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{{for|the village in Brunei|Kampong Putat}}
{{for|the village in Brunei|Kampong Putat}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Barringtonia-asiatica-SF24176-01.jpg
|image =Barringtonia asiatica Md Sharif Hossain Sourav.jpg
|image_caption =Flower and leaf, Bangladesh
|image_caption =
|status = LC
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Razafiniary, V. |date=2021 |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T31339A166509744 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T31339A166509744.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Razafiniary, V. |date=2021 |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T31339A166509744 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T31339A166509744.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|taxon = Barringtonia asiatica
|taxon = Barringtonia asiatica
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]{{R|POWO}}
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]<ref name=trop1>&nbsp;Under its treatment as ''Barringtonia asiatica'' (from its basionym ''Mammea asiatica'' L.), this species was published in ''Preliminary Report on the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu'' App. A: 65. 1875. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/17900286 |title=Name - ''Barringtonia asiatica'' (L.) Kurz |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO|WFO}}
⚫
|synonyms = *''Agasta asiatica'' <small>(L.) Miers</small>
|synonyms =
⚫
*''Agasta indica'' <small>Miers</small>
{{Collapsible list
⚫
*''Agasta splendida'' <small>Miers</small>
|title = 13 synonyms
⚫
*''Barringtonia butonica'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
|bullets = true
*''Barringtonia levequii'' <small>Jard. [Invalid]</small>
*''Barringtonia littorea'' <small>Oken [Illegitimate]</small>
|''Agasta asiatica'' <small>(L.) Miers</small>
*''Barringtonia senequei'' <small>Jard.</small>
|''Agasta indica'' <small>Miers</small>
*''Barringtonia speciosa'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
|''Agasta splendida'' <small>Miers</small>
*''Barringtonia speciosa'' <small>L. f.</small>
|''Barringtonia butonica'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
*''Butonica speciosa'' <small>(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Lam.</small>
|''Barringtonia levequii'' <small>Jard. ''[[nom. nud.]]''</small>
*''Huttum speciosum'' <small>(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Britten</small>
|''Barringtonia littorea'' <small>Oken ''[[nom. illeg.]]''</small>
*''Mammea asiatica'' <small>L. Sy</small>
|''Barringtonia senequei'' <small>Jard.</small>
*''Michelia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>
|''Barringtonia speciosa'' <small>J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.</small>
*''Mitraria commersonia'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small>
|''Butonica speciosa'' <small>(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Lam.</small>
⚫
|''Huttum speciosum'' <small>(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Britten</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=TPL>{{ThePlantList | id = kew-313402 | taxon = Barringtonia asiatica | authority = (L.) Kurz | accessdate = 23 Mar 2016 }}</ref>
⚫
|''Mammea asiatica'' <small>L.</small>
⚫
|''Michelia asiatica'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>
⚫
|''Mitraria commersonia'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small>
}}
}}
}}


'''''Barringtonia asiatica''''', also known as '''fish poison tree''', '''putat''' or '''sea poison tree''', is a species of ''[[Barringtonia]]'' native to [[mangrove]] habitats from islands of the Indian Ocean in the west to tropical Asia and islands of the western Pacific Ocean.<ref name=sbwr/><ref name=grin/>
'''''Barringtonia asiatica''''' ('''fish poison tree''',<ref name=sbwr>{{ cite web |author=Ria Tan |title=Sea Poison Tree |work=Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park |year=2001 |location=Singapore |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm |accessdate=August 23, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202005137/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm | archivedate=December 2, 2011}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> '''putat'''<ref name=sbwr/> or '''sea poison tree'''<ref name=sbwr/>) is a species of ''[[Barringtonia]]'' native to [[mangrove]] habitats from islands of the Indian Ocean in the west to tropical Asia and islands of the western Pacific Ocean.<ref name=sbwr/><ref name=grin/> It is grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India, for instance in some towns on the southeastern shore. It is also known as Box Fruit due to the distinct box-shaped fruit it produces.<ref name=thiel2004>{{cite book|author1=Thiel, M. |author2=Gutow, L. |year=2004 |title=The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I. |volume=42 |pages=181–263 |doi=10.1201/9780203507810.ch6 |url=http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Thi2004a.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724175326/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Thi2004a.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-24 |series=Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review |hdl=10533/176078 |isbn=978-0-8493-2727-8 }} Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref> The local name ''futu'' is the source of the name for the Polynesian island [[Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna|Futuna]].<ref>Smith, S. Percy. "Futuna, or Horne Island, and Its People". ''The Journal of the Polynesian Society'', Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33{{spaced ndash}}52. 1892</ref> The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] was collected by botanist [[Pehr Osbeck]] on a sandy beach area on the island of [[Java]], later to be described (and given the original name of ''Mammea asiatica'') by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753<ref name=trop3>&nbsp;''Mammea asiatica'' L. (the basionym to ''Barringtonia asiatica'') was originally described and published in ''Species Plantarum'' 1: 512–513. 1753. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7801014 |title=Name - ''Mammea asiatica'' L. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref> (and reassigned to the genus, ''[[Barringtonia]]'', by [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Wilhelm Kurz]] in 1875).<ref name=apni>{{APNI2|id=109676|name=''Barringtonia asiatica''}}</ref><ref name=kurz>{{cite book|author=Kurz, W.S.|date=1875|title= Appendix A: List of Burmese forest trees. Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu|pages=52|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20783718}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 7–25 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are narrow obovate, 20–40&nbsp;cm in length and 10–20&nbsp;cm in width. Fruit produced as mentioned earlier, is otherwise aptly known as the Box Fruit, due to distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section of the fruit, given its semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a subpyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9–11&nbsp;cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers the 4–5&nbsp;cm diameter [[seed]].<ref name=sbwr/><ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014675 ''Barringtonia asiatica'']</ref>
It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 7–25 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are narrow obovate, 20–40&nbsp;cm in length and 10–20&nbsp;cm in width. Fruit produced as mentioned earlier, is otherwise aptly known as the Box Fruit, due to distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section of the fruit, given its semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a subpyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9–11&nbsp;cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers the 4–5&nbsp;cm diameter [[seed]].<ref name=sbwr/><ref name="FOC"/>

==Taxonomy==
This species was first described in 1753 as ''Mammea asiatica'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]], based on material collected from Java by [[Pehr Osbeck]], a Swedish naturalist and one of Linnaeus' [[Apostles_of_Linnaeus|apostles]].{{R|LINNAEUS|trop3}} It was transferred to the genus ''Barringtonia'' by the German botanist [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz]] in 1875.{{R|KURZ}} A number of other botanists have collected specimens of this plant and described them under different names, all of which are now recognised as synonyms (see synonyms list).{{R|POWO|WFO}}

===Etymology===
The genus name was created to honour the English lawyer, antiquary and naturalist, [[Daines Barrington]],{{R|FORSTER}} while the [[Botanical name#Binary name|species epithet]] ''asiatica'' refers to the region where this species is found.{{R|FOA}}


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a [[coconut]] – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.<ref>Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "[http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2002/1/bot431-05.pdf Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)]." ''Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica.'' Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref> It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;<ref name=thiel2004/> it was one of the first plants to colonise [[Krakatoa|Anak Krakatau]] when this island first appeared after the [[Krakatoa|Krakatau]] eruption.<ref name=sbwr/> When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.
The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.<ref>Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "[http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2002/1/bot431-05.pdf Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)]." ''Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica.'' Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref> It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;{{R|THIEL}}{{Failed verification|reason=Neither "Barringtonia" nor "box" is mentioned in the cited paper |date=June 2024}} it was one of the first plants to colonise [[Krakatoa|Anak Krakatau]] when this island first appeared after the [[Krakatoa|Krakatau]] eruption.<ref name=sbwr/> When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.


==Human use==
==Human use==
Line 46: Line 56:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|28em|refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:469061-1 |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' (L.) Kurz |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |year=2024 |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000774825 |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' Kurz |website=[[World Flora Online]] |publisher=World Flora Online Consortium |date=2024 |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FORSTER">{{cite book |last1=Forster |first1=Johann Reinhold |last2=Forster |first2=Georg |title=Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis, : collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis |date=1776 |location=London |page=76 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3590578 |lang=la |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Barringtonia%20asiatica |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' |last1=Henderson |first1=R.J.F. |last2=Telford |first2=I.R.H. |last3=Kodela |first3=P.G. |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="LINNAEUS">{{cite book |last1=Linneaus |first1=Carl |title=Species plantarum |date=1753 |location=Stockholm |pages=512–513 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358531 |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=trop3>{{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/7801014 |title=Name - ''Mammea asiatica'' L. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="KURZ">{{cite book |last1=Kurz |first1=Wilhelm Sulpiz |title=Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu |date=1873 |publisher=C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press |location=Kolkata |page=52 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.25981 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20783718 |chapter=Appendix B. General key to the Burmese trees}}</ref>

<ref name="THIEL">{{cite journal |last1=Thiel |first1=M. |last2=Gutow |first2=L. |title=The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I: The floating substrata |journal=Oceanography and Marine Biology |date=2004 |volume=42 |pages=181–264 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-ecology-of-rafting-in-the-marine-environment.-Thiel-Gutow/c240005e0538caab1c64d828a460935b702e5625 |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Barringtonia asiatica'' (Linnaeus) Kurz |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014675 |website=Flora of China (eFloras) |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

<ref name=sbwr>{{ cite web |author=Ria Tan |title=Sea Poison Tree |work=Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park |year=2001 |location=Singapore |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm |accessdate=August 23, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202005137/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/sea_poison.htm | archivedate=December 2, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate=November 1, 2011}}</ref>
}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q311468}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q311468}}
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[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]

Latest revision as of 11:42, 27 November 2024

For the settlement in the Philippines, see Putat, Cebu.
For the village in Brunei, see Kampong Putat.

Barringtonia asiatica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Lecythidaceae
Genus: Barringtonia
Species:
B. asiatica
Binomial name
Barringtonia asiatica
Synonyms[2][3]
13 synonyms
  • Agasta asiatica (L.) Miers
  • Agasta indica Miers
  • Agasta splendida Miers
  • Barringtonia butonica J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Barringtonia levequii Jard. nom. nud.
  • Barringtonia littorea Oken nom. illeg.
  • Barringtonia senequei Jard.
  • Barringtonia speciosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Butonica speciosa (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Lam.
  • Huttum speciosum (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Britten
  • Mammea asiatica L.
  • Michelia asiatica (L.) Kuntze
  • Mitraria commersonia J.F.Gmel.

Barringtonia asiatica, also known as fish poison tree, putat or sea poison tree, is a species of Barringtonia native to mangrove habitats from islands of the Indian Ocean in the west to tropical Asia and islands of the western Pacific Ocean.[4][5]

Description

[edit]

It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 7–25 m tall. The leaves are narrow obovate, 20–40 cm in length and 10–20 cm in width. Fruit produced as mentioned earlier, is otherwise aptly known as the Box Fruit, due to distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section of the fruit, given its semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a subpyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9–11 cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers the 4–5 cm diameter seed.[4][6]

Taxonomy

[edit]

This species was first described in 1753 as Mammea asiatica by Carl Linnaeus, based on material collected from Java by Pehr Osbeck, a Swedish naturalist and one of Linnaeus' apostles.[7][8] It was transferred to the genus Barringtonia by the German botanist Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz in 1875.[9] A number of other botanists have collected specimens of this plant and described them under different names, all of which are now recognised as synonyms (see synonyms list).[2][3]

Etymology

[edit]

The genus name was created to honour the English lawyer, antiquary and naturalist, Daines Barrington,[10] while the species epithet asiatica refers to the region where this species is found.[11]

Ecology

[edit]

The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.[12] It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;[13][failed verification] it was one of the first plants to colonise Anak Krakatau when this island first appeared after the Krakatau eruption.[4] When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.

Human use

[edit]

All parts of the tree are poisonous, the active poisons including saponins. Box fruits are potent enough to be used as a fish poison. The seeds are ground to a powder and used to stun or kill fish for easy capture,[4] suffocating the fish while the flesh is unaffected.[14]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Razafiniary, V. (2021). "Barringtonia asiatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T31339A166509744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T31339A166509744.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Barringtonia asiatica Kurz". World Flora Online. World Flora Online Consortium. 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d Ria Tan (2001). "Sea Poison Tree". Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Singapore. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  5. ^ "Barringtonia asiatica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  6. ^ "Barringtonia asiatica (Linnaeus) Kurz". Flora of China (eFloras). Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  7. ^ Linneaus, Carl (1753). Species plantarum. Stockholm. pp. 512–513. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Name - Mammea asiatica L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  9. ^ Kurz, Wilhelm Sulpiz (1873). "Appendix B. General key to the Burmese trees". Preliminary report on the forest and other vegetation of Pegu. Kolkata: C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press. p. 52. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.25981.
  10. ^ Forster, Johann Reinhold; Forster, Georg (1776). Characteres generum plantarum, quas in itinere ad insulas maris Australis, : collegerunt, descripserunt, delinearunt, annis (in Latin). London. p. 76. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  11. ^ Henderson, R.J.F.; Telford, I.R.H.; Kodela, P.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Barringtonia asiatica". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  12. ^ Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)." Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.
  13. ^ Thiel, M.; Gutow, L. (2004). "The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I: The floating substrata". Oceanography and Marine Biology. 42: 181–264. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  14. ^ Thaman, R.R. "Receptors Batiri kei Baravi: The ethnobotany of the Pacific island coastal plants Archived September 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Atoll Research Bulletin. Vol. 361, 1-62. May, 1992. Accessed 2009-05-31.
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