M777 howitzer: Difference between revisions

M777 Lightweight Towed Howitzer
M777 Lightweight Towed Howitzer
	US Marine gunners test fire an M777 howitzer
Type	Towed howitzer
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	2005–present
Used by	See Operators
Wars	Global War on Terrorism War in Afghanistan (2001-2021); Iraqi conflict Iraq War; War in Iraq (2013–17); ; Syrian civil war; Yemeni Civil War (2014-present) Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen; ; ; Russo-Ukrainian War Russian invasion of Ukraine; ;
Production history
Designer	Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering
Designed	1987–2003
Manufacturer	BAE Systems
Produced	1987–present
Specifications
Mass	4.2 t (4.1 long tons; 4.6 short tons)
Length	Combat: 10.7 m (35 ft); Travel: 9.5 m (31 ft);
Barrel length	5.08 m (16.7 ft) L/39
Crew	7+1
Shell	M107, M549, M712 Copperhead, M795, ERFB, M982
Caliber	155 mm (6.1 in)
Carriage	Split trail
Elevation	0° to +71.7°
Rate of fire	Normal: 2-4 rpm; Maximum: 8 rpm for no longer than 2 minutes;
Muzzle velocity	Charge 8S: 827 m/s (2,710 ft/s)
Effective firing range	M107: 21 km (13 mi); M795: 23.5 km (14.6 mi); ERFB: M795E1 30 km (19 mi) base bleed; Excalibur: 40 km (25 mi);

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The M777 howitzer is a British towed 155 mm artillery piece in the howitzer class. It is used by the ground forces of Australia, Canada, Colombia, India, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, and the United States. It was first used in combat during the War in Afghanistan.

The M777 is manufactured by BAE Systems' Global Combat Systems division. Prime contract management is based in Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England, UK, as well as manufacture and assembly of the titanium structures and associated recoil components. Final integration and testing of the weapon is undertaken at BAE's facility in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, US.^[10] Depending on the year, contract and systems package, the M777 has been exported for individual unit costs including US$2.025 million (in 2008) and $3.738 million (in 2017).^[11]^[12]

Design

The M777 began in 1987 as the Ultralight Field Howitzer (UFH), developed by Vickers' Armaments Division in Barrow-in-Furness, located in Cumbria, England, UK.^[13] Upon taking over responsibility for the weapon, BAE "Americanized" to a large degree the construction and assembly through its US-based BAE Systems Land and Armaments group. The M777 now uses about 70% US-built parts, including the gun barrel (designated M776), which is manufactured at the Watervliet Arsenal, New York, US.^[14]

BAE US subcontractors and their related components/activity as planned in 2001 :^[15]

United Defense LP, Pascagoula, Mississippi - Final Assembly, Test, and Delivery
HydroMill, Inc., Chatsworth, California - Body Assembly
Major Tool and Machining, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana - Stabilizers, Spades, Trails
Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois - Breech Operating Load Tray System
RTI International Metals, Inc., Niles, Ohio - Titanium

With a weight of 4.2 t (4.1 long tons; 4.6 short tons), the M777 is 41% lighter than the 7.154 t (7.041 long tons; 7.886 short tons) M198 howitzer it replaces.^[16]^[17] Much of the weight reduction is due to the extensive use of titanium.^[18] The gun barrel serves as the towing bar, with the connecting ring forged as a projection of the muzzle brake.^[19] The M777 can be transported by helicopter sling-load, transport aircraft such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules or C-5 Galaxy, or towed by air-braked vehicles with a 2½-ton or greater payload capacity, such as the FMTV and MTVR medium tactical vehicles.^[20]^[21] The minimum gun crew required is five, compared to a previous nine.^[22] The normal crew is eight. With a minimal emergency crew, the rate of fire is decreased.^[19] It can be fired by a crew of only three if absolutely necessary.^[23]

The M777A1 and M777A2 use a digital fire-control system similar to that found on self-propelled howitzers such as the M109A6 Paladin to provide navigation, pointing and self-location, allowing it to be put into action quickly.^[24]

The Canadian M777 in conjunction with the traditional "glass and iron sights/mounts" uses a digital fire control system called the Digital Gun Management System (DGMS) produced by Leonardo MW with components of the Indirect Fire Control Software Suite (IFCSS) built by the Firepower team in the Canadian Army Land Software Engineering Centre.^[25] The Leonardo MW portion of the system, known as LINAPS, had been proven previously through earlier use on the British Army 105 mm L118 Light Gun.^[26]

The M777A2 may be combined with the M982 Excalibur 155 mm GPS-guided munition, which allows accurate fire at a range of up to 40 km (25 mi). This almost doubles the area covered by a single battery to about 1,250 km² (480 sq mi). Testing at the Yuma Proving Ground by the US Army placed 13 of 14 Excalibur rounds, fired from up to 24 kilometres (15 mi), within 10 m (33 ft) of their target, suggesting a circular error probable of 5 m (16 ft).^[27]

In June 2012, Golf Battery, 2nd Battalion, 11th Marines, out of Camp Pendleton, California, successfully fired the M982 Excalibur against insurgents at a range of 36 km (22 mi) in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. This was the longest operational shot in the history of the M777 howitzer, and the longest operational barrel artillery shot in history for the Marine Corps.^[28]

Usually a barrel on a modern artillery system, like the M777, must be replaced after firing up to 2,500 shells.^[29]

November 2024 BAE announced the opening of a new artillery factory in Sheffield during 2025 to resume production of complete M777 artillery pieces for Ukraine and to help fulfil orders for fresh titanium cast spare parts from the US supplementing its US parts factory which also resumed production during 2024.^[30] 8 countries have previously expressed interest in fresh unit orders.^[31]

Comparison of M777A2 and M198^[32]
	M777A2	M198
Weight	4.2 t (4.1 long tons; 4.6 short tons)	7.154 t (7.041 long tons; 7.886 short tons)
Emplacement time	2 min 10 s	6 min 35 s
Displacement time	2 min 23 s	10 min 40 s
Terrain trafficable	83%	63%
Number carried per C-130 load	2	1
Crew complement	5	9

Variants

M777A2 – Block 1A software upgrade. Addition of an Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter (EPIAFS) to enable Excalibur and precision munition compatibility.^[32]^[33]
M777ER – Upgrade created by the Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) project to extend range from 30 to 70 km (19 to 43 mi).^[34] Modified with a longer 55-caliber, 9.1 m (30 ft) barrel and supercharged propellant firing the XM1113 rocket-assisted projectile.^[35] The ERCA was determined to not be viable.^[36]^[37]
M777C1 – M777 with DGMS (Canada)^[38]

Ammunition

M982 Excalibur – 155 mm guided artillery shell
M1128 projectile – 155 mm base bleed artillery round
XM1113^[39]
M549A1 – 155 mm rocket-assisted projectile^[39]
Bofors/Nexter Bonus -- 155 mm guided artillery cluster round^[40]

Service history

Australia

In 2008, the Australian Defence Force made a US Foreign Military Sales request for 57 M777A2s estimated to be worth up to US$248m.^[41] Subsequently, 35 guns were purchased for the Australian Army^[42] to re-equip the 1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, the 4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, and the 8th/12th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, to replace 155 mm M198s and 105 mm L119 Light Guns.^{[citation needed]} The first deliveries of M777A2 began in late 2010.^[43]^[44]

An additional 19 guns will be bought directly from American production lines to enable a total of six batteries.^[45] Concurrently, the Australian Army has acquired guided 155 mm munitions in the form of the M982 Excalibur and XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit.^[46] In late April 2022, Australia announced that they would donate six of their M777 howitzers, with ammunition, to aid in the defence of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[47]

Brazil

In 2010, the Brazilian Navy evaluated the 155 mm M777 as a candidate to replace the six 155 mm M114A1 howitzers of the Marine Corps.^[48] As of 2022^[update] the M777 was still under consideration.^[23]

Canada

In December 2005, 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, conducted an inaugural firing of its first 155 mm M777 towed howitzers, for a total of six guns. The six guns delivered were supplied by the United States Marine Corps under a Foreign Military Sales (FMS) contract^[49]^{[unreliable source?]} between the U.S. and Canada. The Canadian guns were first fired by A Battery, 1 RCHA, at CFB Shilo and then were deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Archer. They were put into service in the Canadian theatre of operations around Kandahar in early 2006, marking the first use of the M777 in combat operations.^[50]

In the summer, they made a significant contribution during the Battle of Panjwaii when a small number of rounds were used to huge effect on Taliban elements retreating from the battle area. Many of the 72 reported killed during the heaviest period of fighting were due to artillery fire from only two of these guns. In late fall of 2006, the Canadian M777 howitzers were equipped with the Digital Gun Management System (DGMS), which greatly improved accuracy and led to these guns being used for short range close support of Canadian and US ground forces.^[50]

They proved so successful that an order for an additional six guns was placed with BAE. In May 2009, the Canadian government ordered a further 25 M777s, bringing the total to 37.^[51]^[52]^[53] The DGMS is also being improved with integrated communications.^[54] On 22 April 2022, Canada sent four of their M777 howitzers, with ammunition, to Ukraine to aid in the defense of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[55]^[56]

India

The Indian Army first announced plans to acquire 145 M777s for ₹30 billion (₹3,000 crore) in January 2010.^[57] Purchase plans were overtaken when the procurement process was restarted in July 2010.^{[citation needed]} On 11 May 2012, India's Ministry of Defence formally cleared a proposal to buy 145 guns for ₹30 billion through the US government's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process.^[58] The proposal was scheduled to be reviewed next by the Ministry of Finance, followed by the Cabinet Committee on Security.^[59]^[60] On 2 August 2013, India requested the sale of 145 M777 howitzers for US$737.582 million.^[61]

In February 2014 the purchase was again postponed.^[62] In May 2014 the purchase was cleared by India's Ministry of Defence.^[63] In July 2014, the government announced that it would not order the guns because of cost issues.^[64] In November 2014, the selection process was restarted under the "Make In India" program.^[65] In May 2015, the Ministry of Defence approved ₹29 billion (₹2,900 crore) to buy 145 M777 ultralight howitzers from the US.^[66] In December 2015, the Indian Ministry of Defence said it was keen on placing a follow-up order of 500 more M777 guns.^[67]

In June 2016, India once again announced its intent to buy 145 guns from the US, this time for US$750 million.^[68] The Indian government formally signed the contract for the purchase on 30 November 2016.^[69]^[70] Under the agreement, BAE Systems supplied 25 ready-built howitzers, while 120 guns were assembled in India by Mahindra Defence Systems Limited.^[71]

The Indian Army received its first shipment of two howitzers in 2017 from the United States in ready-to-use condition.^[72]^[73] In September 2017, the barrel of one of the howitzers was damaged while firing during calibration trials.^[74]^[75] The Indian army used the M777 howitzer in the Himvijay exercise in Arunachal Pradesh which involved the newly raised integrated battle groups.^[76]

A total of seven artillery regiments were raised, each using 18 guns. The first regiment was planned to be raised by the end of 2020, with 15 guns supplied by BAE systems and three guns supplied by Mahindra Defense Systems Limited.^[71] The induction of all seven regiments was completed in 2022. In July 2020, in the wake of escalating tension with China, the Ministry of Defence announced further purchases of Excalibur shells.^[77]

Several of these howitzers were deployed in the Ladakh area and the north eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh at the border with China.^[78]

Ukraine

In April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States provided 108, Canada 4, and Australia 6 M777 howitzers with ammunition to the Ukrainian armed forces, to repel Russia.^[55]^[79]^[47]^[80]^[81] Canada promised 10 barrels to replace any worn out during firing.^[82] Usually a modern artillery system, like the M777, must have the barrel replaced after firing up to 2,500 shells.^[29]

A Ukrainian officer said in October 2022 that while M777 has to be towed, and has a lower fire rate than the German Panzerhaubitze 2000 and French CAESAR, it is more accurate and easier to use. BAE stated that month that it was discussing with the United States restarting production of the weapon, after good performance in Ukraine and lower cost of operation caused other nations to ask about purchasing it.^[83]

In October 2022, Ukraine was given an additional 16 M777 by the US,^[84] and as of October 2022^[update] had at least 170.^[83] In November 2022, according to U.S. and Ukrainian officials, a third of the roughly 350 Western-made howitzers (including 142 M777s given by the US) donated to Ukraine are out of action at any given time. Those weapons are wearing out after months of overuse, or being damaged or destroyed in combat.^[85] As of late May 2023, at least 52 M777s were reported to have been destroyed or damaged.^[86] One Ukrainian crew claims to have fired 6,000 rounds through their M777. During this time they have had four barrel changes. All of these barrel replacements occurred before the limit of 2,500 shells as they noticed accuracy was decreasing.^[87]

Ukrainian Brigadier General Volodomyr Karpenko in a June 2022 interview said that M777 is prone to damage by shrapnel from incoming artillery fire. He said that ordinarily two of the six M777 guns in an artillery battery would require maintenance due to shrapnel damage to subsystems after every "artillery contact".^[88] Russian forces claim to have seized a damaged and inoperable M777 during fighting in Siversk in eastern Ukraine in July 2022.^[89]

By the end of May 2024 the Russian military portal Lostarmour recorded around 96 destroyed, 1 captured and 65 damaged M777s.^[90] Most of them were destroyed using UAV ZALA Lancet.

As of 16 November 2024, the Oryx blog, recorded at least 98 M777s having been lost in combat (55 destroyed, 43 damaged). The Oryx's list only includes destroyed or damaged equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available, thus the amount of equipment lost could be higher than Oryx documented.^[86]

United States

The M777 succeeded the M198 howitzer in the United States Marine Corps and United States Army in 2005. In 2014 the US military began fielding several upgrades to its M777 howitzers, including new liquid crystal display units, software updates, improved power systems, and muzzle sensors for onboard ballistic computing. Future upgrades include a touchscreen Chief Section Display, a new Mission System Computer, and a digital radio.^[91]

Army

The 18th Field Artillery Brigade (Airborne) at Fort Liberty, North Carolina, was the initial Army test bed unit for the XM777 which included the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 321st Field Artillery Regiment. The initial prototypes were tested by 1st Battalion, 377th Air Assault Regiment, in 1998 also a unit of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade.

2nd Platoon, Bravo Battery, 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment (2-11 FA), was the first US Army unit to fire the M777A in combat in January 2008 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. In June 2007, the M777 in its A2 configuration was assigned to the U.S. Army's 3-321 FA. It deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in December 2007 in January 2008 making the unit the first U.S. Army unit to utilise the M777 in combat in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In April 2008, the M777 was deployed for testing with 2-8 FA at Fort Wainwright in Fairbanks, Alaska.^[92]

In July 2008, at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, 108th Field Artillery Regiment, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard, became the first field artillery unit of the National Guard to field and fire the M777.

In August 2017, two soldiers from 319th Field Artillery Regiment were killed from a breech explosion and other members of their gun crew were injured while attempting to fire a M777 at an ISIL mortar position in northern Iraq.^[93] Multiple firing incidents have occurred during training with the M777, including a fatal one in February 2014 with 3-321 FA^[94] and previously in 2011 with Marines from Camp Lejeune also at Fort Bragg.^[95]

In May 2017, the US Army announced it was buying the Swedish Bofors 155 Bonus round as an interim system as a result of the required phasing out of cluster munitions from artillery shells, complying with policy to achieve less than 1% unexploded ordnance from non-unitary explosives. The BONUS has two sensor-fused munitions deployed by a 155 mm carrier projectile that scan the ground for targets and fire explosively formed penetrators down from the air. The system has been tested from the M777 howitzer.^[96]

The 3rd Cavalry Regiment deployed multiple M777A2 guns to Firebase Saham in Iraq on the border with Syria from November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the Al-Baghuz Fawqani, the final town held by ISIL.^[97]

Marine Corps

In May 2005, 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines, based at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, became the first Marine unit to begin fielding the new M777. 580 guns were supplied to the Marines, and 421 to the U.S. Army and National Guard.^[98]^[99]

In March 2016, 200 marines and four M777A2 howitzers from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit set up Firebase Bell, officially the Karasoar Counterfire Complex, near the Iraqi town of Makhmour, supporting the Iraqi Army's Mosul offensive. The firebase was only 24 kilometres (15 mi) from ISIL-controlled territory.^[100]

The Marine howitzers fired every day in support of Iraqi maneuvers, using high explosive, smoke, and illumination rounds.^[100] They were relieved by Army soldiers after roughly 60 days, after firing more than 2,000 rounds in 486 fire missions.^[101]

In March 2017, the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit was deployed to Syria to provide artillery support with their M777s for forces seeking to eject ISIL forces from Raqqa.^[102]

Combat history

Iraq War
War in Afghanistan
Military intervention against ISIL: Multiple M777A2 guns were deployed to Iraq on the border with Syria from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the Syrian Democratic Forces in the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani, the ultimately successful operation to capture the final town held by the Islamic State group. They deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the U.S. Army to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.^[97]
2020–2022 China–India skirmishes: The Indian Army has apparently deployed multiple artillery platforms, including the M777 howitzers, along the Line of Actual Control or the border with China where the PLA and the Indian Army have been engaged in a standoff for many months now.
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine: The U.S. has supplied 126 M777 howitzers to Ukraine as part of several military aid packages.^[103] Ukraine received 6 additional units from Australia and 4 from Canada, as well as 200,000 155 mm rounds and 72 trucks to transport the guns, enough to supply six battalions. Ukrainian forces said that they needed this weapon as their own artillery does not have the range of Russian systems, while the M777 has a range greater than Russian weapons.^[104]

Operators

Current operators

Australia

Australian Army: Originally 54 systems (M777A2),^[105] reduced to 48 after 6 were donated to Ukraine in April 2022.^[47]

Canada

Canadian Army: 33 systems, previously 37 with 4 having been donated to Ukraine. The donated howitzers will be replenished.^[53]^[106]

India

Indian Army: 145 systems in service. Of these 120 were built by Mahindra Defence Systems, in a business arrangement with BAE Systems.^[107]

United States

US Army and Army National Guard: 518 systems were acquired.
US Marine Corps: 481 systems were acquired, with a total fleet of 999 for both service branches. The US fields a "pure fleet" of M777A2 variants.^[91] In 2022 108 of the US Marine Corps' systems were donated to Ukraine.^[108]

Ukraine

Ukrainian Ground Forces: 198 systems (108^[109]^[81] of which were donated by the United States^[110] along with 200,000^[111] 155 mm artillery rounds and 18 in the additional package with 36,000 artillery rounds,^[112] 4 systems by Canada,^[113]^[114] and 6 systems by Australia,^[47] following the Russian invasion of Ukraine).^[115]^[116] M982 Excalibur precision-guided munitions have also been provided by Canada.^[117]^[118]^[119] An additional donation of 16 M777 by the United States was announced in October 2022.^[120]

Future operators

Colombia

Colombian Naval Infantry: The Colombian Naval Infantry will obtain M777 systems as part of a donation from the United States Marine Corps.^[121]

Potential operators

United Arab Emirates: On 5 May 2016, BAE Systems confirmed that it is working with Emirates Defense Technology (EDT) to develop a self-propelled version of the M777 howitzer for the UAE Armed Forces.^[122]

Gallery

A CH-47 Chinook helicopter hooks up an M777 for sling loading.
Illumination rounds fired during Operation Tora Arwa V in the Kandahar Province, Afghanistan
The towed configuration with the FMTV as the prime mover
Using the ramming staff to load ammunition
Ukrainian Army M777 howitzers towed by KrAZ-6322 trucks somewhere in the east of the country during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | service            = 2005–present
 | used_by            = See [[#Operators|Operators]]
+| wars               = {{tree list}}
-| wars               = * [[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw91mzpyzjM |title=Artillery fire in Afghanistan (Pech river Valley) Taliban running scared! |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111012903/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw91mzpyzjM |archive-date= 11 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[Iraqi conflict]]
+*[[Global War on Terrorism]]
+**[[War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw91mzpyzjM |title=Artillery fire in Afghanistan (Pech river Valley) Taliban running scared! |date=11 May 2011 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111012903/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hw91mzpyzjM |archive-date= 11 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-** [[Iraq War]]
+** [[Iraqi conflict]]
-** [[War in Iraq (2013–17)]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/1039139/rain-or-shine-task-force-strike-artillerymen-support-mosul-counter-offensive/|title = Rain Or Shine: Task Force Strike Artillerymen support Mosul counter-offensive |publisher=CENTCOM}}</ref>
+*** [[Iraq War]]
-* [[Syrian civil war]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3139284/|title = CENTCOM forces engage militants in northeast Syria |publisher= CENTCOM}}</ref>
+*** [[War in Iraq (2013–17)]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/1039139/rain-or-shine-task-force-strike-artillerymen-support-mosul-counter-offensive/|title = Rain Or Shine: Task Force Strike Artillerymen support Mosul counter-offensive |newspaper = U.S. Central Command |publisher=CENTCOM}}</ref>
-* [[Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIBiLtYzRJE |date=April 14, 2015 |title= Yemen War 2015 - Saudi Arabian Artillery Fired At Houthi Rebels In Northern Yemen |via=YouTube |publisher= WarLeaks|access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421233552/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIBiLtYzRJE |archive-date=21 April 2015 |url-status=live |quote=Alleged footage of an Saudi Arabian artillery launch on Houthi rebel positions in Northern Yemen.}}</ref>
+**[[Syrian civil war]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/3139284/|title = CENTCOM forces engage militants in northeast Syria |publisher= CENTCOM}}</ref>
-** [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
+** [[Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIBiLtYzRJE |date=April 14, 2015 |title= Yemen War 2015 - Saudi Arabian Artillery Fired At Houthi Rebels In Northern Yemen |via=YouTube |publisher= WarLeaks|access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150421233552/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIBiLtYzRJE |archive-date=21 April 2015 |url-status=live |quote=Alleged footage of an Saudi Arabian artillery launch on Houthi rebel positions in Northern Yemen.}}</ref>
-* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada delivers M777 howitzers to Ukraine |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3465305-canada-delivers-m777-howitzers-to-ukraine.html | work = Ukrinform |access-date= 23 April 2022}}</ref>
+*** [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
+* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada delivers M777 howitzers to Ukraine |url= https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3465305-canada-delivers-m777-howitzers-to-ukraine.html | work = Ukrinform |date= 23 April 2022 |access-date= 23 April 2022}}</ref>
 ** [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
+{{tree list/end}}
 <!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering]]
 | design_date        = 1987–2003
@@ Line 34: / Line 37: @@
 | velocity           = Charge 8S: {{cvt|827|m/s|ft/s}}
 | range              = {{ubl|[[M107 projectile|M107]]: {{cvt|21|km|mi}}|[[M795]]: {{cvt |23.5|km|mi}}|ERFB: M795E1 {{cvt |30|km|mi}} [[base bleed]]|[[M982 Excalibur|Excalibur]]: {{cvt|40|km|mi}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.raytheonmissilesanddefense.com/what-we-do/land-warfare/precision-weapons/excalibur-projectile|title=Excalibur Projectile|website= What we do | publisher = Raytheon missiles & defense}}</ref>}}
-| weight             = {{convert|4200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="BAEweight">{{citation|title=U.S. Upgrades and Orders More Lightweight BAE Systems Howitzers|url= http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_028164/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers |publisher= BAE Systems|access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150710110759/http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_028164/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers|archive-date=10 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+| weight             = {{convert|4.2|t|abbr=on}}<ref name="BAEweight">{{citation|title=U.S. Upgrades and Orders More Lightweight BAE Systems Howitzers|url= http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_028164/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers |publisher= BAE Systems|access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150710110759/http://www.baesystems.com/article/BAES_028164/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers|archive-date=10 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 | length             = {{ubl|Combat: {{convert|10.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}| Travel: {{convert|9.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}}}
 | crew               = 7+1
@@ Line 40: / Line 43: @@
 }}
-The '''M777 howitzer''' is a [[towed artillery|towed]] [[155 mm]] [[artillery]] piece in the [[howitzer]] class. It is used by the [[Australian Army|ground forces of Australia]], [[Canadian Army|Canada]], [[Colombia]], [[Indian Army|India]], [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi Arabia]], [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukraine]], and the [[United States military|United States]]. It was first used in combat during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].
+The '''M777 howitzer''' is a British [[towed artillery|towed]] [[155 mm]] [[artillery]] piece in the [[howitzer]] class. It is used by the [[Australian Army|ground forces of Australia]], [[Canadian Army|Canada]], [[Colombia]], [[Indian Army|India]], [[Saudi Arabian Army|Saudi Arabia]], [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukraine]], and the [[United States military|United States]]. It was first used in combat during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]].
-The M777 is manufactured by [[BAE Systems]]' [[BAE Systems Platforms & Services#Global Combat Systems|Global Combat Systems division]]. Prime contract management is based in [[Barrow-in-Furness]], UK as well as manufacture and assembly of the titanium structures and associated recoil components. Final integration and testing of the weapon is undertaken at BAE's facility in [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi]], US.<ref>{{cite press release|title= U.S. Upgrades and Orders More Lightweight BAE Systems Howitzers |url= https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers|publisher=BAE Systems | place = USA |access-date= 26 June 2022|date=5 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421171047/https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Depending on the year, contract and systems package, the M777 has been exported for individual unit costs including US$2.025&nbsp;million (in 2008) and $3.738&nbsp;million (in 2017).<ref>{{cite web |title=CAST TITANIUM CUTS COST OF M777 LIGHTWEIGHT HOWITZER |url=https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1876723/amp16607p45.pdf/7d048322-d0c0-42d8-9bdf-59d0d1053dc5 |publisher=Advanced Materials & Processes |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/k9-vajra-m777-howitzers/ | title=Indian Army receives K9 Vajra and M777 howitzer weapon systems | date=9 November 2018 }}</ref>
+The M777 is manufactured by [[BAE Systems]]' [[BAE Systems Platforms & Services#Global Combat Systems|Global Combat Systems division]]. Prime contract management is based in [[Barrow-in-Furness]] in [[Cumbria, England]], UK, as well as manufacture and assembly of the titanium structures and associated recoil components. Final integration and testing of the weapon is undertaken at BAE's facility in [[Hattiesburg, Mississippi]], US.<ref>{{cite press release|title= U.S. Upgrades and Orders More Lightweight BAE Systems Howitzers |url= https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers|publisher=BAE Systems | place = USA |access-date= 26 June 2022|date=5 September 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210421171047/https://www.baesystems.com/en/article/us-upgrades-and-orders-more-lightweight-bae-systems-howitzers |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Depending on the year, contract and systems package, the M777 has been exported for individual unit costs including US$2.025&nbsp;million (in 2008) and $3.738&nbsp;million (in 2017).<ref>{{cite web |title=CAST TITANIUM CUTS COST OF M777 LIGHTWEIGHT HOWITZER |url=https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1876723/amp16607p45.pdf/7d048322-d0c0-42d8-9bdf-59d0d1053dc5 |publisher=Advanced Materials & Processes |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621145233/https://www.asminternational.org/documents/10192/1876723/amp16607p45.pdf/7d048322-d0c0-42d8-9bdf-59d0d1053dc5 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/k9-vajra-m777-howitzers/ | title=Indian Army receives K9 Vajra and M777 howitzer weapon systems | date=9 November 2018 }}</ref>
 ==Design==
 [[File:M777 Light Towed Howitzer 1.jpg|thumb|M777 Light Towed Howitzer in service with the [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]] in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], [[Logar Province]], [[Charkh District]], Afghanistan]]
-The M777 began in 1987 as the Ultralight Field Howitzer (UFH), developed by [[Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering|Vickers']] Armaments Division in Barrow-in-Furness, UK.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pengelley |first=Rupert |date=November 1989 |title=155mm firepower for less than 4t: VSEL's Ultra-lightweight Field Howitzer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_janes-international-defense-review-idr_1989_22_11 |journal=International Defense Review |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1533 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Upon taking over responsibility for the weapon, BAE "Americanized" to a large degree the construction and assembly through its US-based BAE Systems Land and Armaments group. The M777 now uses about 70% US-built parts including the gun barrel (designated M776), which is manufactured at the [[Watervliet Arsenal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wva.army.mil/publications/products.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714170626/https://www.wva.army.mil/publications/products.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2019|title=Waltervliet Arsenal Products}}</ref>
+The M777 began in 1987 as the Ultralight Field Howitzer (UFH), developed by [[Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering|Vickers']] Armaments Division in [[Barrow-in-Furness]], located in Cumbria, England, UK.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pengelley |first=Rupert |date=November 1989 |title=155mm firepower for less than 4t: VSEL's Ultra-lightweight Field Howitzer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_janes-international-defense-review-idr_1989_22_11 |journal=International Defense Review |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1533 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Upon taking over responsibility for the weapon, BAE "Americanized" to a large degree the construction and assembly through its US-based BAE Systems Land and Armaments group. The M777 now uses about 70% US-built parts, including the gun barrel (designated M776), which is manufactured at the [[Watervliet Arsenal]], New York, US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wva.army.mil/publications/products.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714170626/https://www.wva.army.mil/publications/products.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2019|title=Waltervliet Arsenal Products}}</ref>
+BAE US subcontractors and their related components/activity as planned in 2001 :<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-01-603r.pdf |title=Status Update of the New 155 mm Lightweight Howitzer | date=10 April 2001| publisher=GAO|first=R.E.|last=Levin|website=gao.gov}}</ref>
-With a weight of {{convert|4200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, the M777 is 41% lighter than the {{convert|7154|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[M198 howitzer]] it replaces.<ref name="M777 weight">{{cite web|title=M777 Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |website=Canadian Army |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803013955/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |archive-date=3 August 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- Weight: 4200 kg --> |url-status=dead|date=8 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name="M198 specs">{{cite web|title=M198 Towed Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m198-specs.htm |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401195648/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m198-specs.htm |archive-date=1 April 2013 |language=en |quote=<!-- Weight: 15,758 pounds (7.154 kilograms) --> |url-status=dead}}</ref> Much of the weight reduction is due to the extensive use of [[titanium]].<ref name="Titanium">{{cite web|title=M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |website=Army Technology |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115173004/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |archive-date=15 November 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The construction of the M777 makes extensive use of titanium and titanium castings, enabling a weight reduction of 3,175&nbsp;kg (7,000lb) compared to the M198 howitzer which it replaces in the US Army and USMC inventory. --> |url-status=dead}}</ref> The gun barrel serves as the towing bar, with the connecting ring forged as a projection of the muzzle brake.<ref name=towing>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/m777.htm|title=M777 - 155 mm lightweight towed howitzer|website=Military-Today.com|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> The M777 can be transported by helicopter [[Cargo hook (helicopter)|sling-load]], [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]] such as the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] or [[C-5 Galaxy]], or towed by air-braked vehicles weighing over {{convert|2.5|t|lb}}, such as the [[Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles|FMTV]] and [[Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement|MTVR]] medium tactical vehicles.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web|title=M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh/ |website=Army Technology |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115173004/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |archive-date=15 November 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The M777 has a production weight of 3,745&nbsp;kg and can be transported by helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship. The howitzer can be towed by an air-braked 4x4 vehicle greater than 2.5t.--> |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Transport 2">{{cite web|title=M777 Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |website=Canadian Army |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803013955/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |archive-date=3 August 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The M777 weighs 9,200 pounds [...] making it highly mobile and easily transportable by C130 aircraft, helicopter or a truck of at least 2.5 tonnes. -->|url-status=dead|date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The minimum gun crew required is five, compared to a previous nine.<ref name=crew>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm |title=M777 Lightweight 155 mm howitzer (LW155) |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=26 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526084951/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref> The normal crew is eight. With a minimal emergency crew, the rate of fire is decreased.<ref name=towing />
+* United Defense LP, Pascagoula, Mississippi - Final Assembly, Test, and Delivery
+* HydroMill, Inc., Chatsworth, California - Body Assembly
+* Major Tool and Machining, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana - Stabilizers, Spades, Trails
+* Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois - Breech Operating Load Tray System
+* RTI International Metals, Inc., Niles, Ohio - Titanium
+With a weight of {{convert|4.2|t|abbr=on}}, the M777 is 41% lighter than the {{convert|7.154|t|abbr=on}} [[M198 howitzer]] it replaces.<ref name="M777 weight">{{cite web|title=M777 Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |website=Canadian Army |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803013955/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |archive-date=3 August 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- Weight: 4200 kg --> |url-status=dead|date=8 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name="M198 specs">{{cite web|title=M198 Towed Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m198-specs.htm |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401195648/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m198-specs.htm |archive-date=1 April 2013 |language=en |quote=<!-- Weight: 15,758 pounds (7.154 kilograms) --> |url-status=dead}}</ref> Much of the weight reduction is due to the extensive use of [[titanium]].<ref name="Titanium">{{cite web|title=M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |website=Army Technology |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115173004/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |archive-date=15 November 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The construction of the M777 makes extensive use of titanium and titanium castings, enabling a weight reduction of 3,175&nbsp;kg (7,000lb) compared to the M198 howitzer which it replaces in the US Army and USMC inventory. --> |url-status=dead}}</ref> The gun barrel serves as the towing bar, with the connecting ring forged as a projection of the muzzle brake.<ref name=towing>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/m777.htm|title=M777 - 155 mm lightweight towed howitzer|website=Military-Today.com|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> The M777 can be transported by helicopter [[Cargo hook (helicopter)|sling-load]], [[Military transport aircraft|transport aircraft]] such as the [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] or [[C-5 Galaxy]], or towed by air-braked vehicles with a [[2½-ton 6×6 truck|2½-ton]] or greater payload capacity, such as the [[Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles|FMTV]] and [[Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement|MTVR]] medium tactical vehicles.<ref name="Transport">{{cite web|title=M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh/ |website=Army Technology |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115173004/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh |archive-date=15 November 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The M777 has a production weight of 3,745&nbsp;kg and can be transported by helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship. The howitzer can be towed by an air-braked 4x4 vehicle greater than 2.5t.--> |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Transport 2">{{cite web|title=M777 Howitzer - Specifications |url=http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |website=Canadian Army |access-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803013955/http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/weapons/m777-howitzer.page |archive-date=3 August 2016 |language=en |quote=<!-- The M777 weighs 9,200 pounds [...] making it highly mobile and easily transportable by C130 aircraft, helicopter, or a truck of at least 2.5 tonnes. -->|url-status=dead|date=8 March 2013}}</ref> The minimum gun crew required is five, compared to a previous nine.<ref name=crew>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm |title=M777 Lightweight 155 mm howitzer (LW155) |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=26 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526084951/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/lw155.htm |archive-date=26 May 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref> The normal crew is eight. With a minimal emergency crew, the rate of fire is decreased.<ref name=towing /> It can be fired by a crew of only three if absolutely necessary.<ref name=fitzgerald>{{cite web | last=Fitzgerald | first=Clare | title=The Tiny Yet Powerful Artillery System That Packs Quite a Punch | website=War History Online | date=13 June 2022 | url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/weapons/m777-howitzer.html}}</ref>
 The M777A1 and M777A2 use a digital [[fire-control system]] similar to that found on self-propelled howitzers such as the [[M109 howitzer|M109A6 Paladin]] to provide navigation, pointing and self-location, allowing it to be put into action quickly.<ref>{{cite web|title=M777 155mm Ultralightweight Field Howitzer|url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/ufh/|access-date=23 September 2020|website=Army Technology|language=en-GB|quote=<!-- The TAD digital fire control system provides on-board ballistic computation, navigation, pointing and self-location, providing greater accuracy and faster reaction times, and also includes a laser ignition system, electric drives for the howitzer’s traverse and elevation, and a powered projectile rammer.-->}}</ref>
@@ Line 56: / Line 66: @@
 [[File:XM982 Excalibur inert (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[M982 Excalibur|XM982]] Excalibur GPS-guided munition (inert)]]
-The M777A2 may be combined with the [[M982 Excalibur]] 155 mm [[GPS]]-guided munition, which allows accurate fire at a range of up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This almost doubles the area covered by a single battery to about {{convert|1250|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Testing at the [[Yuma Proving Ground]] by the US Army placed 13 of 14 Excalibur rounds, fired from up to {{convert|24|km|mi}}, within {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} of their target, suggesting a [[circular error probable]] of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=can>{{cite web|url=http://defensenews.com/story.php?F=2740557&C=landwar|title=Canada Deploys GPS Shell To Afghanistan|publisher=defensenews.com|access-date=4 November 2014}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
+The M777A2 may be combined with the [[M982 Excalibur]] 155 mm [[GPS]]-guided munition, which allows accurate fire at a range of up to {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}. This almost doubles the area covered by a single battery to about {{convert|1,250|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Testing at the [[Yuma Proving Ground]] by the US Army placed 13 of 14 Excalibur rounds, fired from up to {{convert|24|km|mi}}, within {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} of their target, suggesting a [[circular error probable]] of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=can>{{cite web|url=http://defensenews.com/story.php?F=2740557&C=landwar|title=Canada Deploys GPS Shell To Afghanistan|publisher=defensenews.com|access-date=4 November 2014}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
+In June 2012, Golf Battery, [[2nd Battalion, 11th Marines]], out of Camp Pendleton, California, successfully fired the M982 Excalibur against insurgents at a range of {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} in [[Helmand Province]], Afghanistan. This was the longest operational shot in the history of the M777 howitzer, and the longest operational barrel artillery shot in history for the Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120630/NEWS/206300308/Long-shot-Artillery-battery-sets-lethal-record |title=Long shot: Artillery battery sets lethal record |work=Marine Corps Times |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=11 October 2013 |author=Lamothe, Dan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012102151/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120630/NEWS/206300308/Long-shot-Artillery-battery-sets-lethal-record |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
+Usually a barrel on a modern artillery system, like the M777, must be replaced after firing up to 2,500 shells.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2022 |title=Canada will send $9M worth of howitzer replacement barrels to Ukraine |language=en |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-sending-howitzer-barrels-nine-million-1.6489402 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
-In June 2012, Golf Battery, [[2nd Battalion, 11th Marines]], out of Camp Pendleton, California, fired the M982 Excalibur against insurgents at a range of {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} in [[Helmand Province]], Afghanistan. This was the longest operational shot in the history of the M777 howitzer, and the longest operational barrel artillery shot in history for the Marine Corps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120630/NEWS/206300308/Long-shot-Artillery-battery-sets-lethal-record |title=Long shot: Artillery battery sets lethal record |work=Marine Corps Times |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=11 October 2013 |author=Lamothe, Dan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012102151/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/article/20120630/NEWS/206300308/Long-shot-Artillery-battery-sets-lethal-record |archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref>
+November 2024 BAE announced the opening of a new artillery factory in Sheffield during 2025 to resume production of complete M777 artillery pieces for Ukraine and to help fulfil orders for fresh titanium cast spare parts from the US supplementing its US parts factory which also resumed production during 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/bae_systems_to_build_new_m777_howitzer_plant_timeline_and_cost_details-12549.html | title=BAE Systems to Build New M777 Howitzer Plant: Timeline and Cost Details|newspaper= Defense Express |date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> 8 countries have previously expressed interest in fresh unit orders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk./business/2024/11/15/bae-open-new-howitzer-factory-sheffield-strengthen-ukraine/ |title=BAE to open new howitzer factory in Sheffield to strengthen support for Ukraine|first=Matt| last=Oliver|date=15 November 2024 | newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>
-Usually a barrel on a modern artillery system, like the M777, must be replaced after firing up to 2,500 rounds.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2022 |title=Canada will send $9M worth of howitzer replacement barrels to Ukraine |language=en |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-sending-howitzer-barrels-nine-million-1.6489402 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
@@ Line 70: / Line 82: @@
 |-
 !Weight
-| {{convert|4200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
+| {{convert|4.2|t|abbr=on}}
-| {{convert|16000|lb|kg|abbr=on|order=flip}}
+| {{convert|7.154|t|abbr=on}}
 |-
 !Emplacement time
@@ Line 95: / Line 107: @@
 ==Variants==
-[[File:XM1113 in flight.jpg|thumb|XM1113 extended range artillery round, shown here at a range demonstration, uses a rocket-assist motor.]]
+[[File:XM1113 in flight.jpg|thumb|XM1113 extended-range artillery round, shown here at a range demonstration, uses a rocket-assist motor.]]
 *'''M777A2''' – Block 1A software upgrade. Addition of an Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter (EPIAFS) to enable [[M982 Excalibur|Excalibur]] and precision munition compatibility.<ref name="Goldman" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gooding |first1=Keith |last2=Kratzer |first2=David |date=October–December 2008 |title=PEO GCS's Digitized Towed Howitzer Supports the GWOT |url=http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/2008/4_OctNovDec/articles/32_PEO_GCS's_Digitized_Towed_Howitzer_Supports_the_GWOT_200810.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232243/http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/2008/4_OctNovDec/articles/32_PEO_GCS%27s_Digitized_Towed_Howitzer_Supports_the_GWOT_200810.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |work=Army Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Magazine |publisher=US Army Acquisition Support Center |page=32}}</ref>
-* '''M777ER''' – Upgrade created by the Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) project to extend range from {{convert|30|to|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/u.s._army_engineers_work_to_create_a_new_longer_m777_155mm_howitzer_under_the_name_m777er_13103162.html U.S. Army engineers work to create a new longer M777 155mm howitzer under the name M777ER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325052123/https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/u.s._army_engineers_work_to_create_a_new_longer_m777_155mm_howitzer_under_the_name_m777er_13103162.html|date=25 March 2018}}. ''Army Recognition''. 31 March 2016.</ref> Modified with a longer 55-caliber, {{cvt|30|ft|m|order=flip}} barrel and supercharged propellant firing the XM1113 [[rocket-assisted projectile]].<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/03/06/army-takes-40-mile-shots-from-extended-range-cannon-in-demo/ US Army takes 40-mile shots from extended-range cannon in demo]. ''Defense News''. 6 March 2020.</ref> The ERCA was determined to not be viable.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 May 2024|title=Feature: US Army's race for new howitzers, munitions takes off after modernisation effort scuttled|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/feature-us-armys-race-for-new-howitzers-munitions-takes-off-after-modernisation-effort-scuttled|access-date=|website=[[Janes Information Services]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518210719/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/feature-us-armys-race-for-new-howitzers-munitions-takes-off-after-modernisation-effort-scuttled|archive-date=18 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
+* '''M777ER''' – Upgrade created by the Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) project to extend range from {{convert|30|to|70|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/u.s._army_engineers_work_to_create_a_new_longer_m777_155mm_howitzer_under_the_name_m777er_13103162.html U.S. Army engineers work to create a new longer M777 155mm howitzer under the name M777ER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325052123/https://www.armyrecognition.com/weapons_defence_industry_military_technology_uk/u.s._army_engineers_work_to_create_a_new_longer_m777_155mm_howitzer_under_the_name_m777er_13103162.html|date=25 March 2018}}. ''Army Recognition''. 31 March 2016.</ref> Modified with a longer 55-caliber, {{cvt|30|ft|m|order=flip}} barrel and supercharged propellant firing the XM1113 [[rocket-assisted projectile]].<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/03/06/army-takes-40-mile-shots-from-extended-range-cannon-in-demo/ US Army takes 40-mile shots from extended-range cannon in demo]. ''Defense News''. 6 March 2020.</ref> The ERCA was determined to not be viable.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 May 2024|title=Feature: US Army's race for new howitzers, munitions takes off after modernisation effort scuttled|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/feature-us-armys-race-for-new-howitzers-munitions-takes-off-after-modernisation-effort-scuttled|access-date=|website=[[Janes Information Services]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518210719/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/feature-us-armys-race-for-new-howitzers-munitions-takes-off-after-modernisation-effort-scuttled|archive-date=18 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2024/10/15/why-the-army-is-looking-abroad-to-close-a-widening-artillery-gun-gap/ Why the Army is looking abroad to close a widening artillery gun gap]. ''[[Defense News]]''. 15 October 2024.</ref>
 * '''M777C1''' – M777 with DGMS (Canada)<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=National Defence |date=12 March 2015 |title=ARCHIVED - Defence Acquisition Guide 2016 |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/business-defence-acquisition-guide-2016/services-521.page |website=www.forces.gc.ca}}</ref>
 ==Ammunition==
-[[File:Rocket-Assisted-Projectile-Ammunition.jpg|thumb|Colour-coded section view of an XM1113 rocket assisted projectile ammunition round]]
+[[File:Rocket-Assisted-Projectile-Ammunition.jpg|thumb|Colour-coded section view of an XM1113 rocket-assisted projectile ammunition round]]
 * {{annotated link|M982 Excalibur}}
 * {{annotated link|M1128 projectile}}
 * [[XM1113]]<ref name="xm1113">{{cite news |url=https://www.army.mil/article/174013/army_developing_safer_extended_range_rocket_assisted_artillery_round|title=Army developing safer, extended range rocket-assisted artillery round }}</ref>
 * {{annotated link|M549A1}}<ref name=xm1113/>
+* [[Bofors/Nexter Bonus]] -- 155 mm guided artillery cluster round<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2020 |title=US Army purchases additional 155mm BONUS munitions |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/article/u-s--army-purchases-additional-155mm-bonus-munitions |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=www.baesystems.com}}</ref>
 ==Service history==
 ===Australia===
 [[File:Australian soldiers from the 8-12 Field Regiment firing a M777 155mm howitzer.jpg|thumb|Australian soldiers firing an M777A2 during a training exercise in 2016]]
-In 2008, the Australian Defence Force made a US [[Foreign Military Sales]] request for 57 M777A2s estimated to be worth up to US$248m.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia – M777A2 155MM Light-Weight Howitzers|url= http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Australia_08-78.pdf|publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency|access-date=12 September 2012|date=17 July 2008| place = WASHINGTON | quote =<!-- The Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible Foreign Military Sale to Australia of M777A2 155MM Light-Weight Howitzers as well as associated equipment and services. The total value, if all options are exercised, could be as high as $248 million.-->|url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115922/http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Australia_08-78.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, 35 guns were purchased for the Australian Army.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2009 |title=Boost in firepower |page=2 |work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper |publisher= Department of Defence |issue=1224 |location=Canberra |url= https://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1224/1224.pdf |access-date=7 January 2020 |issn= 0729-5685}}</ref> to re-equip the [[1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], the [[4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], and the [[8th/12th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], to replace 155&nbsp;mm M198s and 105&nbsp;mm [[L118 light gun#L119|L119 Light Guns.]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The first deliveries of M777A2 began in late 2010.<ref name="Bergmann">{{cite news|last= Bergmann|first=Kym|title=Push is on to bring out the big guns|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|publisher=News Ltd|date=23 October 2010|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/push-is-on-to-bring-out-the-big-guns/story-e6frg8yo-1225940262119|access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1= Kennedy|first1=Lt-Col Mitch|last2= Doran|first2=LCpl Mark|title=Changes in artillery|url= https://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1253/1253.pdf|work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper|issue=1253|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|issn=0729-5685|page=3|date=3 March 2011|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+In 2008, the Australian Defence Force made a US [[Foreign Military Sales]] request for 57 M777A2s estimated to be worth up to US$248m.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia – M777A2 155MM Light-Weight Howitzers|url= http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Australia_08-78.pdf|publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency|access-date=12 September 2012|date=17 July 2008| place = WASHINGTON | quote =<!-- The Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress of a possible Foreign Military Sale to Australia of M777A2 155MM Light-Weight Howitzers as well as associated equipment and services. The total value, if all options are exercised, could be as high as $248 million.-->|url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115922/http://www.dsca.osd.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/Australia_08-78.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Subsequently, 35 guns were purchased for the Australian Army<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2009 |title=Boost in firepower |page=2 |work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper |publisher= Department of Defence |issue=1224 |location=Canberra |url= https://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1224/1224.pdf |access-date=7 January 2020 |issn= 0729-5685}}</ref> to re-equip the [[1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], the [[4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], and the [[8th/12th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery]], to replace 155&nbsp;mm M198s and 105&nbsp;mm [[L118 light gun#L119|L119 Light Guns.]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} The first deliveries of M777A2 began in late 2010.<ref name="Bergmann">{{cite news|last= Bergmann|first=Kym|title=Push is on to bring out the big guns|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|publisher=News Ltd|date=23 October 2010|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/push-is-on-to-bring-out-the-big-guns/story-e6frg8yo-1225940262119|access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1= Kennedy|first1=Lt-Col Mitch|last2= Doran|first2=LCpl Mark|title=Changes in artillery|url= https://www.defence.gov.au/Publications/NewsPapers/Army/editions/1253/1253.pdf|work=Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper|issue=1253|publisher=Department of Defence|location=Canberra|issn=0729-5685|page=3|date=3 March 2011|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>
 An additional 19 guns will be bought directly from American production lines to enable a total of six batteries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Army to get more towed guns|url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/army-to-get-more-towed-field-guns/story-e6frfku9-1226497153525|work=news.com.au|agency=AAP|access-date=16 October 2012|date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016105843/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/army-to-get-more-towed-field-guns/story-e6frfku9-1226497153525|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Concurrently, the Australian Army has acquired guided 155&nbsp;mm munitions in the form of the [[M982 Excalibur]] and [[XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit]].<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-Australia-Requests-Precision-Guidance-Kits-for-155mm-Munitions_n000011806.aspx FMS: Australia Requests Precision Guidance Kits for 155mm Munitions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311080218/http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-Australia-Requests-Precision-Guidance-Kits-for-155mm-Munitions_n000011806.aspx |date=11 March 2014}} - Deagel.com, 12 August 2013</ref> In late April 2022, Australia announced that they would donate six of their M777 howitzers, with ammunition, to aid in the defence of Ukraine during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=aus6 />
 ===Brazil===
-In 2010, the [[Brazilian Navy]] evaluated the 155&nbsp;mm M777 as a candidate to replace the six 155&nbsp;mm [[M114 155 mm howitzer|M114A1]] howitzers of the [[Brazilian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] branch.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/09/19/marinha-do-brasil-interessada-no-obuseiro-m777-da-bae-systems/|title=Marinha do Brasil interessada no obuseiro M777 da BAE Systems|date=19 September 2010|website=Forças Terrestres - ForTe|language=pt|trans-title=Brazilian Navy interested on BAE Systems' M777 howitzer|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084333/http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/09/19/marinha-do-brasil-interessada-no-obuseiro-m777-da-bae-systems/|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The successor to the M114 has not yet been chosen.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
+In 2010, the [[Brazilian Navy]] evaluated the 155&nbsp;mm M777 as a candidate to replace the six 155&nbsp;mm [[M114 155 mm howitzer|M114A1]] howitzers of the [[Brazilian Marine Corps|Marine Corps]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/09/19/marinha-do-brasil-interessada-no-obuseiro-m777-da-bae-systems/|title=Marinha do Brasil interessada no obuseiro M777 da BAE Systems|date=19 September 2010|website=Forças Terrestres - ForTe|language=pt|trans-title=Brazilian Navy interested on BAE Systems' M777 howitzer|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084333/http://www.forte.jor.br/2010/09/19/marinha-do-brasil-interessada-no-obuseiro-m777-da-bae-systems/|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}} the M777 was still under consideration.<ref name=fitzgerald/>
 ===Canada===
@@ Line 130: / Line 143: @@
 {{main|Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan#Ultra-light Howitzers}}
-The [[Indian Army]] first announced plans to acquire 145 guns for {{INRConvert|30|b|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |work=The Times of India |first1=Chidanand |last1= Rajghatta |title=US okays howitzers worth $647 million for India |date= 28 January 2010 |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100130193304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |archive-date=30 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Purchase plans were overtaken when the procurement process was restarted in July 2010. India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] cleared the proposal for buying 145 guns for US$660 million on 11 May 2012 through the US Government's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) process.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.globaldefence.net/defence-news/21762-india-orders-145-m777-ultra-light-howitzers-from-bae-systems.html|title=India Orders 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers From BAE Systems|author=HP|access-date=4 November 2014 | work = Global defence |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141105020731/http://www.globaldefence.net/defence-news/21762-india-orders-145-m777-ultra-light-howitzers-from-bae-systems.html|archive-date=5 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> This was put up before the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] for clearance and will subsequently be taken up by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] for final approval.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/india-clears-660-million-deal-for-artillery-guns/articleshow/13095688.cms|work=The Economic Times|title=India clears $660 million deal for artillery guns |date=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref>
+The [[Indian Army]] first announced plans to acquire 145 M777s for ₹30 billion (₹3,000 crore) in January 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |date=28 January 2010 |title=US okays howitzers worth $647 million for India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100130193304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-okays-howitzers-worth-647-million-for-India/articleshow/5506969.cms |archive-date=30 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Purchase plans were overtaken when the procurement process was restarted in July 2010.{{cn|date=July 2024}} On 11 May 2012, India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] formally cleared a proposal to buy 145 guns for ₹30 billion through the US government's [[Foreign Military Sales]] (FMS) process.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=11 May 2012 |title=Rs 3k-cr Howitzer deal gets green signal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rs-3k-cr-howitzer-deal-2332269 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> The proposal was scheduled to be reviewed next by the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], followed by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defense-update.com/20120511_india_clearsm777_howitzers_aquisition.html |title=India to purchase US M777 Howitzers from BAE Systems |last=Sarkar |first=Debajit |date=11 May 2012 |website=[[Defense Update]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref><ref>
-{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |work=DNA |title=Defence Ministry clears M777 howitzers procurement projects |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513214402/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August 2013, India requested the sale of 145 M777 howitzers for US$885 million.<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx FMS: India Requests Sale of 145 M777 155mm Light-Weight Towed Howitzers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814001154/http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx |date=14 August 2013}} - Deagel.com, 7 August 2013</ref>
+{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |work=DNA |title=Defence Ministry clears M777 howitzers procurement projects |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513214402/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-to-buy-m777-howitzers-from-us_1687512 |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August 2013, India requested the sale of 145 M777 howitzers for US$737.582 million.<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx FMS: India Requests Sale of 145 M777 155mm Light-Weight Towed Howitzers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814001154/http://www.deagel.com/news/FMS-India-Requests-Sale-of-145-M777-155mm-Light-Weight-Towed-Howitzers_n000011794.aspx |date=14 August 2013}} - Deagel.com, 7 August 2013</ref>
-In February 2014 the purchase was again postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140224210228/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2014 |title=India Postpones Purchase of 145 Ultra Light Howitzers |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Vivek |date=24 February 2014 |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> In May 2014 the purchase was cleared by India's Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |title=India buys new artillery guns, 27 years after Bofors |date=11 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017144906/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2014, the Government of India announced that it would not order the guns because of cost issues.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |title=Indian MoD says M777 buy in doubt over high cost, offset requirements |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015225942/http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, the selection process was restarted under the "[[Make In India]]" program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |title=Three decades on, defence minister clears Rs 15,750 crore howitzer projects |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=23 November 2014 |work=The Times of India|publisher=TNN |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, the Ministry of Defence approved ₹29 billion (₹2,900 crore) to buy 145 M777 ultralight howitzers from the US.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly/B44LoBP4= |title=New Aircraft Carrier, Brahmos Missiles, C-295 Planes & M-777 Howitzers all cleared for Purchase |last1=Govindan |first1=Adarsh |date=14 May 2015 |website= defencenews.in |publisher=TNN |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150519033229/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly%2FB44LoBP4%3D |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2015, the Indian Ministry of Defence said it was keen on placing a follow-up order of 500 more M777 guns.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ministry-keen-to-purchase-500-more-howitzer-guns-from-bae-systems/article7987937.ece|title=Ministry keen to purchase 500 more Howitzer guns from BAE Systems|first=Nayanima|last=Basu|date=14 December 2015|website=The Hindu Businessline|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref>
+In February 2014 the purchase was again postponed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |title=India Postpones Purchase of 145 Ultra Light Howitzers |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Vivek |date=24 February 2014 |website=[[Defense News]] |publisher=Gannett Government Media |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140224210228/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140224/DEFREG03/302240025 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2014}}</ref> In May 2014 the purchase was cleared by India's Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |title=India buys new artillery guns, 27 years after Bofors |date=11 May 2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017144906/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/india-buys-new-artillery-guns-27-years-after-bofors-209582 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2014, the government announced that it would not order the guns because of cost issues.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |title=Indian MoD says M777 buy in doubt over high cost, offset requirements |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015225942/http://www.janes.com/article/40766/indian-mod-says-m777-buy-in-doubt-over-high-cost-offset-requirements |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014, the selection process was restarted under the "[[Make In India]]" program.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |title=Three decades on, defence minister clears Rs 15,750 crore howitzer projects |last1=Pandit |first1=Rajat |date=23 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |publisher=TNN |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141126090010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-decades-on-defence-minister-clears-Rs-15750-crore-howitzer-projects/articleshow/45245771.cms |archive-date=26 November 2014 |url-status=live |quote=A fresh tender or RFP (request for proposal) will now be issued for the 155mm/52-calibre mounted artillery in the "Buy & Make India" category, with 100 guns to be bought off-the-shelf and the rest 714 to be subsequently manufactured in India.}}</ref> In May 2015, the Ministry of Defence approved ₹29 billion (₹2,900 crore) to buy 145 M777 ultralight howitzers from the US.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly/B44LoBP4= |title=New Aircraft Carrier, Brahmos Missiles, C-295 Planes & M-777 Howitzers all cleared for Purchase |last1=Govindan |first1=Adarsh |date=14 May 2015 |website= defencenews.in |publisher=TNN |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150519033229/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=ly%2FB44LoBP4%3D |archive-date=19 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2015, the Indian Ministry of Defence said it was keen on placing a follow-up order of 500 more M777 guns.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ministry-keen-to-purchase-500-more-howitzer-guns-from-bae-systems/article7987937.ece |title=Ministry keen to purchase 500 more Howitzer guns from BAE Systems |first=Nayanima |last=Basu |date=14 December 2015 |website=The Hindu Businessline |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref>
-In June 2016, it was announced that 145 guns will be purchased by India for US$750 million.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us/1/700866.html|title=India clears purchase of 145 ultra-light Howitzer guns from US|work=India Today|first=Manjeet|last=Sehgal|date=25 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170511044221/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us/1/700866.html|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2016 the Indian government completed the deal to buy 145 howitzers from the US.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/m777-howitzer-deal-inked-by-the-indian-government/637 |title=M777 howitzer deal inked by the Indian government |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201021609/http://www.ssbinterviewtips.in/m777-howitzer-deal-inked-by-the-indian-government/637 |archive-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lal|first1=Neeta|title= India Gets its Guns – 30 years late |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/econ-business/india-guns-30-years-late/|access-date=21 December 2016|work=Asia Sentinel|date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220220256/http://www.asiasentinel.com/econ-business/india-guns-30-years-late/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status= live}}</ref> Under the agreement, BAE Systems supplied 25 ready-built howitzers, while 120 guns were manufactured in India by Mahindra Defence Systems Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army's M777 regiment to get 3 made-in-India guns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 November 2019 |date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
+In June 2016, India once again announced its intent to buy 145 guns from the US, this time for US$750 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us/1/700866.html |title=India clears purchase of 145 ultra-light Howitzer guns from US |work=[[India Today]] |first=Manjeet |last=Sehgal |date=25 June 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170511044221/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-clears-purchase-of-145-ultra-light-howitzer-guns-from-us/1/700866.html |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government formally signed the contract for the purchase on 30 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/m777-howitzer-india-america-bae-systems-354924-2016-11-30 |title=India signs Rs 5000 crore M777 howitzer contract with US |date=2 December 2016 |orig-date=30 November 2016 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116091444/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/m777-howitzer-india-america-bae-systems-354924-2016-11-30 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lal |first1=Neeta |title= India Gets its Guns – 30 years late |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/econ-business/india-guns-30-years-late/ |access-date=21 December 2016 |work=Asia Sentinel |date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220220256/http://www.asiasentinel.com/econ-business/india-guns-30-years-late/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status= live}}</ref> Under the agreement, BAE Systems supplied 25 ready-built howitzers, while 120 guns were assembled in India by Mahindra Defence Systems Limited.<ref name="hindustan-times 22-07-2020">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=22 July 2020 |title=Indian Army's M777 regiment to get 3 made-in-India guns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
-The Indian Army received its first shipment of two howitzers in 2017 from the United States in ready to use condition.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/ |title=Army gets its first artillery guns three decades after Bofors, will be tested at Pokhran today|date=18 May 2017|work= indian express |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602130427/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece|title=Two M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers arrive from U.S.|first=Dinakar|last=Peri|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170518103659/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece |archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, the barrel of one of the howitzers was damaged while firing during calibration trials.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |title= Army's new US-made M777 howitzer in trouble, barrel explodes at Pokhran range|first=Rahul|last= Singh|date=12 September 2017|newspaper= Hindustan Times |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170912164656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |title=Barrel of US-manufactured Howitzer gun explodes during Indian army's calibration trial|first=Pradip R.|last=Sagar |newspaper=New Indian Express |date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912174258/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian army used the M777 howitzer in the Himvijay exercise in Arunachal Pradesh which involved the newly raised integrated battle groups.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India to deploy latest American weapon systems for Ex-HimVijay along China border |author=a syndicated feed |newspaper=Business Standard |date=13 September 2019 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-to-deploy-latest-american-weapon-systems-for-ex-himvijay-along-china-border-119091300408_1.html}}</ref>
+The Indian Army received its first shipment of two howitzers in 2017 from the United States in ready-to-use condition.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Sushant |date=18 May 2017 |title=Army gets its first artillery guns three decades after Bofors, will be tested at Pokhran today |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602130427/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-gets-its-first-artillery-guns-three-decades-after-bofors-will-be-tested-at-pokhran-4661306/ |archive-date=2 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece |title=Two M777 Ultra-Light Howitzers arrive from U.S. |first=Dinakar |last=Peri |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170518103659/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-gets-two-us-made-m777-ultra-light-howitzers/article18482205.ece |archive-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=live |date=18 May 2017}}</ref> In September 2017, the barrel of one of the howitzers was damaged while firing during calibration trials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=12 September 2017 |title= Army's new US-made M777 howitzer in trouble, barrel explodes at Pokhran range |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170912164656/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-s-new-us-made-m777-howitzer-in-trouble-barrel-explodes-at-pokhran-range/story-FBr9a2voeSWrumBhZisFcO.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |title=Barrel of US-manufactured Howitzer gun explodes during Indian army's calibration trial|first=Pradip R.|last=Sagar |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912174258/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/sep/12/barrel-of-us-manufactured-howitzer-gun-explodes-during-indian-armys-calibration-trial-1656186.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian army used the M777 howitzer in the Himvijay exercise in Arunachal Pradesh which involved the newly raised integrated battle groups.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=13 September 2019 |title=India to deploy latest American weapon systems for Ex-HimVijay along China border |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-to-deploy-latest-american-weapon-systems-for-ex-himvijay-along-china-border-119091300408_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
-A total of seven artillery regiments are planned, each of 18 guns. The first regiment is planned to be raised by the end of 2020 with 15 guns supplied by BAE systems and three guns supplied by Mahindra Defense Systems Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/m777-regiment-to-get-3-made-in-india-guns/story-xhNr4drnZCckqN3qErlfyK.html|title=Indian Army's M777 regiment to get 3 made-in-India guns - The Economic Times|website=m-economictimes-com.cdn.ampproject.org|access-date=13 November 2019|date=13 November 2019}}</ref> In July 2020, in the wake of escalating tension with China, further purchases of Excalibur shells were announced by the Indian Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/border-clashes-prompt-india-to-fast-track-weapons-buys/|title=Border clashes prompt India to fast-track weapons buys|date=7 July 2020|work=Asia Times}}</ref>
+A total of seven artillery regiments were raised, each using 18 guns. The first regiment was planned to be raised by the end of 2020, with 15 guns supplied by BAE systems and three guns supplied by Mahindra Defense Systems Limited.<ref name="hindustan-times 22-07-2020" /> The induction of all seven regiments was completed in 2022. In July 2020, in the wake of escalating tension with China, the Ministry of Defence announced further purchases of Excalibur shells.<ref>{{cite news |last=Makichuk |first=Dave |date=7 July 2020 |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/border-clashes-prompt-india-to-fast-track-weapons-buys/ |title=Border clashes prompt India to fast-track weapons buys |work=[[Asia Times]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
-Several of these howitzers were deployed in the [[Ladakh]] area and the north eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] at the border with China.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/army-rolls-out-ultra-light-m-777-howitzers-along-china-border-in-arunachal/20220908.htm | title=Army rolls out ultra-light M-777 howitzers along China border in Arunachal }}</ref>
+Several of these howitzers were deployed in the [[Ladakh]] area and the north eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] at the border with China.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Manash Pratim |date=8 September 2022 |title=Army rolls out ultra-light M-777 howitzers along China border in Arunachal |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/army-rolls-out-ultra-light-m-777-howitzers-along-china-border-in-arunachal/20220908.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
 ===Ukraine===
-In April 2022, during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in the [[Russo-Ukraine War]], the United States provided 108, Canada 4, and Australia 6 M777 howitzers with ammunition to the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukrainian armed forces]], to repel Russia.<ref name="Canada M777" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/69f39ffb0c58c7fdbbf3154cca0a9230 |title=EXPLAINER: Why Washington is boosting heavy arms for Ukraine |author=Robert Burns |date=22 April 2022 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=aus6 /><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance for Ukraine|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3008717/fact-sheet-on-us-security-assistance-for-ukraine/|date=22 April 2022|access-date=27 April 2022|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{Cite news |last1=Zengerle |first1=Patricia |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=19 May 2022 |title=Biden administration authorizes $100 million more in Ukraine military aid |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-biden-sign-additional-100-million-ukraine-security-assistance-sources-2022-05-19/ |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> Canada promised 10 barrels to replace any worn out during firing.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 16 June 2022 |title=Canada to provide further military aid for Ukraine | work = National Herald India |url= https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/canada-to-provide-further-military-aid-for-ukraine |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Usually a modern artillery system, like the M777, must have the barrel replaced after firing up to 2,500 rounds.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
+In April 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the United States provided 108, Canada 4, and Australia 6 M777 howitzers with ammunition to the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukrainian armed forces]], to repel Russia.<ref name="Canada M777" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/69f39ffb0c58c7fdbbf3154cca0a9230 |title=EXPLAINER: Why Washington is boosting heavy arms for Ukraine |author=Robert Burns |date=22 April 2022 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=aus6 /><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance for Ukraine|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3008717/fact-sheet-on-us-security-assistance-for-ukraine/|date=22 April 2022|access-date=27 April 2022|publisher=U.S. Department of Defense|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{Cite news |last1=Zengerle |first1=Patricia |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=19 May 2022 |title=Biden administration authorizes $100 million more in Ukraine military aid |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/exclusive-biden-sign-additional-100-million-ukraine-security-assistance-sources-2022-05-19/ |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref> Canada promised 10 barrels to replace any worn out during firing.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 16 June 2022 |title=Canada to provide further military aid for Ukraine | work = National Herald India |url= https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/international/canada-to-provide-further-military-aid-for-ukraine |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Usually a modern artillery system, like the M777, must have the barrel replaced after firing up to 2,500 shells.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
 A Ukrainian officer said in October 2022 that while M777 has to be towed, and has a lower fire rate than the German [[Panzerhaubitze 2000]] and French [[CAESAR self-propelled howitzer|CAESAR]], it is more accurate and easier to use. BAE stated that month that it was discussing with the United States restarting production of the weapon, after good performance in Ukraine and lower cost of operation caused other nations to ask about purchasing it.<ref name="wsj20221009" />
 In October 2022, Ukraine was given an additional 16 M777 by the US,<ref>{{Cite news | author1= Oleg Danylov | date=5 October 2022 |title= New US aid package: plus 4 HIMARS, 16 155mm M777 howitzers and precision rounds for them|url=https://mezha.media/en/2022/10/05/new-us-aid-package-plus-4-himars-16-155mm-m777-howitzers-and-precision-rounds-for-them/|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> and {{asof|2022|10|lc=y}} had at least 170.<ref name="wsj20221009">{{Cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Alistair |last2=Michaels |first2=Daniel |date=9 October 2022 |title=BAE, U.S. in Talks to Restart M777 Howitzer Production After Ukraine Success |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/bae-u-s-in-talks-to-restart-m777-howitzer-production-after-ukraine-success-11665307803 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 October 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In November 2022, according to U.S. and Ukrainian officials, a third of the roughly 350 Western-made howitzers (including 142 M777s given by the US) donated to Ukraine are out of action at any given time. Those weapons are wearing out after months of overuse, or being damaged or destroyed in combat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/25/us/ukraine-artillery-breakdown.html|title=Artillery Is Breaking in Ukraine. It's Becoming a Problem for the Pentagon.|first1=John|last1=Ismay|first2=Thomas|last2=Gibbons-Neff|work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2022|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> As of late May 2023, at least 52 M777s were reported to have been destroyed or damaged.<ref name=oryx/>
-One Ukrainian crew claims to have fired 6,000 rounds through their M777. During this time they have had four barrel changes. All of these barrel replacements occurred before the limit of 2,500 rounds as they noticed accuracy was decreasing.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 9 November 2022|title= M777 crew replaced the howitzer barrel four times due to overuse |author= Boyko Nikolov | work= Bulgarian Military|url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/11/09/m777-crew-replaced-the-howitzer-barrel-four-times-due-to-overuse/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref>
+One Ukrainian crew claims to have fired 6,000 rounds through their M777. During this time they have had four barrel changes. All of these barrel replacements occurred before the limit of 2,500 shells as they noticed accuracy was decreasing.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 9 November 2022|title= M777 crew replaced the howitzer barrel four times due to overuse |author= Boyko Nikolov | work= Bulgarian Military|url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/11/09/m777-crew-replaced-the-howitzer-barrel-four-times-due-to-overuse/ |access-date=20 November 2022}}</ref>
 Ukrainian Brigadier General Volodomyr Karpenko in a June 2022 interview said that M777 is prone to damage by shrapnel from incoming artillery fire. He said that ordinarily two of the six M777 guns in an artillery battery would require maintenance due to shrapnel damage to subsystems after every "artillery contact".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2022/6/15/ukraine-to-us-defense-industry-we-need-long-range-precision-weapons |title=Breaking: Ukraine to U.S. Defense Industry: We Need Long-Range, Precision Weapons (updated)|date=15 June 2022|work=National Defense}}</ref> Russian forces claim to have seized a damaged and inoperable M777 during fighting in Siversk in eastern Ukraine in July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://defence-blog.com/russian-forces-found-damaged-ukrainian-m777-howitzer/ |title= Russian forces found damaged Ukrainian M777 howitzer | author1=Colton Jones|date=13 July 2022| access-date=13 July 2022| work= defence-blog.com}}</ref>
+By the end of May 2024 the Russian military portal Lostarmour recorded around 96 destroyed, 1 captured and 65 damaged M777s.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://lostarmour.info/tags/m777|title=Lostarmour: Потери 155-мм гаубиц M777 ВСУ |access-date=2024-04-01}}</ref> Most of them were destroyed using UAV [[ZALA Lancet]].
-As of 24 January 2024, the [[Oryx (website)|Oryx blog]], recorded at least 79 M777s having been lost in combat (41 destroyed, 38 damaged). The Oryx's list only includes destroyed or damaged equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available, thus the amount of equipment lost could be higher than Oryx documented.<ref name="oryx">{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Janovsky |first2=Jakub |date=February 24, 2022 |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html#:~:text=39%20155mm%20M777A2%20howitzer |access-date=20 September 2023 |website=Oryx |publisher=Oryxspioenkop}}</ref>
+As of 16 November 2024, the [[Oryx (website)|Oryx blog]], recorded at least 98 M777s having been lost in combat (55 destroyed, 43 damaged). The Oryx's list only includes destroyed or damaged equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available, thus the amount of equipment lost could be higher than Oryx documented.<ref name="oryx">{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Janovsky |first2=Jakub |date=February 24, 2022 |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-ukrainian.html#:~:text=39%20155mm%20M777A2%20howitzer |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=Oryx |publisher=Oryxspioenkop}}</ref>
-By the beginning of April 2024 the military analytical portal Lostarmour recorded around 90 destroyed and 50 damaged M777s.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://lostarmour.info/tags/m777|title=Lostarmour: Потери 155-мм гаубиц M777 ВСУ |access-date=2024-04-01}}</ref> Most of them were destroyed using UAV [[ZALA Lancet]].
 ===United States===
-The M777 succeeded the [[M198 howitzer]] in the [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[United States Army]] in 2005. In 2014 the US military began fielding several upgrades to its M777 howitzers including new [[liquid crystal display]] units, software updates, improved power systems, and muzzle sensors for onboard ballistic computing. Future upgrades include a touchscreen Chief Section Display, a new Mission System Computer, and a digital radio.<ref name="PM Towed Artillery Systems">{{cite web|title=PM Towed Artillery Systems|url=http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/pm-towed-artillery-systems/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105012411/http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/pm-towed-artillery-systems/|archive-date=5 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|work=Defense Media Network}}</ref>
+The M777 succeeded the [[M198 howitzer]] in the [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[United States Army]] in 2005. In 2014 the US military began fielding several upgrades to its M777 howitzers, including new [[liquid crystal display]] units, software updates, improved power systems, and muzzle sensors for onboard ballistic computing. Future upgrades include a touchscreen Chief Section Display, a new Mission System Computer, and a digital radio.<ref name="PM Towed Artillery Systems">{{cite web|title=PM Towed Artillery Systems|url=http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/pm-towed-artillery-systems/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105012411/http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/pm-towed-artillery-systems/|archive-date=5 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014|work=Defense Media Network}}</ref>
 ====Army====
 [[File:Firing rounds with an M777 Howitzer Afghanistan 2009.jpg|right|thumb|M777 of Battery C, 1st Battalion, 321st Airborne Field Artillery Regiment firing at Forward Operating Base Bostick, Afghanistan, 2009.]]
-The [[18th Field Artillery Brigade]] (Airborne) at [[Fort Bragg]], North Carolina, was the initial Army test bed unit for the XM777 which included the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the [[321st Field Artillery Regiment]]. The initial prototypes were tested by 1st Battalion, 377th Air Assault Regiment, in 1998 also a unit of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade.
+The [[18th Field Artillery Brigade]] (Airborne) at [[Fort Liberty]], North Carolina, was the initial Army test bed unit for the XM777 which included the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the [[321st Field Artillery Regiment]]. The initial prototypes were tested by 1st Battalion, 377th Air Assault Regiment, in 1998 also a unit of the 18th Field Artillery Brigade.
 nd Platoon, Bravo Battery, 2nd Battalion, [[11th Field Artillery Regiment]] (2-11 FA), was the first US Army unit to fire the M777A in combat in January 2008 in support of [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. In June 2007, the M777 in its A2 configuration was assigned to the U.S. Army's 3-321 FA. It deployed to [[Afghanistan]] in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] in December 2007 in January 2008 making the unit the first U.S. Army unit to utilise the M777 in combat in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In April 2008, the M777 was deployed for testing with [[8th Field Artillery Regiment|2-8 FA]] at [[Fort Wainwright]] in [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].<ref>[http://www.newsminer.com/news/2008/mar/27/alaska-brief-march-27/ "Alaska in Brief—March 27"]{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Army to test new howitzer in Fairbanks", ''Fairbanks Daily News-Miner'', 27 March 2008. Accessed 27 March 2008.</ref>
@@ Line 169: / Line 182: @@
 In July 2008, at [[Camp Shelby]], Mississippi, [[108th Field Artillery Regiment]], [[28th Infantry Division (United States)|28th Infantry Division]], [[Pennsylvania National Guard]], became the first field artillery unit of the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] to field and fire the M777.
-In August 2017, two soldiers from [[319th Field Artillery Regiment]] were killed from a breech explosion and other members of their gun crew were injured while attempting to fire a M777 at an ISIL mortar position in northern Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/2-us-soldiers-killed-in-artillery-mishap-in-iraq-identified-1.482836#.WZaAAulLfIU|title=2 US soldiers killed in artillery mishap in Iraq identified|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816013329/https://www.stripes.com/news/2-us-soldiers-killed-in-artillery-mishap-in-iraq-identified-1.482836#.WZaAAulLfIU |archive-date= 16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple firing incidents have occurred during training with the M777 including a fatal one in February 2014 with 3-321 FA<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0222/82nd-Airborne-paratrooper-dies-in-howitzer-explosion-at-Fort-Bragg |title=82nd Airborne paratrooper dies in howitzer explosion at Fort Bragg|agency=Associated Press|work=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105002911/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0222/82nd-Airborne-paratrooper-dies-in-howitzer-explosion-at-Fort-Bragg |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live |date=22 February 2014}}</ref> and previously in 2011 with Marines from [[Camp Lejeune]] also at Fort Bragg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/9271350/|title=Ten injured during artillery training at Fort Bragg |publisher=WRAL |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141104224019/http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/9271350/|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status= live|date=15 March 2011}}</ref>
+In August 2017, two soldiers from [[319th Field Artillery Regiment]] were killed from a breech explosion and other members of their gun crew were injured while attempting to fire a M777 at an ISIL mortar position in northern Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/2-us-soldiers-killed-in-artillery-mishap-in-iraq-identified-1.482836#.WZaAAulLfIU|title=2 US soldiers killed in artillery mishap in Iraq identified|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816013329/https://www.stripes.com/news/2-us-soldiers-killed-in-artillery-mishap-in-iraq-identified-1.482836#.WZaAAulLfIU |archive-date= 16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple firing incidents have occurred during training with the M777, including a fatal one in February 2014 with 3-321 FA<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0222/82nd-Airborne-paratrooper-dies-in-howitzer-explosion-at-Fort-Bragg |title=82nd Airborne paratrooper dies in howitzer explosion at Fort Bragg|agency=Associated Press|work=The Christian Science Monitor |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105002911/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2014/0222/82nd-Airborne-paratrooper-dies-in-howitzer-explosion-at-Fort-Bragg |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live |date=22 February 2014}}</ref> and previously in 2011 with Marines from [[Camp Lejeune]] also at Fort Bragg.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/9271350/|title=Ten injured during artillery training at Fort Bragg |publisher=WRAL |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141104224019/http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/9271350/|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status= live|date=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 In May 2017, the US Army announced it was buying the Swedish [[Bofors 155 Bonus]] round as an interim system as a result of the required phasing out of [[cluster munitions]] from artillery shells, complying with policy to achieve less than 1% [[unexploded ordnance]] from non-unitary explosives. The BONUS has two sensor-fused munitions deployed by a 155&nbsp;mm carrier projectile that scan the ground for targets and fire [[explosively formed penetrator]]s down from the air. The system has been tested from the M777 howitzer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/02/army-concerned-over-ban-on-cluster-munitions-land-mines.html |title=Army Concerned Over Ban on Cluster Munitions, Land Mines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806185246/http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/02/army-concerned-over-ban-on-cluster-munitions-land-mines.html?ESRC=todayinmil.sm |archive-date=6 August 2017 |website=Military.com |date= 2 May 2017}}</ref>
@@ Line 180: / Line 193: @@
 In May 2005, [[3rd Battalion, 11th Marines]], based at [[Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms]], became the first Marine unit to begin fielding the new M777. 580 guns were supplied to the Marines, and 421 to the U.S. Army and National Guard.<ref name= "deagel1">{{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/news/DoD-Orders-46-Additional-M777-Howitzers_n000008440.aspx |title=DoD Orders 46 Additional M777 Howitzers |publisher=Deagel |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709004034/http://www.deagel.com/news/DoD-Orders-46-Additional-M777-Howitzers_n000008440.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= "autogenerated190">{{citation |url= http://asafm.army.mil/Documents/OfficeDocuments/Budget/BudgetMaterials/FY12/pforms//wtcv.pdf |title= Budget | page = 190 |access-date=28 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110420084026/http://asafm.army.mil/Documents/OfficeDocuments/Budget/BudgetMaterials/FY12/pforms//wtcv.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-In March 2016, 200 Marines and four M777A2 howitzers from the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] set up [[Firebase Bell]], officially the Karasoar Counterfire Complex, near the Iraqi town of [[Makhmur, Iraq|Makhmour]], supporting the [[Iraqi Army]]'s Mosul offensive. The firebase was only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip}} from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]]-controlled territory.<ref name="militarytimes1">[http://www.militarytimes.com/story/veterans/2016/04/07/near-isis-front-us-marine-artillerymen-fire-everyday/82748578/ "Near ISIS front, U.S. Marine artillerymen 'fire every day'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022719/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/veterans/2016/04/07/near-isis-front-us-marine-artillerymen-fire-everyday/82748578/ |date=18 August 2016}} ''Military Times'', 7 April 2016</ref>
+In March 2016, 200 marines and four M777A2 howitzers from the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] set up [[Firebase Bell]], officially the Karasoar Counterfire Complex, near the Iraqi town of [[Makhmur, Iraq|Makhmour]], supporting the [[Iraqi Army]]'s Mosul offensive. The firebase was only {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip}} from [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]]-controlled territory.<ref name="militarytimes1">[http://www.militarytimes.com/story/veterans/2016/04/07/near-isis-front-us-marine-artillerymen-fire-everyday/82748578/ "Near ISIS front, U.S. Marine artillerymen 'fire every day'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022719/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/veterans/2016/04/07/near-isis-front-us-marine-artillerymen-fire-everyday/82748578/ |date=18 August 2016}} ''Military Times'', 7 April 2016</ref>
 The Marine howitzers fired every day in support of Iraqi maneuvers, using high explosive, smoke, and illumination rounds.<ref name="militarytimes1"/> They were relieved by Army soldiers after roughly 60 days, after firing more than 2,000 rounds in 486 fire missions.<ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/2016/06/30/marines-iraq-came-under-numerous-rocket-attacks-commander-says/86561736/ "Marines in Iraq came under 'numerous' rocket attacks, commander says"]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} ''Military Times'', 30 June 2016</ref>
@@ Line 191: / Line 204: @@
 * [[Military intervention against ISIL]]: Multiple M777A2 guns were deployed to Iraq on the border with [[Syria]] from 8 November 2018 to April 2019 to support the [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] in the [[Battle of Baghuz Fawqani]], the ultimately successful operation to capture the [[Al-Baghuz Fawqani|final town]] held by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State group]]. They deployed to Firebase Saham, a base freshly constructed by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] to provide fire support during the battle, especially during cloudy days when U.S. aircraft could not see to conduct airstrikes.<ref name=":1" />
 * [[2020–2022 China–India skirmishes]]: The Indian Army has apparently deployed multiple artillery platforms, including the M777 howitzers, along the Line of Actual Control or the border with China where the PLA and the Indian Army have been engaged in a standoff for many months now.
-* [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]: The U.S. has supplied 126 M777 howitzers to Ukraine as part of several military aid packages.<ref name="m777">Caitlin M. Kenney & Kevin Baron [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/04/how-much-can-us-howitzers-help-ukraine/366093/ (25 Apr 2022) How Much Can US Howitzers Help Ukraine?] Explainer</ref> Ukraine received 6 additional units from Australia and 4 from Canada, as well as 200,000 155 mm rounds and 72 trucks to transport the guns, enough to supply six battalions. Ukrainian forces claim they need this weapon as their own artillery does not have the range of Russian systems, while the M777 has a range greater than Russian weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/13/gas-masks-medics-ukraine-choking-troops-sloviansk |title=Trial by fire: Ukraine war becomes gruelling artillery duel |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
+* [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]: The U.S. has supplied 126 M777 howitzers to Ukraine as part of several military aid packages.<ref name="m777">Caitlin M. Kenney & Kevin Baron [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/04/how-much-can-us-howitzers-help-ukraine/366093/ (25 Apr 2022) How Much Can US Howitzers Help Ukraine?] Explainer</ref> Ukraine received 6 additional units from Australia and 4 from Canada, as well as 200,000 155 mm rounds and 72 trucks to transport the guns, enough to supply six battalions. Ukrainian forces said that they needed this weapon as their own artillery does not have the range of Russian systems, while the M777 has a range greater than Russian weapons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/13/gas-masks-medics-ukraine-choking-troops-sloviansk |title=Trial by fire: Ukraine war becomes gruelling artillery duel| last1 = Graham-Harrison | first1 = Emma| last2 = Semchuk | first2 = Kateryna|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 May 2022}}</ref>
 ==Operators==
@@ Line 204: / Line 217: @@
 * [[Canadian Army]]: 33 systems, previously 37 with 4 having been donated to Ukraine. The donated howitzers will be replenished.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Defence |first=National |date=6 March 2014 |title=Status Report on Transformational and Major Crown Projects - RPP 2014-15 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/plans-priorities/2014-15/status-report-transformational-major-crown-projects.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2022 |title=Canada announces artillery and other additional military aid for Ukraine |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/news/2022/04/canada-announces-artillery-and-other-additional-military-aid-for-ukraine.html |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
 ;{{IND}}
-* [[Indian Army]]: 145 systems in service. Of these 120 were built by [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra Defence Systems]], in a business arrangement with [[BAE Systems]].<ref name="Variant">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |title=New barrel, extended range - India & US explore joint development of M777 howitzer variant |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=20 February 2023 |website= |work= |publisher= |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054032/https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+* [[Indian Army]]: 145 systems in service. Of these 120 were built by [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra Defence Systems]], in a business arrangement with [[BAE Systems]].<ref name="Variant">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |title=New barrel, extended range - India & US explore joint development of M777 howitzer variant |author=Snehesh Alex Philip |date=20 February 2023 |website= [[ThePrint]]|publisher= |access-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054032/https://theprint.in/defence/new-barrel-extended-range-india-us-explore-joint-development-of-m777-howitzer-variant/1378821/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ;{{USA}}:
 * [[US Army]] and [[Army National Guard]]: 518 systems were acquired.