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{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}} |
{{Short description|Sunni Muslim dynasty in the region of Sindh}} |
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{{Infobox former |
{{Infobox former country |
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| native_name = {{Lang| |
| native_name = {{Lang|fa|{{Naskh|دودمان کلهوره}}}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| nation = [[Sindh]] |
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| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty |
| conventional_long_name = Kalhora dynasty |
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| common_name = Kalhora |
| common_name = Kalhora |
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| image_flag = |
| image_flag = |
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| image_map = |
| image_map = |
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| image_map_caption = |
| image_map_caption = |
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| national_anthem = |
| national_anthem = |
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| official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[[M. H. Panhwar]], ''[https://sanipanhwar.com/uploads/books/2024-08-29_10-20-27_91e34ed28e27701d8c313402b37daf9d.pdf Languages of Sindh]'', p 7.</ref> |
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| capital = [[Khudabad]] (1710–1768) [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] (1768–1783) |
| capital = [[Khudabad]] (1710–1768) [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] (1768–1783) |
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| government_type = Nobility |
| government_type = Nobility |
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| title_leader = Amir |
| title_leader = Amir and nawab |
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| leader1 = Mian Yar Muhammad Khan |
| leader1 = Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhoro |
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| year_leader1 = |
| year_leader1 = 1701-1719 |
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| leader2 = |
| leader2 = Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro |
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| year_leader2 = |
| year_leader2 = 1775-1782 |
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| footnotes = |
| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{History of Sind}} |
{{History of Sind}} |
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The '''Kalhora dynasty''' ({{ |
The '''Kalhora dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|{{Naskh|خاندان کلهوره عباسيه}}}}) was a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] Muslim [[Kalhora]] tribe dynasty based in the region of [[Sindh]], present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of [[Kutch]] (present-day [[Gujarat]], India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of [[Khudabad]], before shifting to [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] from 1768 onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories) |url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/mehran/Book2/Book_page9.html |website=[[Sindhi Adabi Board]]}}</ref> They were assigned to hold authority by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Grand Vizier [[Mirza Ghazi Beg]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} |
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Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro]] was invested with title of ''Khuda Yar Khan'' and was made [[Subahdar|subedar]] of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of [[Sehwan]] and thus oversaw most of Sindh.<ref name="Ansari1992">{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}</ref> |
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when [[Yar Muhammad Kalhoro]] was invested with title of ''Khuda Yar Khan'' and was made [[Subahdar|subedar]] of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of [[Sehwan]] and thus oversaw most of Sindh.<ref name="Ansari1992">{{cite book|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA32|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=32–34}}</ref> |
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The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] [[amir]]s. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.<ref name="Ansari1992"/> |
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of [[Nadir Shah]]. [[Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro]] reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] [[amir]]s. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.<ref name="Ansari1992"/> |
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==Origins== |
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Kalhoras were Sindhis which claimed [[Arab]] descent.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh6BAAAAMAAJ&q=kalhoro+indigenous |title= Ethnicity and politics in Pakistan |author=Feroz Ahmed |page=65 |date= 1998 |isbn= 978-0-19-577906-6 |quote=..The later Mughul rulers had to recognize the sovereignty of Sindh under the Kalhoro native rule..}}</ref> |
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==Rulers== |
==Rulers== |
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| 1720 |
| 1720 |
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| 1756 |
| 1756 |
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| Son of Yaar Muhammad. <br>Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. <br> |
| Son of Yaar Muhammad. <br>Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. <br> Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1736. |
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| [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)|Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro]] |
| [[Muhammad Muradyab Khan (Nawab Sarbuland Khan)|Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro]] |
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{{History of Sindh}} |
{{History of Sindh}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Kalhora dynasty|Kalhora dynasty]] |
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[[Category:1701 establishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:1701 establishments in Asia]] |
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[[Category:Former monarchies in Pakistani history]] |
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[[Category:Former monarchies of India]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:33, 27 November 2024
Kalhora dynasty دودمان کلهوره | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1701–1783 | |||||||||
| Capital | Khudabad (1710–1768) Haiderabad (1768–1783) | ||||||||
| Official languages | Persian[1] | ||||||||
| Government | Nobility | ||||||||
| Amir and nawab | |||||||||
• 1701-1719 | Mian Yar Muhammad Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
• 1775-1782 | Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1701 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1783 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Sindh |
|---|
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| History of Pakistan |
The Kalhora dynasty (Persian: خاندان کلهوره عباسيه) was a Sindhi Muslim Kalhora tribe dynasty based in the region of Sindh, present day Pakistan. The dynasty governed much of Sindh and parts of Kutch (present-day Gujarat, India) between 1701 and 1783 from their capital of Khudabad, before shifting to Hyderabad from 1768 onwards.[2] They were assigned to hold authority by the Mughal Grand Vizier Mirza Ghazi Beg.[citation needed]
Kalhora governance of Sindh began around the start of the 18th century when Yar Muhammad Kalhoro was invested with title of Khuda Yar Khan and was made subedar of Upper Sindh by royal decree of the Mughals. Later, after his death, his son was additionally appointed subedar of Sehwan and thus oversaw most of Sindh.[3]
The Kalhora dynasty succumbed during the invasion of Nadir Shah. Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro reorganised and consolidated his power, but his son lost control of Sindh and was overthrown by Talpurs amirs. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro was the last Kalhora ruler.[3]
Rulers
[edit]| Personal Name | Reign | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | ||
| Yar Muhammad Kalhoro | 1700 | 1720 | Younger son of Nasir Kalhora |
| Noor Mohammad Kalhoro | 1720 | 1756 | Son of Yaar Muhammad. Sultan and Sufi Saint of Kalhoro Dynasty. Kalhora Dynasty Declared as an Independent State by Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1736. |
| Muhammad Muradyab Kalhoro | 1756 | 1758 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro | 1758 | 1772 | Son of Noor Muhammad. |
| Sarfaraz Kalhoro | 1772 | 1775 | Son of Ghulam Shah. |
| Abdul Nabi Kalhoro | 1775 | 1782 | Son of Sarfaraz Kalhoro. |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ M. H. Panhwar, Languages of Sindh, p 7.
- ^ "Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (Stories)". Sindhi Adabi Board.
- ^ a b Sarah F. D. Ansari (31 January 1992). Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-521-40530-0.