhi, India. quoted in Paleri 2008 (ibid).</ref>
 * "[National security is the] measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time, by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance... and is extendable to global security by variables external to it." ([[Prabhakaran Paleri]], 2008)<ref name="Paleri" />{{rp|52–54}}
-* "[National and international security] may be understood as shared freedom from fear and want, and the freedom to live in dignity. It implies social and ecological health rather than the absence of risk... [and is] a common right." (Ammerdown Group, 2016)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://rethinkingsecurityorguk.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/rethinking-security-a-discussion-paper.pdf|title=Rethinking Security: A discussion paper|last=Ammerdown Group|date=2016|website=rethinkingsecurity.org.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{rp|3}}
 == Dimensions ==
-Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. [[Military aggression|military]] or [[Cyberattack|cyber attack]]), [[violent non-state actor]]s (e.g. [[Terrorism|terrorist attack]]), [[Organized crime|organised criminal groups]] such as [[narcotic cartel]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).{{nowrap|<ref name="Romm 1993"/>{{rp|v, 1–8}}}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century|last=Rogers|first=P|date=2010|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745329376|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=658007519}}</ref> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be [[transnationality|transnational]], include [[global warming|climate change]], [[economic inequality]] and [[marginalisation]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />
+Potential causes of national insecurity include actions by other states (e.g. [[Military aggression|military]] or [[Cyberattack|cyber attack]]), [[violent non-state actor]]s (e.g. [[Terrorism|terrorist attack]]), [[Organized crime|organised criminal groups]] such as [[narcotic cartel]]s, and also the effects of [[natural disaster]]s (e.g. flooding, earthquakes).{{nowrap|<ref name="Romm 1993"/>{{rp|v, 1–8}}}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century|last=Rogers|first=P|date=2010|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745329376|edition=3rd|location=London|oclc=658007519}}</ref> Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be [[transnationality|transnational]], include [[global warming|climate change]], [[economic inequality]] and [[marginalisation]], [[Social exclusion|political exclusion]], and [[nuclear proliferation]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://rethinkingsecurityorguk.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/rethinking-security-a-discussion-paper.pdf|title=Rethinking Security: A discussion paper|last=Ammerdown Group|date=2016|website=rethinkingsecurity.org.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{rp|3}}<ref name=":0" />
-In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a nation state has several dimensions, including [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[Military security|physical security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], [[border guard|border security]], and [[Computer security|cyber security]]. These dimensions correlate closely with [[elements of national power]].
+In view of the wide range of risks, the security of a state has several dimensions, including [[economic security]], [[energy security]], [[Military security|physical security]], [[environmental security]], [[food security]], [[border guard|border security]], and [[Computer security|cyber security]]. These dimensions correlate closely with [[elements of national power]].
 Increasingly, governments organise their [[security policies]] into a national security strategy (NSS);<ref>{{cite web |title=National Security Strategy |url=https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/ |website=Office of the Security of Defense}}</ref> as of 2017, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are among the states to have done so.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/documents/estrategiaseguridad_baja_julio.pdf|title=The National Security Strategy: Sharing a common project|last=Spanish Government|date=2013|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015|title=National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015|last=UK, Cabinet Office|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|title=National Security Strategy|last=US, White House|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104740/http://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some states also appoint a [[National security council|National Security Council]] and/or a [[National security advisor|National Security Advisor]] which is an executive government agency, it feeds the head of the state on topics concerning national security and strategic interest. The national security council/advisor strategies long term, short term, contingency national security plans. [[India]] holds one such system in current, which was established on 19 November 1998.
-Although states differ in their approach, with some beginning to prioritise non-military action to tackle systemic drivers of insecurity, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly [[Military Capabilities]].<ref name=":2" /> The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the [[Air force|air]], [[Space warfare|space]], [[Cyberwarfare|cyberspace]], and [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16478792|title=War in the fifth domain|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.
+Although states differ in their approach, various forms of coercive power predominate, particularly [[List of countries by level of military equipment|military capabilities]].<ref name=":2" /> The scope of these capabilities has developed. Traditionally, military capabilities were mainly land- or sea-based, and in smaller countries, they still are. Elsewhere, the domains of potential warfare now include the [[Air force|air]], [[Space warfare|space]], [[Cyberwarfare|cyberspace]], and [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16478792|title=War in the fifth domain|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Military capabilities designed for these domains may be used for national security, or equally for offensive purposes, for example to conquer and annex territory and resources.
 {{See also|Elements of national security|Elements of national power}}
@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 Many countries have established government agencies to directly manage the security of critical infrastructure, usually, through the Ministry of Interior/Home Affairs, dedicated security agencies to protect facilities such as United States [[Federal Protective Service (United States)|Federal Protective Service]], and also dedicated transport police such as the [[British Transport Police]]. There are also commercial transportation security units such as the [[Amtrak Police]] in the United States. Critical infrastructure is vital for the essential functioning of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage can have a serious impact on the economy and essential services. Some of the threats to infrastructure include:
-* [[Terrorism]]: person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the [[November 2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately targeted.
+* [[Terrorism]]: person or groups deliberately targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately targeted.
 * [[Sabotage]]: person or groups such as ex-employees, anti-government groups, environmental groups. Refer to [[People's Alliance for Democracy#Seizure of Suvarnabhumi International Airport|Bangkok's International Airport Seized by Protestors]].
 * [[Information warfare]]: private person hacking for private gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and damage a country's cyberinfrastructure. [[2007 cyberattacks on Estonia|Cyberattacks on Estonia]] and [[cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war]] are examples.
@@ Line 58: / Line 57: @@
 === Economic ===
 {{Main|Economic security}}
-Economic security, in the context of [[international relations]], is the ability of a [[Nation-state|nation state]] to maintain and develop the national economy, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic capability largely determines the defence capability of a nation, and thus a sound economic security directly influences the national security of a nation. That is why we see countries with sound economy, happen to have sound security setup too, such as [[The United States]], [[China]], [[India]] among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. [[Developing country|Developing countries]] may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid work.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}
+Economic security, in the context of [[international relations]], is the ability of a [[Nation-state|nation state]] to maintain and develop the national economy, without which other dimensions of national security cannot be managed. Economic capability largely determines the defence capability of a nation, and thus a sound economic security directly influences the national security of a nation. That is why we see countries with sound economy, happen to have sound security setup too, such as [[The United States]], [[China]], [[India]] among others. In larger countries, strategies for economic security expect to access resources and markets in other countries and to protect their own markets at home. [[Developing country|Developing countries]] may be less secure than economically advanced states due to high rates of unemployment and underpaid work.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
 === Environmental ===
@@ Line 66: / Line 65: @@
 The scope and nature of environmental threats to national security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate.<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|29–33}} Romm (1993) classifies the major impacts of ecological changes on national security as:<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}}
 * ''Transnational environmental problems.'' These include global environmental problems such as [[climate change]] due to [[global warming]], [[deforestation]], and [[Biodiversity loss|loss of biodiversity]].<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}}
-* ''Local environmental or resource pressures''. These include resource scarcities leading to local conflict, such as disputes over [[water scarcity]] in the [[Middle East]]; migration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture in [[Mexico]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}} and the impact on the conflict in Syria of erosion of productive land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gleick|first=Peter H.|date=2014-03-03|title=Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria|journal=Weather, Climate, and Society|volume=6|issue=3|pages=331–340|doi=10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1|s2cid=153715885|issn=1948-8327|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f68c69ca0074017330dd804454bc128ae8db1f73}}</ref> Environmental insecurity in [[Rwanda]] following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may also have contributed to the genocide there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ditext.com/diamond/10.html |title=Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide |author=Diamond, Jared |author-link=Jared Diamond|access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref>
+* ''Local environmental or resource pressures''. These include resource scarcities leading to local conflict, such as [[Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa|disputes over water scarcity in the Middle East]]; migration into the United States caused by the failure of agriculture in [[Mexico]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15}} and the impact on the conflict in Syria of erosion of productive land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gleick|first=Peter H.|date=2014-03-03|title=Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria|journal=Weather, Climate, and Society|volume=6|issue=3|pages=331–340|doi=10.1175/wcas-d-13-00059.1|s2cid=153715885|issn=1948-8327}}</ref> Environmental insecurity in [[Rwanda]] following a rise in population and dwindling availability of farmland, may also have contributed to the genocide there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ditext.com/diamond/10.html |title=Malthus in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide |author=Diamond, Jared |author-link=Jared Diamond|access-date=26 September 2010}}</ref>
-* ''Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare.'' These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the [[Roman empire|Roman]] destruction of agriculture in [[Carthage]]; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the [[Gulf War]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15–16}} the use of [[Agent Orange]] by the UK in the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the US in the [[Vietnam War]] for [[Defoliant|defoliating]] forests; and the high [[greenhouse gas emissions]] of [[Military|military forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.defense.gov/Portals/25/Documents/Reports/20131015_FY12_OE_Annual_Report.pdf|title=Fiscal year 2012: Operational energy annual report|last=US, Department of Defense|date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919020416/http://energy.defense.gov/Portals/25/Documents/Reports/20131015_FY12_OE_Annual_Report.pdf|archive-date=2014-09-19|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>
+* ''[[Environmental impact of war|Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare]].'' These include acts of war that degrade or destroy ecosystems. Examples are the [[Roman empire|Roman]] destruction of agriculture in [[Carthage]]; Saddam Hussein's burning of oil wells in the [[Gulf War]];<ref name="Romm 1993" />{{rp|15–16}} the use of [[Agent Orange]] by the UK in the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the US in the [[Vietnam War]] for [[Defoliant|defoliating]] forests.
 [[File:GLOBAL_WARMING_AFFECTING_GLOBAL_AGRICULTURE_AND_FOOD_SECURITY.pdf|thumb|[[Climate change]] is affecting global [[agriculture]] and [[food security]].]]
@@ Line 83: / Line 82: @@
 The dimensions of national security outlined above are frequently in tension with one another. For example:
 * The high cost of maintaining large [[Military|military forces]] can place a burden on the economic security of a nation And annual defence spending as per cent of GDP varies significantly by country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure, 2015)|last=World Bank|date=2017|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Conversely, economic constraints can limit the scale of expenditure on [[Military|military capabilities]].
-* Unilateral security action by states can undermine political security at an international level if it erodes the [[rule of law]] and undermines the authority of [[International organization|international institutions]]. The [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] in 2003 and the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] in 2014 have been cited as examples.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wars in peace : British military operations since 1991|others=Johnson, Adrian (Historian),, Chalmers, Malcolm, 1956–, Clarke, Michael, 1950–, Codner, Michael,, Fry, Robert (Robert Alan), 1951–, Omand, David|year=2014|isbn=9780855161934|location=London, UK|oclc=880550682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47443&Cr=ukraine&Cr1=#.WjekA99l_IV|title=UN News - Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid|last=Section|first=United Nations News Service|date=2014-03-27|website=UN News Service Section|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>
+* Unilateral security action by states can undermine political security at an international level if it erodes the [[rule of law]] and undermines the authority of [[International organization|international institutions]]. The [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] in 2003 and the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea]] in 2014 have been cited as examples.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Wars in peace : British military operations since 1991|others=Johnson, Adrian (Historian), Chalmers, Malcolm, 1956–, Clarke, Michael, 1950–, Codner, Michael, Fry, Robert (Robert Alan), 1951–, Omand, David|year=2014|isbn=9780855161934|location=London, UK|oclc=880550682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47443&Cr=ukraine&Cr1=#.WjekA99l_IV|title=UN News - Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid|last=Section|first=United Nations News Service|date=2014-03-27|website=UN News Service Section|language=en|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>
 * The pursuit of economic security in competition with other nation states can undermine the ecological security of all when the impact includes widespread [[Soil erosion|topsoil erosion]], [[biodiversity loss]], and [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/prosperitywithou00jack_0|title=Prosperity without growth: economics for a finite planet|last=Jackson|first=T|date=2009|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781849713238|location=London|oclc=320800523|url-access=registration}}</ref> Conversely, expenditure on mitigating or adapting to ecological change places a burden on the national economy.
 If tensions such as these are mismanaged, national security policies and actions may be ineffective or counterproductive.
@@ Line 89: / Line 88: @@
 === Versus transnational security ===
 Increasingly, national security strategies have begun to recognise that nations cannot provide for their own security without also developing the security of their regional and international context.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-national-security-strategy-of-the-united-kingdom-security-in-an-interdependent-world|title=The national security strategy of the United Kingdom: security in an interdependent world|last=UK, Cabinet Office|date=2008|access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared:<blockquote>"Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>
-[[File:F-14A VF-114 over burning Kuwaiti oil well 1991.JPEG|thumb|A US [[Fighter aircraft|fighter jet]] over a burning [[oil well]] in [[Kuwait]] during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], 1991]]
+[[File:F-14A VF-114 over burning Kuwaiti oil well 1991.JPEG|thumb|A US [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14]] over a burning [[oil well]] in [[Kuwait]] during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], 1991]]
-The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done, is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of [[Full-spectrum dominance|strategic supremacy]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|title=Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance|last=US, Department of Defense|date=2000|website=archive.defense.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930032108/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmdfence/512/51202.htm|title=Re-thinking defence to meet new threats|last=House of Commons Defence Committee|date=2015|website=publications.parliament.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/building-a-british-military-fit-for-future-challenges-rather-than-past-conflicts|title=Building a British military fit for future challenges rather than past conflicts|last=General Sir Nicholas Houghton|date=2015|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> Others argue that security depends principally on building the conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fcnl.org/updates/peace-through-shared-security-79|title=Peace Through Shared Security|last=FCNL|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through [[NATO]] by the United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|last=Chalmers|first=M|date=2015-05-05|work=RUSI|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010617/https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Ammerdown Group argued in 2016 that the UK should shift its primary focus to building international cooperation to tackle the systemic drivers of insecurity, including [[climate change]], [[economic inequality]], [[Militarization|militarisation]] and the political exclusion of the world's poorest people.<ref name=":2" />
+The extent to which this matters, and how it should be done, is the subject of debate. Some argue that the principal beneficiary of national security policy should be the nation state itself, which should centre its strategy on protective and coercive capabilities in order to safeguard itself in a hostile environment (and potentially to project that power into its environment, and dominate it to the point of [[Full-spectrum dominance|strategic supremacy]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|title=Joint Vision 2020 Emphasizes Full-spectrum Dominance|last=US, Department of Defense|date=2000|website=archive.defense.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930032108/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45289|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmdfence/512/51202.htm|title=Re-thinking defence to meet new threats|last=House of Commons Defence Committee|date=2015|website=publications.parliament.uk|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/building-a-british-military-fit-for-future-challenges-rather-than-past-conflicts|title=Building a British military fit for future challenges rather than past conflicts|last=General Sir Nicholas Houghton|date=2015|website=www.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> Others argue that security depends principally on building the conditions in which equitable relationships between nations can develop, partly by reducing antagonism between actors, ensuring that fundamental needs can be met, and also that differences of interest can be negotiated effectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fcnl.org/updates/peace-through-shared-security-79|title=Peace Through Shared Security|last=FCNL|date=2015|access-date=2017-12-17|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0"/> In the UK, for example, Malcolm Chalmers argued in 2015 that the heart of the UK's approach should be support for the Western strategic military alliance led through [[NATO]] by the United States, as "the key anchor around which international order is maintained".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|last=Chalmers|first=M|date=2015-05-05|work=RUSI|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010617/https://rusi.org/publication/briefing-papers/force-order-strategic-underpinnings-next-nss-and-sdsr|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 === Civil liberties and human rights ===
@@ Line 105: / Line 104: @@
 === China ===
 {{main|National security of China}}
-China's Armed Forces are known as the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3&nbsp;million active troops in 2005.
+China's military is the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA). The military is the largest in the world, with 2.3&nbsp;million active troops in 2005.
 The [[Ministry of State Security (China)|Ministry of State Security]] was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/china/mss/index.html Ministry of State Security], Intelligence Resource Program, [[Federation of American Scientists]]</ref>
+=== European Union ===
+{{main|Schengen area|Europol|Common Foreign and Security Policy}}
+For [[Schengen area]]<ref>Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty ([https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12007L/TXT OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57]).</ref> some parts of national security and external border control are enforced by [[Frontex]]<ref>See [http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1624 Regulation (EU) 2016/1624] recital 11 ("...the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union should therefore be expanded. To reflect those changes, it should be renamed the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, which will continue to be commonly referred to as Frontex. It should remain the same legal person, with full continuity in all its activities and procedures....") and article 6 ("The European Border and Coast Guard Agency shall be the new name for the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Members States of the European Union established by Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004. Its activities shall be based on this Regulation....")</ref> according to the [[Treaty of Lisbon]]. The [[Common Foreign and Security Policy|security policy of the European Union]] is set by [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] and assisted by [[European External Action Service]].<ref name="eeas">Gateway to the European Union, [http://eeas.europa.eu/background/index_en.htm European External Axis Service] – accessed 16 February 2011</ref> [[Europol]] is one of the [[agencies of the European Union]] responsible for combating various forms of [[crime]] in the European Union through coordinating law enforcement agencies of the EU member states.<ref>{{cite journal|date=15 May 2009|title=Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol) (2009/371/JHA)|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:121:0037:0066:EN:PDF|journal=Official Journal of the European Union|volume=L|access-date=20 September 2017|via=EUR-Lex|number=121}}</ref>
+European Union national security has been accused of insufficiently preventing foreign threats.<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/russians-keep-turning-up-dead-all-over-the-world-6acc8990 Russians Keep Turning Up Dead All Over the World, The Wall Street Journal, 2024]</ref>
 === India ===
@@ Line 117: / Line 122: @@
 The [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] heads the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council of India]], receives all kinds of intelligence reports, and is chief advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India]] over national and international security policy. The National Security Council has India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|foreign]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance]] ministers and deputy chairman of [[NITI Aayog]] as its members and is responsible for shaping strategies for India's security in all aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 20 years of NSC: What India's Expanded Security Architecture Looks Like|url = https://sniwire.com/defence-security/what-indias-expanded-security-architecture-looks-like/|date = 16 April 2019|access-date = 21 April 2019|work = Nitin A. Gokhale|archive-date = 21 April 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421072541/https://sniwire.com/defence-security/what-indias-expanded-security-architecture-looks-like/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
-[[Illegal immigration to India]], most of whom are Muslims from Bangladesh and Myanmar ([[Rohingya]] Muslims) are a national security risk. There is an organised influx of nearly 40,000 illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya Muslim immigrants in Delhi who pose a [[#India|national security risk]], threaten the national integration, and alter the demographics. A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]] (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport these. Responding to this PIL, [[Delhi Police]] told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months.<ref name=illegalbang3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nearly-500-illegal-bangladesh-nationals-detained-deported-delhi-police-to-sc/articleshow/70471951.cms Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC], Times of India, 31 July 2019.</ref> There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and [[Rohingya]] immigrants in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) region specially in the districts of [[Gurugram]], [[Faridabad]], and [[Nuh district|Nuh]] ([[Mewat]] region), as well as interior villages of [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced the implementation of [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC for Haryana]] by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.<ref name=illegalbang2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rohingyas-bangladeshi-refugees-likely-target-of-khattar-govt-s-updated-nrc/story-j3YxmWY0589N5w02ulCglK.html Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC], Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.</ref>
+A lawyer Ashwini Upadhyay filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public interest litigation]] (PIL) in the "Supreme Court of India" (SC) to identify and deport illegal immigrants. Responding to this PIL, [[Delhi Police]] told the SC in July 2019 that nearly 500 illegal Bangladeshi immigrants have been deported in the preceding 28 months.<ref name=illegalbang3>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nearly-500-illegal-bangladesh-nationals-detained-deported-delhi-police-to-sc/articleshow/70471951.cms Nearly 500 illegal Bangladesh nationals detained, deported: Delhi police to SC], Times of India, 31 July 2019.</ref> There are estimated 600,000 to 700,000 illegal Bangladeshi and [[Rohingya]] immigrants in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR) region specially in the districts of [[Gurugram]], [[Faridabad]], and [[Nuh district|Nuh]] ([[Mewat]] region), as well as interior villages of [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. Most of them are Muslims who have acquired fake Hindu identity, and under questioning, they pretend to be from West Bengal. In September 2019, the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] announced the implementation of [[National Register of Citizens of India|NRC for Haryana]] by setting up a legal framework under the former judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Justice HS Bhalla for updating NRC which will help in weeding out these illegal immigrants.<ref name=illegalbang2>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rohingyas-bangladeshi-refugees-likely-target-of-khattar-govt-s-updated-nrc/story-j3YxmWY0589N5w02ulCglK.html Rohingyas, Bangladeshi refugees likely target of Khattar govt’s updated NRC], Hindustan Times, 16 September 2019.</ref>
 === Russia ===
@@ Line 126: / Line 131: @@
 === Singapore ===
 {{main|Total Defence (Singapore)}}
-Total Defence is Singapore's whole-of-society national defence concept<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/17oct19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBBC4JAEIV_Uczspm57zApTtC1T2_YiJmZCqZR06Ne3RNAhMuc28L038x4okKDq7F6VWVc1dXbW-15ZKRPz2RINuhJmRHCaRJFv2is3ZhbsXoDYGA4xkPoiCE0NcD6JcE3RYaCG6PHHTHGYvgdQ_fbevwO6AXoNZkEJqs2606iqjw1IioSDFHnXHIorSMKavCM8vbVFkZ_0U6rXNmRv4NNb4jANrF3L41uCi_EX8F3sv2jtJY7lw7e5W7lPYCVWww!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence<ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/February/15feb20_nr2/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uczs5rr52NUUL13Utn2JDdSEshAL6te3RNCDpM7bwHfOzDkgQYAs1aPIVV1cS3XW-16aBx7Opks0aBCyiOA4iSKPTQIn5ibsPkC4NmxiIPVCf8M0YFmjCFcUbQ6yjx7_zBj76VsA2W7vdh3QDdDKn_o5yJuqT4OizK4gKFIEsUiP1V1VTxCEZemR4qGsqH5Jtppu-Bf4tZbYXAMrx3StLcH5sAE0a-0KdrvEsXh5E8spnDd2LFPC/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=2010|pages=63}}</ref> Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,<ref name=":11">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_fs2/!ut/p/z1/jZBLC8IwEIR_kewmto052qo10hofrcZcJILVglapD9BfbxDBQ7F2bwvfzO4MaFCgC3PPd-aanwpzsPtKe2sme8EQHTqWbkKwu0iSyPXHImUeLN-AnDohcZBGMp65FuC8k-CEYshAN9Hjj-liM30NoOvtR_8O2AZoGQfxDvTZXPetvMhOoCgSDmqw3ZQ3Uz5AETfbbghfZxdqX9K1pjP2Ab6tLUJmgYnwRnxOsN-uANVa_wU7H9NUPSOfi1y8AJn0npE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.<ref>Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm. [https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf]</ref> Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBLD4IwEIR_kdltBWqPPhHDwwdo7cVUA0iiQBBN9NfbGBMPRHRvm3wzuzMgQYDM1S1LVZ0VuTrpfSutHQtGwyka1A_MkGB_HYauOfCdiFmweQHBwrCJgdQNvKWpAc57Ic4p2gzkP3r8Mn38T98CyHb72a8DugFaeUMvBVmq-tjJ8qQAQZFwEJN4X11VdQdBzCTeE767lHF8OOqvZKvvkr2BT3Frm2lg7lgzviI47jaAZrO_spXnKBIPd8CdzHkCKwmEqw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.
+Total Defence is Singapore's [[whole-of-society]] national defence concept<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Senior Minister of State for Defence, Mr Heng Chee How, at the Total Defence Awards 2019|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/17oct19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBBC4JAEIV_Uczspm57zApTtC1T2_YiJmZCqZR06Ne3RNAhMuc28L038x4okKDq7F6VWVc1dXbW-15ZKRPz2RINuhJmRHCaRJFv2is3ZhbsXoDYGA4xkPoiCE0NcD6JcE3RYaCG6PHHTHGYvgdQ_fbevwO6AXoNZkEJqs2606iqjw1IioSDFHnXHIorSMKavCM8vbVFkZ_0U6rXNmRv4NNb4jANrF3L41uCi_EX8F3sv2jtJY7lw7e5W7lPYCVWww!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> based on the premise that the strongest defence of a nation is collective defence<ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Minister Chan Chun Sing: Total Defence is Singapore's Best Response to Evolving Challenges|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/February/15feb20_nr2/!ut/p/z1/jZBbC4JAEIV_Uczs5rr52NUUL13Utn2JDdSEshAL6te3RNCDpM7bwHfOzDkgQYAs1aPIVV1cS3XW-16aBx7Opks0aBCyiOA4iSKPTQIn5ibsPkC4NmxiIPVCf8M0YFmjCFcUbQ6yjx7_zBj76VsA2W7vdh3QDdDKn_o5yJuqT4OizK4gKFIEsUiP1V1VTxCEZemR4qGsqH5Jtppu-Bf4tZbYXAMrx3StLcH5sAE0a-0KdrvEsXh5E8spnDd2LFPC/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.mindef.gov.sg|language=en}}</ref> – when every aspect of society stays united for the defence of the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=The 2nd Decade: Nation Building in Progress 1975 – 1985|publisher=National Archives of Singapore|year=2010|pages=63}}</ref> Adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland,<ref name=":11">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Evolution and History of Total Defence over the past 35 years|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_fs2/!ut/p/z1/jZBLC8IwEIR_kewmto052qo10hofrcZcJILVglapD9BfbxDBQ7F2bwvfzO4MaFCgC3PPd-aanwpzsPtKe2sme8EQHTqWbkKwu0iSyPXHImUeLN-AnDohcZBGMp65FuC8k-CEYshAN9Hjj-liM30NoOvtR_8O2AZoGQfxDvTZXPetvMhOoCgSDmqw3ZQ3Uz5AETfbbghfZxdqX9K1pjP2Ab6tLUJmgYnwRnxOsN-uANVa_wU7H9NUPSOfi1y8AJn0npE!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence was introduced in Singapore in 1984. Then, it was recognised that military threats to a nation can affect the psyche and social fabric of its people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech by Mr Goh Chok Tong, Minister of Defence and Second Minister for Health, at the Graduation Ceremony at Pasir Laba Camp on Tuesday 27 March 1984 at 6.30pm |url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf |publisher= National Archives Singapore |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240117042557/https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/gct19840327s.pdf |archive-date= Jan 17, 2024 }}</ref> Therefore, the defence and progress of Singapore are dependent on all of its citizens' resolve, along with the government and armed forces.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|title=Speech by Minister for Communications and Information Mr S Iswaran at the Total Defence Day Commemoration Event and Launch of Digital Defence|url=https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/February/15feb19_speech/!ut/p/z1/jZBLD4IwEIR_kdltBWqPPhHDwwdo7cVUA0iiQBBN9NfbGBMPRHRvm3wzuzMgQYDM1S1LVZ0VuTrpfSutHQtGwyka1A_MkGB_HYauOfCdiFmweQHBwrCJgdQNvKWpAc57Ic4p2gzkP3r8Mn38T98CyHb72a8DugFaeUMvBVmq-tjJ8qQAQZFwEJN4X11VdQdBzCTeE767lHF8OOqvZKvvkr2BT3Frm2lg7lgzviI47jaAZrO_spXnKBIPd8CdzHkCKwmEqw!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=MINDEF Singapore |date=15 Feb 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Total Defence has since evolved to take into consideration threats and challenges outside of the conventional military domain.
 === Ukraine ===
-National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and information security, social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of subsoil, land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."<ref>[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/964-15 Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 №&nbsp;964-IV]</ref>
+National security of Ukraine is defined in Ukrainian law as "a set of legislative and organisational measures aimed at permanent protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and the state, which ensure sustainable development of society, timely detection, prevention and neutralisation of real and potential threats to national interests in areas of law enforcement, fight against corruption, border activities and defence, migration policy, health care, education and science, technology and innovation policy, cultural development of the population, freedom of speech and [[information security]], social policy and pension provision, housing and communal services, financial services market, protection of property rights, stock markets and circulation of securities, fiscal and customs policy, trade and business, banking services, investment policy, auditing, monetary and exchange rate policy, information security, licensing, industry and agriculture, transport and communications, information technology, energy and energy saving, functioning of natural monopolies, use of [[subsoil]], land and water resources, minerals, protection of ecology and environment and other areas of public administration, in the event of emergence of negative trends towards the creation of potential or real threats to national interests."<ref>[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/964-15 Закон України «Про основи національної безпеки України» від 19.06.2003 №&nbsp;964-IV]</ref>
 The primary body responsible for coordinating national security policy in Ukraine is the [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine]].
@@ Line 161: / Line 166: @@
 The act establishes, within the National Security Council, the Committee on Foreign Intelligence, whose duty is to conduct an annual review "identifying the intelligence required to address the national security interests of the United States ''as specified by the President''" (emphasis added).<ref>{{USC|50|402}}</ref>
-In Gen. [[Maxwell Taylor]]'s 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Gen Maxwell |author-link=Maxwell Taylor |year=1974 |title=The Legitimate Claims of National Security |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. |volume= 52|issue=Essay of 1974 |pages= 577–594|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/24508/maxwell-d-taylor/the-legitimate-claims-of-national-security |doi= 10.2307/20038070 |access-date=25 September 2010|jstor=20038070}}</ref>
+In Gen. [[Maxwell Taylor]]'s 1974 essay "The Legitimate Claims of National Security", Taylor states:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Gen Maxwell |author-link=Maxwell Taylor |year=1974 |title=The Legitimate Claims of National Security |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. |volume= 52|issue=Essay of 1974 |pages= 577–594|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/24508/maxwell-d-taylor/the-legitimate-claims-of-national-security |doi= 10.2307/20038070 |access-date=25 September 2010|jstor=20038070|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 {{blockquote|The national valuables in this broad sense include current assets and national interests, as well as the sources of strength upon which our future as a nation depends. Some valuables are tangible and earthy; others are spiritual or intellectual. They range widely from political assets such as the Bill of Rights, our political institutions, and international friendships to many economic assets which radiate worldwide from a highly productive domestic economy supported by rich natural resources. It is the urgent need to protect valuables such as these which legitimizes and makes essential the role of national security.}}
 <!--During the [[Cold War]]'s [[Polarity in international relations#Bipolarity|bipolar system]], states were relying on the two [[superpower]]s to guarantee their national security. But any system is impermanent. Communism collapsed and sovereign states emerged without a guarantor. States had to build a nation, maintain national security and rely on themselves. Following the [[terrorism|terrorist]] [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the United States, and subsequent terrorist incidents around the world, national security has become a paramount concern for governments and societies.-->
 ==== National security state ====
-To reflect on the institutionalisation of new bureaucratic infrastructures and governmental practices in the post-[[World War II]] period in the U.S., when a culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation brought around the National Security Council, the CIA, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, national-security researchers apply a notion of a ''national security state'':<ref>Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.</ref><ref>Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|9781400823772}}</ref><ref>Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</ref>{{Blockquote|During and after World War II, US leaders expanded the concept of national security and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of US history, the continental United States was secure. But by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with the advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: Si vis pacem, para bellum — If you want peace, prepare for war.<ref>David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. [http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf PDF]</ref>|David Jablonsky}}
+To address the institutionalisation of new bureaucracies and government practices in the post–World War II period in the U.S., the culture of semi-permanent military mobilisation joined the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for the practical application of the concept of the ''national security state'':<ref>Yergin, Daniel. Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977.</ref><ref>Stuart, Douglas T. Creating the National Security State: A History of the Law That Transformed America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|9781400823772}}</ref><ref>Ripsman, Norrin M., and T. V. Paul. Globalization and the National Security State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</ref>
+{{Blockquote|During and after World War II, U.S. leaders expanded the concept of national security, and used its terminology for the first time to explain America's relationship to the world. For most of U.S. history, the continental United States was secure. But, by 1945, it had become rapidly vulnerable with the advent of long-range bombers, atom bombs, and ballistic missiles. A general perception grew that future mobilization would be insufficient and that preparation must be constant. For the first time, American leaders dealt with the essential paradox of national security faced by the Roman Empire and subsequent great powers: ''Si vis pacem, para bellum'' — "If you want peace, prepare for war."<ref>David Jablonsky. The State of the National Security State. Carlisle Barracks, PA,: Strategic Studies Institute, 2002. [http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223207/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/02winter/jablonsk.pdf |date=2013-05-22 }}</ref>|David Jablonsky}}
 ==== Obama administration ====
@@ Line 185: / Line 192: @@
 ==== Cyber ====
-The Bush Administration in January 2008, initiated the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities and apprehending those trying to access federal information systems.<ref>Rollins, John, and Anna C. Henning. Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Legal Authorities and Policy Considerations. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2009.</ref>
+The Bush administration in January 2008 initiated the Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). It introduced a differentiated approach, such as identifying existing and emerging cybersecurity threats, finding and plugging existing cyber vulnerabilities and apprehending those trying to access federal information systems.<ref>Rollins, John, and Anna C. Henning. Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Legal Authorities and Policy Considerations. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2009.</ref>
 President Obama said the "cyber threat is one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation" and that "America's economic prosperity in the 21st century will depend on cybersecurity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/cybersecurity|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=White House: Cybersecurity.}}</ref>

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