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{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}}
{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = {{Lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪلهوڙا خاندان}}}}
| native_name = {{Lang|fa|{{Naskh|دودمان کلهوره}}}}
⚫
| subdivision = Dynasty
| nation = [[Sindh]]
| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty
| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty
| common_name = Kalhora
| common_name = Kalhora
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| image_flag =
| image_flag =
| image_map =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| image_map_caption =
| national_anthem =
| national_anthem =
| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[[M. H. Panhwar]], ''[https://sanipanhwar.com/uploads/books/2024-08-29_10-20-27_91e34ed28e27701d8c313402b37daf9d.pdf Languages of Sindh]'', p 7.</ref>
| capital = [[Khudabad]] (1710–1768) [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] (1768–1783)
| capital = [[Khudabad]] (1710–1768) [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] (1768–1783)
| government_type = Nobility
| government_type = Nobility
| title_leader = Amir
| title_leader = Amir and nawab
| leader1 = Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Abbasi
| leader1 = Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhoro
| year_leader1 =
| year_leader1 = 1701-1719
| leader2 =
| leader2 = Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro
| year_leader2 =
| year_leader2 = 1775-1782
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
⚫
| today =
}}
}}
{{History of Sind}}
{{History of Sind}}
The '''Kalhora dynasty''' ({{lang-sd|{{Naskh|ڪلهوڙا خاندان}}|translit=Kalhora Khandaan}}) was a Muslim dynasty based in the region of [[Sindh]], present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of [[Khudabad]], before shifting to [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] from 1768 onwards. They were assigned to hold authority by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Grand Vizier [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]].{{cn|date=July 2023}}
The '''Kalhora dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|{{Naskh|خاندان کلهوره عباسيه}}}}) was a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] Muslim [[Kalhora]] tribe dynasty based in the region of [[Sindh]], present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of [[Kutch]] (present-day [[Gujarat]], India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of [[Khudabad]], before shifting to [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] from 1768 onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories) |url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/mehran/Book2/Book_page9.html |website=[[Sindhi Adabi Board]]}}</ref> They were assigned to hold authority by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Grand Vizier [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]].{{cn|date=July 2023}}


Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro]] was invested with title of ''Khuda Yar Khan'' and was made [[Subahdar|subedar]] of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of [[Sehwan]] and thus oversaw most of Sindh.<ref name="Ansari1992">{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}</ref>
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro]] was invested with title of ''Khuda Yar Khan'' and was made [[Subahdar|subedar]] of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of [[Sehwan]] and thus oversaw most of Sindh.<ref name="Ansari1992">{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}</ref>


The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] [[amir]]s. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.<ref name="Ansari1992"/>
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] [[amir]]s. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.<ref name="Ansari1992"/>

==Origins==
[[Khafi Khan]] an eminent historian(c. 1664-1732) and a contemporary writer mentioned that the ancestors of Kalhoras belonged to the Lati clan, Masir ul umara also mentions Lati as the last name of Kalhora chief. Lati is a [[Jats|Jat]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodivala Hormsji Shahpurshah |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.65899 |title=Studies In Indo-muslim History A Critical Commentary On Elliot |date=1939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibbetson |first=Sir Denzil |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Glossary_of_the_Tribes_and_Castes_of_the.html?id=1QmrSwFYe60C#v=onepage&q=kalhoras,%20are,%20originally%20jat&f=false |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Maclagan |date=1990 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Later, Kalhora rulers claimed Arab ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sindh_and_the_Races_that_Inhabit_the_Val.html?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C#v=onepage&q=kalhora%20claimed%20arab&f=false |title=Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus |date=1851 |publisher=W. H. Allen |language=en}}</ref>


==Rulers==
==Rulers==
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| 1720
| 1720
| 1756
| 1756
| Son of Yaar Muhammad. <br>Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. <br> Kolhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1736.
| Son of Yaar Muhammad. <br>Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. <br> Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1736.
|-
|-
| [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)|Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro]]
| [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)|Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro]]
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{{History of Sindh}}
{{History of Sindh}}
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kalhora dynasty|Kalhora dynasty]]
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[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan]]
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[[Category:History of Sindh]]
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[[Category:Kalhora dynasty]]
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[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:1701 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1701 establishments in Asia]]
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[[Category:History of Sindh]]
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[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
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[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
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[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

Latest revision as of 11:33, 27 November 2024

Kalhora dynasty
دودمان کلهوره‎
1701–1783
CapitalKhudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783)
Official languagesPersian[1]
GovernmentNobility
Amir and nawab 
• 1701-1719
Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhoro
• 1775-1782
Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro
History 
• Established
1701
• Disestablished
1783
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Thatta Subah
Talpur dynasty
Part of a series on the
History of Sindh
Ancient
Classical
Medieval
Colonial
Pakistan
History of Pakistan

The Kalhora dynasty (Persian: خاندان کلهوره عباسيه‎) was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[2] They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.[citation needed]

Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made subedar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.[3]

The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nadir Shah. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by Talpurs amirs. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.[3]

Rulers

[edit]
Personal Name Reign Notes
From Until
Yar Muhammad Kalhoro 1700 1720 Younger son of Nasir Kalhora
Noor Mohammad Kalhoro 1720 1756 Son of Yaar Muhammad.
Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty.
Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1736.
Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro 1756 1758 Son of Noor Muhammad.
Ghulam Shah Kalhoro 1758 1772 Son of Noor Muhammad.
Sarfaraz Kalhoro 1772 1775 Son of Ghulam Shah.
Abdul Nabi Kalhoro 1775 1782 Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ M. H. Panhwar, Languages of Sindh, p 7.
  2. ^ "Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories)". Sindhi Adabi Board.
  3. ^ a b Sarah F. D. Ansari (31 January 1992). Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-521-40530-0.
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