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In the ancient Greco-Roman world, a thermopolium (pl.: thermopolia), from Greek θερμοπώλιον (thermopōlion), i.e. cook-shop,^[1] literally "a place where (something) hot is sold", was a commercial establishment where it was possible to purchase ready-to-eat food. In Latin literature, they are also called popinae, cauponae, hospitia or stabula, but archaeologists refer to them all as thermopolia.^[2] They were mainly used by those who did not have their own kitchens, often inhabitants of insulae, and this sometimes led to thermopolia being scorned by the upper class.

Design

A typical thermopolium consists of a small room attached to, but not accessible from, a house, with a distinctive masonry counter in the front.^[3] An example can be seen in the House of the Painted Vaults in Ostia Antica. Embedded in this counter were dolia, earthenware jars used to store dried food such as nuts.^[2] A dolium in the thermopolium attached to the House of Neptune and Amphitrite in Herculaneum held the carbonized remains of nuts.^[2] Fancier thermopolia would also be decorated with frescoes. These frescoes depicted a range of Roman mythological and religious imagery, as well as images and scenes of day to day life in the ancient city. Like modern advertisement, thermopolia frescoes were not only artistically oriented, they served a practical function. The images depicted in fresco could signify what that thermopolium was selling, i.e., fish, poultry, baked goods. Thermopolia fresco would have been an important aspect in grabbing the attention of customers in the ancient city.

Well-preserved ruins of thermopolia can be seen in Pompeii, Herculaneum and Ostia.

Thermopolium of Asellina

The Thermopolium of Asellina is one of the most complete examples of a thermopolium in Pompeii. Complete jugs and dishes were found on the counter, as well as a kettle filled with water. The ground floor in the Thermopolium of Asellina was used for people to eat and drink, and some stairs led to guest rooms on the second floor.^[4]

It had a typical structure consisting of a wide doorway open to the street and a counter with holes where four jars were set into it (dolia) for food or wine. It had shrines for the Lares (household gods), Mercury (god of commerce) and Bacchus (god of wine), as these were the most important gods for this occupation. Upstairs, there were guest rooms as well, so this may have also been used as an inn. However, some think that this may have been a brothel due to the names of many women written as a part of an election notice on one of the outside walls of the thermopolium. Another theory is that these were the slave-girls who worked as barmaids. Behind the bar were remains of wooden racks suspended from the ceiling to stack amphorae.^[2]

The Thermopolium of Regio V

Another Pompeiian thermopolium, containing eight dolia, was completely unearthed in 2020.^[5] In addition to frescoes reflecting foods available, one fresco depicts a dog with a collar on a leash, possibly a reminder for customers to leash their pets. The complete skeleton of an "extremely small" adult dog was also discovered that "attest to selective breeding in the Roman epoch to obtain this result."^[6] Archaeologists have also discovered remains of food in some of the deep terracotta jars. Other discoveries include a drink shop, a decorated bronze drinking bowl known as a patera, wine flasks, amphora, and ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Other thermopolia

Caupona of Euxinus^[10]
Caupona of Salvius^[11]
Inn of Hermes^[12]
Thermopolium of the Via Diana^[13]

References

^ θερμοπώλιον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Berry 2007, p. 230.
^ Clarke, John R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. Berkeley, CA, US: University of California Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780520914445. OCLC 44962701. Partial preview at Google Books
^ Berry 2007, pp. 231–232.
^ "The snack bar of regio V resurfaces in its entirety with scenes of still life, food residues, animal bones and victims of the eruption". Pompeii Site. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
^ D'Emilio, Frances (26 December 2020). "Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
^ "Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii". Hindustan Times. 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
^ "Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes". AP News. 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
^ "Archaeologists unveil ancient street food shop in Italy's Pompeii". english.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
^ Ward-Perkins, John Bryan; Claridge, Amanda (1978). "Pompeii A.D. 79 : treasures from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, and the Pompeii Antiquarium". Boston, MA, US: Boston Museum of Fine Arts. p. 94–95 . OCLC 1036826405.
^ "Caupona of Salvius · Roman Cauponae". Food and Drink in the Ancient World. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
^ Mau, Augus (1902) [1899]. Pompeii, Its Life and Art. Translated by Kelsey, Francis W. New York & London: MacMillan Company. p. 402. OCLC 914185862 – via Project Gutenberg.
^ "Thermopolium di Via di Diana". Archaeological Park of Ostia antica. Ministero per Beni culturali. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

Sources

Berry, Joanne (2007). The Complete Pompeii. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500051504. OCLC 271291453.

External links

[1] θερμοπώλιον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

[FOOTNOTEBerry2007230-2] Berry 2007, p. 230.

[Clarke_1991_p._270-3] Clarke, John R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration. Berkeley, CA, US: University of California Press. p. 297. ISBN 9780520914445. OCLC 44962701. Partial preview at Google Books

[FOOTNOTEBerry2007231–232-4] Berry 2007, pp. 231–232.

[5] "The snack bar of regio V resurfaces in its entirety with scenes of still life, food residues, animal bones and victims of the eruption". Pompeii Site. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

[6] D'Emilio, Frances (26 December 2020). "Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved 27 December 2020.

[7] "Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii". Hindustan Times. 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2021-01-10.

[8] "Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes". AP News. 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2021-01-10.

[9] "Archaeologists unveil ancient street food shop in Italy's Pompeii". english.alarabiya.net. Retrieved 2021-01-10.

[Ward-Perkins_Claridge_1978-10] Ward-Perkins, John Bryan; Claridge, Amanda (1978). "Pompeii A.D. 79 : treasures from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, and the Pompeii Antiquarium". Boston, MA, US: Boston Museum of Fine Arts. p. 94–95 . OCLC 1036826405.

[Food_and_Drink_in_the_Ancient_World-11] "Caupona of Salvius · Roman Cauponae". Food and Drink in the Ancient World. Retrieved 2020-12-28.

[Mau_1902-12] Mau, Augus (1902) [1899]. Pompeii, Its Life and Art. Translated by Kelsey, Francis W. New York & London: MacMillan Company. p. 402. OCLC 914185862 – via Project Gutenberg.

[13] "Thermopolium di Via di Diana". Archaeological Park of Ostia antica. Ministero per Beni culturali. Retrieved 18 September 2022.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:GrandeTaberna.JPG|thumb|right|Thermopolium in [[Herculaneum]] ]]
-In the ancient Greco-Roman world, a '''thermopolium''' ({{plural form}}: '''thermopolia'''), from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|θερμοπώλιον}} (''thermopōlion''), i.e. cook-shop,<ref>{{LSJ|qermopw/lion|θερμοπώλιον|ref}}</ref> literally "a place where (something) hot is sold", was a commercial establishment where it was possible to purchase ready-to-eat food. In Latin literature they are also called ''[[Popina|popinae]]'', ''cauponae'', ''hospitia'' or ''stabula'', but [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] call them all ''thermopolia''.{{sfn |Berry |2007 |p=230}} They were mainly used by those who did not have their own kitchens, often inhabitants of ''[[Insula (building)|insulae]]'', and this sometimes led to thermopolia being scorned by the upper class.
+In the ancient [[Greco-Roman world]], a '''thermopolium''' ({{plural form}}: '''thermopolia'''), from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|θερμοπώλιον}} (''thermopōlion''), i.e. cook-shop,<ref>{{LSJ|qermopw/lion|θερμοπώλιον|ref}}</ref> literally "a place where (something) hot is sold", was a commercial establishment where it was possible to purchase ready-to-eat food. In [[Latin literature]], they are also called ''[[Popina|popinae]]'', ''cauponae'', ''hospitia'' or ''stabula'', but [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] refer to them all as ''thermopolia''.{{sfn |Berry |2007 |p=230}} They were mainly used by those who did not have their own kitchens, often inhabitants of ''[[Insula (building)|insulae]]'', and this sometimes led to thermopolia being scorned by the upper class.
 ==Design==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ==The Thermopolium of Regio V==
-Another Pompeiian thermopolium, containing eight dolia, was completely unearthed in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=The snack bar of regio V resurfaces in its entirety with scenes of still life, food residues, animal bones and victims of the eruption |url=http://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/the-ancient-snack-bar-of-regio-v-resurfaces-in-its-entirety-with-scenes-of-still-life-food-residues-animal-bones-and-victims-of-the-eruption/ |website=Pompeii Site |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref> In addition to [[Fresco|frescoes]] reflecting foods available, one fresco depicts a dog with a collar on a leash, possibly a reminder for customers to leash their pets.  The complete skeleton of an "extremely small" adult dog was also discovered that "attest to [[selective breeding]] in the Roman epoch to obtain this result."<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Emilio |first1=Frances |title=Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes |url=https://apnews.com/article/animals-c0560dcc81056b3397b4cdda704fcfe1 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |date=26 December 2020}}</ref> Archaeologists also revealed about 2,000-year-old foods available in some of the deep [[terracotta]] jars, drink shop, a decorated [[bronze]] drinking bowl known as a [[patera]], wine flasks, [[amphora]], ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title=Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/archaeologists-uncover-ancient-street-food-shop-in-pompeii/story-t20hFNHe3hHUDTWkiYm8NK.html|access-date=2021-01-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title=Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes|url=https://apnews.com/article/animals-c0560dcc81056b3397b4cdda704fcfe1|access-date=2021-01-10|website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archaeologists unveil ancient street food shop in Italy's Pompeii|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/amp/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/12/26/-Archaeologists-unveil-ancient-street-food-shop-in-Italy-s-Pompeii-|access-date=2021-01-10|website=english.alarabiya.net}}</ref>
+Another Pompeiian thermopolium, containing eight dolia, was completely unearthed in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=The snack bar of regio V resurfaces in its entirety with scenes of still life, food residues, animal bones and victims of the eruption |url=http://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/the-ancient-snack-bar-of-regio-v-resurfaces-in-its-entirety-with-scenes-of-still-life-food-residues-animal-bones-and-victims-of-the-eruption/ |website=Pompeii Site |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref> In addition to [[Fresco|frescoes]] reflecting foods available, one fresco depicts a dog with a collar on a leash, possibly a reminder for customers to leash their pets.  The complete skeleton of an "extremely small" adult dog was also discovered that "attest to [[selective breeding]] in the Roman epoch to obtain this result."<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Emilio |first1=Frances |title=Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes |url=https://apnews.com/article/animals-c0560dcc81056b3397b4cdda704fcfe1 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |date=26 December 2020}}</ref> Archaeologists have also discovered remains of food in some of the deep [[terracotta]] jars.  Other discoveries include a drink shop, a decorated [[bronze]] drinking bowl known as a [[patera]], wine flasks, [[amphora]], and ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title=Archaeologists uncover ancient street food shop in Pompeii|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/archaeologists-uncover-ancient-street-food-shop-in-pompeii/story-t20hFNHe3hHUDTWkiYm8NK.html|access-date=2021-01-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title=Mallard to go? Dig of Pompeii fast-food place reveals tastes|url=https://apnews.com/article/animals-c0560dcc81056b3397b4cdda704fcfe1|access-date=2021-01-10|website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archaeologists unveil ancient street food shop in Italy's Pompeii|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/amp/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/12/26/-Archaeologists-unveil-ancient-street-food-shop-in-Italy-s-Pompeii-|access-date=2021-01-10|website=english.alarabiya.net}}</ref>
 ==Other thermopolia==
-*Caupona of Euxinus<ref name="Ward-Perkins Claridge 1978">{{cite web |last1=Ward-Perkins |first1=John Bryan |authorlink=John Bryan Ward-Perkins |last2=Claridge |first2=Amanda |authorlink2=Amanda Claridge |title=Pompeii A.D. 79 : treasures from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, and the Pompeii Antiquarium |location=Boston, MA, US |publisher=Boston Museum of Fine Arts |year=1978 |oclc=1036826405 |url=https://archive.org/details/pompeiiad79treas00ward |page=[https://archive.org/details/pompeiiad79treas00ward/page/94/mode/2up 94&ndash;95 ]}}</ref>
+* Caupona of Euxinus<ref name="Ward-Perkins Claridge 1978">{{cite web |last1=Ward-Perkins |first1=John Bryan |authorlink=John Bryan Ward-Perkins |last2=Claridge |first2=Amanda |authorlink2=Amanda Claridge |title=Pompeii A.D. 79 : treasures from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, and the Pompeii Antiquarium |location=Boston, MA, US |publisher=Boston Museum of Fine Arts |year=1978 |oclc=1036826405 |url=https://archive.org/details/pompeiiad79treas00ward |page=[https://archive.org/details/pompeiiad79treas00ward/page/94/mode/2up 94&ndash;95 ]}}</ref>
-*Caupona of Salvius<ref name="Food and Drink in the Ancient World">{{cite web |title=Caupona of Salvius · Roman Cauponae |website=Food and Drink in the Ancient World |url=https://foodanddining.omeka.net/exhibits/show/roman-cauponae/caupona-of-salvius |access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref>
+* Caupona of Salvius<ref name="Food and Drink in the Ancient World">{{cite web |title=Caupona of Salvius · Roman Cauponae |website=Food and Drink in the Ancient World |url=https://foodanddining.omeka.net/exhibits/show/roman-cauponae/caupona-of-salvius |access-date=2020-12-28}}</ref>
-*Inn of Hermes<ref name="Mau 1902">{{cite book |last=Mau |first=Augus |author-link=August Mau |translator-last=Kelsey |translator-first=Francis W |translator-link=Francis Kelsey |title=Pompeii, Its Life and Art |location=New York & London |publisher=MacMillan Company |year=1902 |orig-year=1899 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42715 |page=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42715/42715-h/42715-h.htm#fig232 402] |via=Project Gutenberg |oclc=914185862}}</ref>
+* Inn of Hermes<ref name="Mau 1902">{{cite book |last=Mau |first=Augus |author-link=August Mau |translator-last=Kelsey |translator-first=Francis W |translator-link=Francis Kelsey |title=Pompeii, Its Life and Art |location=New York & London |publisher=MacMillan Company |year=1902 |orig-year=1899 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42715 |page=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42715/42715-h/42715-h.htm#fig232 402] |via=Project Gutenberg |oclc=914185862}}</ref>
-*Thermapolium of the Via Diana<ref>{{cite web |title=Thermopolium di Via di Diana |url=https://www.ostiaantica.beniculturali.it/en/educational-panels/the-central-area-and-the-official-complexes/thermopolium-di-via-di-diana/ |website=Archaeological Park of Ostia antica |publisher=Ministero per Beni culturali |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>
+* Thermopolium of the Via Diana<ref>{{cite web |title=Thermopolium di Via di Diana |url=https://www.ostiaantica.beniculturali.it/en/educational-panels/the-central-area-and-the-official-complexes/thermopolium-di-via-di-diana/ |website=Archaeological Park of Ostia antica |publisher=Ministero per Beni culturali |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>
 ==References==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ===Sources===
-*{{cite book |last=Berry |first=Joanne |title=The Complete Pompei |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2007 |isbn=9780500051504 |oclc=271291453}}
+* {{cite book |last=Berry |first=Joanne |title=The Complete Pompeii |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2007 |isbn=9780500051504 |oclc=271291453}}
 == Further reading ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 == External links ==
 {{commonscat|Thermopolium|lcfirst=yes}}
+* Nunc est bibendum: [https://nunc.ch/en/dont-ever-call-me-thermopolium-again/ Don’t ever call me “Thermopolium” again…]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100326133756/http://www.archart.it/archart/italia/campania/Pompei/Pompei%20-%20Thermopolium/index.html Image of a ''thermopolium'' in Pompeii with decorations at the walls]
 * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/thermopolium.html Thermopolium]