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{{Short description|Hong Kong martial artist and actor}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox person
{{infobox person
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| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| monuments =
| residence = [[British Hong Kong]]
| nationality =
| nationality =
| other_names =
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| education =
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| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = actor
| occupation = {{hlist|martial artist|actor}}
| years_active = 1932–1994
| years_active = 1932–1994
| spouse = {{marriage|Chan Yat-chor|1928||reason=unknown}} <br> {{marriage|Kwan Yut-chur|5 November 1984||end=died}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Chan Yat-chor|1928||reason=unknown}}
* {{marriage|Kwan Yut-chur|5 November 1984||end=died}}
}}
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) -->
| children = 1
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}}
}}
}}
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Guan|Kwan]]}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Guān|Kwan]]|lang=Chinese}}
'''Kwan Tak-hing''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (27 June 1905 – 28 June 1996) was a [[Hong Kong people|Hong Kong]] actor best known for his portrayal of [[Martial arts|martial artist]] [[folk hero]] [[Wong Fei-hung]] in at least 77 films, between the 1940s and the 1980s. No-one else in cinema history has portrayed the same person as many times. In total he made over 130 films. He was elected in 1955 as the chairman of the [[Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong]]. He was awarded the MBE (Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]]) in 1984.
'''Kwan Tak-hing''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}} (27 June 1905 – 28 June 1996) was a [[Hong Konger|Hong Kong]] martial artist and actor best known for his portrayal of [[Martial arts|martial artist]] [[folk hero]] [[Wong Fei-hung]] in at least 77 films, between the 1940s and the 1980s. No one else in cinema history has portrayed the same person as many times. In total he made over 130 films. He was elected in 1955 as the chairman of the [[Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong]]. He was awarded the MBE (Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]]) in 1982.<ref>{{cite web
|author=關漢泉; 關照洋
|title=關德興傳奇一生
|url=https://www.kwan-tak-hing.com/artist
|website=關德興官方網頁
|access-date=18 August 2024
|language=zh-hk
}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Kwan was born in [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] in 1905. He was the second child in the family. His father died of a disease at a young age. To supplement his family's income, as a boy, Kwan worked as a cowherd. When he was 12, he began work in construction. At the age of 13, he worked as a waiter in a restaurant in [[Singapore]] before joining a [[Cantonese opera]] troupe under Cheng Hsin-pei.
Kwan was born in [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] in 1905. He was the second child in the family. His father died of a disease at a young age. To supplement his family's income, as a boy, Kwan worked as a cowherd. When he was 12, he began work in construction. At the age of 13, he worked as a waiter in a restaurant in [[Singapore]] before joining a [[Cantonese opera]] troupe under Cheng Hsin-pei.


In 1928 at the age of 23, he married Chan Yat-chor (陳日初), the daughter of the actor known only by his nickname of "Bind-Legged Champ" (扎腳勝), and they had a son David Kwan Hon-chuen (關漢泉).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/CulturalService/HKFA/en_US/web/hkfa/publications_souvenirs/pub/topicalvolumes/topicalvolumes_detail16/topicalvolumes_preface16.html|title=Hong Kong Film Archive – Hong Kong Film Archive Treasures: An Exhibition – Preface|website=www.lcsd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
In 1928 at the age of 23, he married Chan Yat-chor ({{lang|zh-hant|陳日初}}), the daughter of the actor known only by his nickname of "Bind-Legged Champ" ({{lang|zh|扎腳勝}}), and they had a son David Kwan Hon-chuen ({{lang|zh|關漢泉}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/CulturalService/HKFA/en_US/web/hkfa/publications_souvenirs/pub/topicalvolumes/topicalvolumes_detail16/topicalvolumes_preface16.html|title=Hong Kong Film Archive – Hong Kong Film Archive Treasures: An Exhibition – Preface|website=www.lcsd.gov.hk|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>


His film debut was in ''The Singing Lovers'' (aka ''Romance of the Songsters''), made in the US for the Grandview Studios and only the second Cantonese-language [[Sound film|talkie]] ever made.<ref name=kfc>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.is/20130127082413/http://www.kungfucinema.com/electric-shadows/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-1 |title='' The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 1 « Kung Fu Cinema'' |date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2016-02-27 }}</ref>{{cbignore}} His first starring roles came two years later in ''Song of the Yesterday'' (aka ''Yesterday's Song'') and ''Song of Sadness'' (both 1935). Kwan's first martial arts film was ''Knight of the Whip'' (1936).<ref name=kfc/> During [[World War II]] he was in a troupe of patriotic entertainers and had a price put on his head by the Japanese.<ref>Logan, Bey (1995). ''Hong Kong Action Cinema'' Titan Books {{ISBN|1-85286-540-7}}</ref>
His film debut was in ''The Singing Lovers'' (aka ''Romance of the Songsters''), made in the US for the Grandview Studios and only the second Cantonese-language [[Sound film|talkie]] ever made.<ref name=kfc>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungfucinema.com/electric-shadows/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127082413/http://www.kungfucinema.com/electric-shadows/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-27 |title='' The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 1 « Kung Fu Cinema'' |date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2016-02-27 }}</ref>{{cbignore}} His first starring roles came two years later in ''Song of the Yesterday'' (aka ''Yesterday's Song'') and ''Song of Sadness'' (both 1935). Kwan's first martial arts film was ''Knight of the Whip'' (1936).<ref name=kfc/> During [[World War II]] he was in a troupe of patriotic entertainers and had a price put on his head by the Japanese.<ref>Logan, Bey (1995). ''Hong Kong Action Cinema'' Titan Books {{ISBN|1-85286-540-7}}</ref>


The first film in which he starred as [[Wong Fei-hung]] was the ''Story of Huang Feihong part 1'' (1949) directed by [[Wu Pang]] and produced by the Yong Yao Film Company. The film included [[Shih Kien]] as the villain and [[Li Lan]], the very first winner of the [[Miss Hong Kong Pageant]], and the first of many winners who would become famous actresses in [[Hong Kong]]). This partnership was a huge success and spawned many sequels, exploring many ideas and situations used in later action films. In 1956, a total of 25 [[Wong Fei-hung filmography|Wong Fei-hung films]] were released.<ref>Yang, Jeff. (2003). ''Once Upon a Time in China'' Atria Books {{ISBN|0-7434-4817-0}}</ref>
The first film in which he starred as [[Wong Fei-hung]] was the ''Story of Huang Feihong part 1'' (1949) directed by [[Wu Pang]] and produced by the Yong Yao Film Company. The film included [[Shih Kien]] as the villain and [[Li Lan]], the very first winner of the [[Miss Hong Kong Pageant]], and the first of many winners who would become famous actresses in [[Hong Kong]]). This partnership was a huge success and spawned many sequels, exploring many ideas and situations used in later action films. In 1956, a total of 25 [[Wong Fei-hung filmography|Wong Fei-hung films]] were released.<ref>Yang, Jeff. (2003). ''Once Upon a Time in China'' Atria Books {{ISBN|0-7434-4817-0}}</ref>


Kwan worked on films with two of the students of [[Lam Sai-wing]] (himself a student of the real Wong Fei-hung). First, Leong Wing-hang, who worked as action director on Wong Fei-hung films as well as other Kwan vehicles including ''The Five Heroes' Deadly Spears'' (1951). Later he worked with Lau Cham, father of [[Lau Kar-leung]] and [[Lau Kar-wing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.is/20110524055334/http://www.kungfucinema.com/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-2-1596 |title=''The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 2 « Kung Fu Cinema'' |date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2016-02-27 }}</ref>{{cbignore}}
Kwan worked on films with two of the students of [[Lam Sai-wing]] (himself a student of the real Wong Fei-hung). First, Leong Wing-hang, who worked as action director on Wong Fei-hung films as well as other Kwan vehicles including ''The Five Heroes' Deadly Spears'' (1951). Later he worked with Lau Cham, father of [[Lau Kar-leung]] and [[Lau Kar-wing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kungfucinema.com/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-2-1596 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110524055334/http://www.kungfucinema.com/the-hero-kwan-tak-hing-part-2-1596 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-24 |title=''The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 2 « Kung Fu Cinema'' |date=2011-05-24 |access-date=2016-02-27 }}</ref>{{cbignore}}


The Wong Fei-hung sequence of films ended in 1970 and Kwan went into semi-retirement. During this period, Kwan opened a [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts school]] and a number of herbal centres, whose branded soup and an ointment for bruises were well known in Hong Kong.<ref name="ReferenceA">Logan, Bey. Commentary to the Hong Kong Legends edition of ''The Magnificent Butcher''</ref>
The Wong Fei-hung sequence of films ended in 1970 and Kwan went into semi-retirement. During this period, Kwan opened a [[Chinese martial arts|martial arts school]] and a number of herbal centres, whose branded soup and an ointment for bruises were well known in Hong Kong.<ref name="ReferenceA">Logan, Bey. Commentary to the Hong Kong Legends edition of ''The Magnificent Butcher''</ref>
Line 62: Line 72:
Kwan received an honorary [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for his charitable work and contribution to the entertainment industry, in 1984. On 5 November 1984, Kwan married his second wife Kwan Yut-chur in [[Reno]], [[Nevada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chimericaneyes.blogspot.com/2015/07/kwan-tak-hing-in-america-19321934-and.html|title=Chinese American Eyes: Kwan Tak-hing in America, 1932–1934 and 1937–1939|last=Jay|first=Alex|date=2015-07-17|website=Chinese American Eyes|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> whom he first met whilst travelling in the US, whilst raising money for the Chinese war effort.
Kwan received an honorary [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for his charitable work and contribution to the entertainment industry, in 1984. On 5 November 1984, Kwan married his second wife Kwan Yut-chur in [[Reno]], [[Nevada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chimericaneyes.blogspot.com/2015/07/kwan-tak-hing-in-america-19321934-and.html|title=Chinese American Eyes: Kwan Tak-hing in America, 1932–1934 and 1937–1939|last=Jay|first=Alex|date=2015-07-17|website=Chinese American Eyes|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> whom he first met whilst travelling in the US, whilst raising money for the Chinese war effort.


To the Chinese, Kwan embodied [[Confucianism|Confucian]] virtues and patriarchal authority, and he is thought to have modelled his speeches on those of [[Sun Yat-sen]].<ref>Hunt, Leon. (2003). ''Kung Fu Cult Masters'' Wallflower Press {{ISBN|1-903364-63-9}}</ref> Kwan appeared in cameo roles in ''[[The Family Strikes Back]]'' and ''[[Aces Go Places 4]]'' (both 1986). His final film appearance was in the 1994 family comedy film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life (1994 film)|It's a Wonderful Life!]]'', at the age of 89, some 61 years after his acting career began. He died at the age of 91 of [[pancreatic cancer]].
To the Chinese, Kwan embodied [[Confucianism|Confucian]] virtues and patriarchal authority, and he is thought to have modelled his speeches on those of [[Sun Yat-sen]].<ref>Hunt, Leon. (2003). ''Kung Fu Cult Masters'' Wallflower Press {{ISBN|1-903364-63-9}}</ref> Kwan appeared in cameo roles in ''[[The Family Strikes Back]]'' and ''[[Aces Go Places 4]]'' (both 1986). His final film appearance was in the 1994 family comedy film ''[[It's a Wonderful Life (1994 film)|It's a Wonderful Life!]]'', at the age of 89, some 61 years after his acting career began. He died on the day after his 91st birthday of [[pancreatic cancer]].


In Bey Logan's audio commentary for the film ''The Magnificent Butcher'', he states that though there is a grave marker to Kwan Tak-hing in [[Kowloon]] territory, his ashes were already taken to [[San Francisco]] to rest with those of his second wife.
In Bey Logan's audio commentary for the film ''The Magnificent Butcher'', he states that though there is a grave marker to Kwan Tak-hing in [[Kowloon]] territory, his ashes were already taken to [[San Francisco]] to rest with those of his second wife.


==Action style==
==Action style==
Kwan was originally a practitioner of the Opera Martial Arts of Masters Sun Pak/Cheng Hsin-pei and Len Yuen Hang and the [[Lama Pai|White Crane]] and Hung Gar martial art of Fok Hung. Throughout his life he made friends with famous martial arts exponents and cross trained extensively. Training in Wong Fei Hung's style of Hung Gar came from Leung Wing Hang and Lau Jam, both students of the famous Lam Sai Wing. His weapons speciality included the use of the bullwhip and the pole. Kwan was also known for his skills in the [[lion dance]] and [[Chinese calligraphy]].
Kwan was originally a practitioner of the Opera Martial Arts of Masters Sun Pak/Cheng Hsin-pei and Len Yuen-hang and the [[Lama Pai|White Crane]] and Hung Gar martial art of Fok Hung. Throughout his life he made friends with famous martial arts exponents and cross trained extensively. Training in Wong Fei-hung's style of Hung Gar came from Leung Wing-hang and Lau Jam, both students of the famous Lam Sai-wing. His weapons speciality included the use of the bullwhip and the pole. Kwan was also known for his skills in the [[lion dance]] and [[Chinese calligraphy]].


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Line 163: Line 173:
*''Huanf Feihong Seizes the Bride at Xiguan'' (1958)
*''Huanf Feihong Seizes the Bride at Xiguan'' (1958)
*''How Huang Feihong Stormed Phoenix Hill'' (1958)
*''How Huang Feihong Stormed Phoenix Hill'' (1958)
*''[[Massacre of the Innocents]]'' (1958)
*''Massacre of the Innocents'' (1958)
*''[[Huang Feihong's Battle with the Bullies in the Boxing Ring]]'' (1958)
*''[[Huang Feihong's Battle with the Bullies in the Boxing Ring]]'' (1958)
*''[[Huang Feihong's Victory at Ma Village]]'' (1958)
*''[[Huang Feihong's Victory at Ma Village]]'' (1958)
Line 193: Line 203:
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Invincible 'Lion Dancer']]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Invincible 'Lion Dancer']]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Eight Bandits]]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Eight Bandits]]'' (1968)
*''[[The Magic Whip]]'' (1968)
*''The Magic Whip'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Duel Against the Black Rascal]]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: The Duel Against the Black Rascal]]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: Duel for the Championship]]'' (1968)
*''[[Huang Feihong: Duel for the Championship]]'' (1968)
Line 208: Line 218:
*''[[The Family Strikes Back]]'' (1986)
*''[[The Family Strikes Back]]'' (1986)
*''[[It's a Wonderful Life (1994 film)|It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1994)
*''[[It's a Wonderful Life (1994 film)|It's a Wonderful Life]]'' (1994)
*''[[Cinema of Vengeance]]'' (1994 UK documentary) - Himself - Interviewee


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]]
[[Category:Hong Kong male film actors]]
[[Category:Cantonese opera performers]]
[[Category:Male Cantonese opera actors]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangzhou]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangzhou]]
[[Category:People from Kaiping]]
[[Category:People from Kaiping]]
⚫
[[Category:Chinese male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Male actors from Guangdong]]
[[Category:20th-century Hong Kong male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Hong Kong male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Hong Kong male singers]]
⚫
[[Category:20th-century Chinese male actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male film actors]]
[[Category:Dramatists of Chinese opera]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to British Hong Kong]]

Latest revision as of 02:30, 27 November 2024

Kwan Tak-hing
MBE
關德興
Born(1905-06-27)27 June 1905
Guangzhou, Qing Empire
Died28 June 1996(1996-06-28) (aged 91)
British Hong Kong
Burial placeKowloon, British Hong Kong (former)
San Francisco
Occupations
  • martial artist
  • actor
Years active1932–1994
Spouses
Chan Yat-chor
​
​
(m. 1928, unknown)​
Kwan Yut-chur
​
​
(m. 1984, died)​
Children1
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese關德興
Simplified Chinese关德兴
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuān Déxīng
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingGwaan1 Dak1 Hing1
In this Chinese name, the family name is Kwan.

Kwan Tak-hing MBE (27 June 1905 – 28 June 1996) was a Hong Kong martial artist and actor best known for his portrayal of martial artist folk hero Wong Fei-hung in at least 77 films, between the 1940s and the 1980s. No one else in cinema history has portrayed the same person as many times. In total he made over 130 films. He was elected in 1955 as the chairman of the Chinese Artist Association of Hong Kong. He was awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in 1982.[1]

History

[edit]

Kwan was born in Guangzhou, China in 1905. He was the second child in the family. His father died of a disease at a young age. To supplement his family's income, as a boy, Kwan worked as a cowherd. When he was 12, he began work in construction. At the age of 13, he worked as a waiter in a restaurant in Singapore before joining a Cantonese opera troupe under Cheng Hsin-pei.

In 1928 at the age of 23, he married Chan Yat-chor (陳日初), the daughter of the actor known only by his nickname of "Bind-Legged Champ" (扎腳勝), and they had a son David Kwan Hon-chuen (關漢泉).[2]

His film debut was in The Singing Lovers (aka Romance of the Songsters), made in the US for the Grandview Studios and only the second Cantonese-language talkie ever made.[3] His first starring roles came two years later in Song of the Yesterday (aka Yesterday's Song) and Song of Sadness (both 1935). Kwan's first martial arts film was Knight of the Whip (1936).[3] During World War II he was in a troupe of patriotic entertainers and had a price put on his head by the Japanese.[4]

The first film in which he starred as Wong Fei-hung was the Story of Huang Feihong part 1 (1949) directed by Wu Pang and produced by the Yong Yao Film Company. The film included Shih Kien as the villain and Li Lan, the very first winner of the Miss Hong Kong Pageant, and the first of many winners who would become famous actresses in Hong Kong). This partnership was a huge success and spawned many sequels, exploring many ideas and situations used in later action films. In 1956, a total of 25 Wong Fei-hung films were released.[5]

Kwan worked on films with two of the students of Lam Sai-wing (himself a student of the real Wong Fei-hung). First, Leong Wing-hang, who worked as action director on Wong Fei-hung films as well as other Kwan vehicles including The Five Heroes' Deadly Spears (1951). Later he worked with Lau Cham, father of Lau Kar-leung and Lau Kar-wing.[6]

The Wong Fei-hung sequence of films ended in 1970 and Kwan went into semi-retirement. During this period, Kwan opened a martial arts school and a number of herbal centres, whose branded soup and an ointment for bruises were well known in Hong Kong.[7]

In 1974, Golden Harvest revived the role, pairing Kwan with Sammo Hung in The Skyhawk. Other films followed in which Kwan played his most familiar role – Magnificent Butcher (1979), Magnificent Kick (1980), and Dreadnaught (1981). TVB also aired a 13-part television series featuring Kwan as Wong Fei-hung in 1976. By this time, he was in his 70s and although he was doubled for the more athletic scenes, he still demonstrated remarkable fitness and suppleness.

Kwan received an honorary MBE for his charitable work and contribution to the entertainment industry, in 1984. On 5 November 1984, Kwan married his second wife Kwan Yut-chur in Reno, Nevada,[8] whom he first met whilst travelling in the US, whilst raising money for the Chinese war effort.

To the Chinese, Kwan embodied Confucian virtues and patriarchal authority, and he is thought to have modelled his speeches on those of Sun Yat-sen.[9] Kwan appeared in cameo roles in The Family Strikes Back and Aces Go Places 4 (both 1986). His final film appearance was in the 1994 family comedy film It's a Wonderful Life!, at the age of 89, some 61 years after his acting career began. He died on the day after his 91st birthday of pancreatic cancer.

In Bey Logan's audio commentary for the film The Magnificent Butcher, he states that though there is a grave marker to Kwan Tak-hing in Kowloon territory, his ashes were already taken to San Francisco to rest with those of his second wife.

Action style

[edit]

Kwan was originally a practitioner of the Opera Martial Arts of Masters Sun Pak/Cheng Hsin-pei and Len Yuen-hang and the White Crane and Hung Gar martial art of Fok Hung. Throughout his life he made friends with famous martial arts exponents and cross trained extensively. Training in Wong Fei-hung's style of Hung Gar came from Leung Wing-hang and Lau Jam, both students of the famous Lam Sai-wing. His weapons speciality included the use of the bullwhip and the pole. Kwan was also known for his skills in the lion dance and Chinese calligraphy.

Legacy

[edit]

Although modern martial arts films often feature a lot of violence, at the end of The Magnificent Butcher, Kwan's Wong Fei-hung saves the main villain (played by Lee Hoi-san) from being killed by Butcher Wing (Sammo Hung). This reflected Wong Fei-hung's portrayal in the original films, wherein he would defeat the villain but then heal him.

Kwan became so associated with the mature Wong Fei-hung that other filmmakers would only portray the character as a younger person, including Jackie Chan playing Wong as a young man in Drunken Master (1978), and Yuen Woo-ping depicting Wong as a child (played by actress Angie Tsang) in Iron Monkey (1993). When Jet Li portrayed Wong in the Once Upon a Time in China series, many Chinese audiences felt he was too young.[7]

Filmography

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 關漢泉; 關照洋. "關德興傳奇一生". 關德興官方網頁 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 18 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Hong Kong Film Archive – Hong Kong Film Archive Treasures: An Exhibition – Preface". www.lcsd.gov.hk. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  3. ^ a b " The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 1 « Kung Fu Cinema". 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  4. ^ Logan, Bey (1995). Hong Kong Action Cinema Titan Books ISBN 1-85286-540-7
  5. ^ Yang, Jeff. (2003). Once Upon a Time in China Atria Books ISBN 0-7434-4817-0
  6. ^ "The Hero Kwan Tak-hing, Part 2 « Kung Fu Cinema". 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  7. ^ a b Logan, Bey. Commentary to the Hong Kong Legends edition of The Magnificent Butcher
  8. ^ Jay, Alex (17 July 2015). "Chinese American Eyes: Kwan Tak-hing in America, 1932–1934 and 1937–1939". Chinese American Eyes. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  9. ^ Hunt, Leon. (2003). Kung Fu Cult Masters Wallflower Press ISBN 1-903364-63-9
[edit]
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