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{{Short description|French physicist and mathematician (1775–1836)}}
{{Short description|French physicist and mathematician (1775–1836)}}
{{For|the microarchitecture|Ampere (microarchitecture)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|ForMemRS}}
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| name = André-Marie Ampère
| image = Ampere Andre 1825.jpg
| image = Ampere Andre 1825.jpg
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| caption = Engraving of Ampère

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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1775|1|20}}
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| caption = Engraving of André-Marie Ampère
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| birth_place = [[Lyon]], [[Kingdom of France]]<br>(now France)
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| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1775|1|20}}
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1836|6|10|1775|1|20}}
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| birth_place = [[Lyon]], [[Kingdom of France]]
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| death_place = [[Marseille]], [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]] (now France)
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1836|6|10|1775|1|20}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Fluorine#Early discoveries|Discovery of fluorine]]|[[Ampère's circuital law]]|[[Ampère's force law]]|[[Magnetic_moment#Amperian_loop_model|Ampèrian loop model]]|[[Right-hand rule#Ampère's right-hand grip rule|Ampère's right hand grip rule]]|[[Monge–Ampère equation]]|[[Avogadro's law|Avogadro–Ampère hypothesis]]|[[Needle telegraph]]|[[Solenoid]]|[[Ampere]]}}
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| death_place = [[Marseille]], [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]
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| awards = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|ForMemRS]] (1827)
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| field = [[Physics]]
| fields = [[Physics]]<br>[[Mathematics]]
| work_institutions = [[École Polytechnique]]
| work_institutions = [[École polytechnique]]<br>[[Collège de France]]
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| signature = André-Marie Ampère signature.svg
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Ampère's circuital law]]<br/>[[Ampère's force law]]<br />[[Right-hand rule#Ampère's right-hand grip rule|Ampère's right hand grip rule]]<br />[[Magnetic_moment#Amperian_loop_model|Ampèrian loop model]]<br/>[[Avogadro's law|Avogadro-Ampère hypothesis]]<br/>[[Monge–Ampère equation]]<br>Discovery of [[fluorine]]<br>[[Needle telegraph]]<br>[[Solenoid]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| footnotes =
| signature = André-Marie Ampère signature.svg
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| awards = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1827)
}}
}}
{{Electromagnetism}}
{{Electromagnetism}}
⚫
'''André-Marie Ampère''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɑ̃|p|ɛər|,_|æ|m|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|æ|m|p|ɪər}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ampere "Ampère"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]].''</ref> {{IPA-fr|ɑ̃pɛʁ|lang}}; 20 January 1775{{snd}}10 June 1836)<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsci001gill|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=United States of America|isbn=9780684101149}}</ref> was a [[French people|French]] [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]] who was one of the founders of the science of [[classical electromagnetism]], which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the [[solenoid]] (a term coined by him) and the [[electrical telegraph]]. As an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]], Ampère was a member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] and professor at the [[École polytechnique]] and the [[Collège de France]].


⚫
'''André-Marie Ampère''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|ɑ̃|p|ɛər|,_|ˈ|æ|m|p|ɛər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|æ|m|p|ɪər}};<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ampere "Ampère"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]].''</ref> {{IPA|fr|ɑ̃dʁe maʁi ɑ̃pɛʁ|lang}}; 20 January 1775{{snd}}10 June 1836)<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsci001gill|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=United States of America|isbn=9780684101149}}</ref> was a French [[physicist]] and [[mathematician]] who was one of the founders of the science of [[classical electromagnetism]], which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the [[solenoid]] (a term coined by him) and the [[electrical telegraph]]. As an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]], Ampère was a member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] and professor at the [[École polytechnique]] and the [[Collège de France]].
The [[International System of Units|SI]] unit of measurement of [[electric current]], the [[ampere]], is named after him. His name is also one of the [[List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower|72 names inscribed]] on the [[Eiffel Tower]].

The [[International System of Units|SI]] unit of [[electric current]], the [[ampere]] (A), is named after him. His name is also one of the [[List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower|72 names inscribed]] on the [[Eiffel Tower]]. The term kinematic is the English version of His ''cinématique'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Ampère |first=André-Marie |author-link=André-Marie Ampère |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_j4QPAAAAQAAJ |title=Essai sur la Philosophie des Sciences |publisher=Chez Bachelier |year=1834}}</ref> which he constructed from the [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|κίνημα}} ''kinema'' ("movement, motion"), itself derived from {{lang|grc|κινεῖν}} ''kinein'' ("to move").<ref>{{cite book |last=Merz |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea02merzuoft |title=A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Blackwood, London |year=1903 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea02merzuoft/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref name="Bottema">{{cite book |author=O. Bottema & B. Roth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8I4yGVi9ocC |title=Theoretical Kinematics |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1990 |isbn=0-486-66346-9 |at=preface, p. 5}}</ref>

== Biography ==


==Early life==
=== Early life ===
André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the [[French Enlightenment]]. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at [[Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or]] near Lyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Andre-Marie_Ampere |title=Andre-Marie Ampere |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Jean-Jacques Ampère, a successful merchant, was an admirer of the philosophy of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], whose theories of education (as outlined in his treatise [[Emile, or On Education|Émile]]) were the basis of Ampère's education. Rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead a "direct education from nature." Ampère's father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well-stocked library. French Enlightenment masterpieces such as [[Georges Louis Leclerc, Count of Buffon|Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon]]'s ''Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière'' (begun in 1749) and [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]'s ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' (volumes added between 1751 and 1772) thus became Ampère's schoolmasters.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his [[Latin]] lessons, which enabled him to master the works of [[Leonhard Euler]] and [[Daniel Bernoulli]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ampère, André Marie|volume=1|pages=878–879}}</ref>
André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 in Lyon to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the [[French Enlightenment]]. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at [[Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or]] near Lyon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Andre-Marie_Ampere |title=Andre-Marie Ampere |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> Jean-Jacques Ampère, a successful merchant, was an admirer of the philosophy of [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], whose theories of education (as outlined in his treatise ''[[Emile, or On Education|Émile]]'') were the basis of Ampère's education. Rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead a "direct education from nature." Ampère's father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well-stocked library. French Enlightenment masterpieces such as [[Georges Louis Leclerc, Count of Buffon|Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon]]'s ''Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière'' (begun in 1749) and [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]'s ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' (volumes added between 1751 and 1772) thus became Ampère's schoolmasters.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his [[Latin]] lessons, which enabled him to master the works of [[Leonhard Euler]] and [[Daniel Bernoulli]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Ampère, André Marie|volume=1|pages=878–879}}</ref>


==French Revolution==
=== French Revolution ===
In addition, Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew, but as a [[polymath]], his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.<ref name="EB1911"/> His mother was a devout Catholic, so Ampère was also initiated into the [[Catholicism|Catholic faith]] along with Enlightenment science. The [[French Revolution]] (1789–99) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère's father was called into [[Civil service|public service]] by the new revolutionary government,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://simplyknowledge.com/popular/biography/andre-marie-ampere |title=Biography of Andre Marie Ampere|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> becoming a justice of the peace in a small town near Lyon. When the [[Jacobin]] faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792, his father Jean-Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides, and he was [[guillotine]]d on 24 November 1793, as part of the [[Jacobin#The Terror|Jacobin purges]] of the period.
In addition, Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew, but as a [[polymath]], his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.<ref name="EB1911"/> His mother was a devout Catholic, so Ampère was also initiated into the [[Catholicism|Catholic faith]] along with Enlightenment science. The [[French Revolution]] (1789–99) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère's father was called into [[Civil service|public service]] by the new revolutionary government,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://simplyknowledge.com/popular/biography/andre-marie-ampere |title=Biography of Andre Marie Ampere|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> becoming a local judge (''juge de paix'') in a small town near Lyon. When the [[Jacobin]] faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792, his father Jean-Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides, and he was [[guillotine]]d on 24 November 1793, as part of the [[Jacobin#The Terror|Jacobin purges]] of the period.


In 1796, Ampère met Julie Carron and, in 1799, they were married. Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a [[mathematics]] teacher, which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child, [[Jean-Jacques Ampère|Jean-Jacques]] (named after his father), the next year. (Jean-Jacques Ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages.) Ampère's maturation corresponded with the transition to the [[Napoleonic era|Napoleonic regime]] in France, and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new French [[Napoleon|First Consul]]. In 1802, Ampère was appointed a professor of [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] at the École Centrale in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], leaving his ailing wife and infant son [[Jean-Jacques Ampère|Jean-Jacques Antoine Ampère]] in Lyon. He used his time in Bourg to research mathematics, producing ''Considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu'' (1802; "Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games"), a treatise on [[Probability theory|mathematical probability]] that he sent to the [[Paris Academy of Sciences]] in 1803.
In 1796, Ampère met Julie Carron and, in 1799, they were married. Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a [[mathematics]] teacher, which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child, [[Jean-Jacques Ampère|Jean-Jacques]] (named after his father), the next year. (Jean-Jacques Ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages.) Ampère's maturation corresponded with the transition to the [[Napoleonic era|Napoleonic regime]] in France, and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new French [[Napoleon|First Consul]]. In 1802, Ampère was appointed a professor of [[physics]] and [[chemistry]] at the École Centrale in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], leaving his ailing wife and infant son [[Jean-Jacques Ampère|Jean-Jacques Antoine Ampère]] in Lyon. He used his time in Bourg to research mathematics, producing ''Considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu'' (1802; "Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games"), a treatise on [[Probability theory|mathematical probability]] that he sent to the [[Paris Academy of Sciences]] in 1803.


==Teaching career==
=== Teaching career ===
[[File:Ampère - Essai sur la philosophie des sciences, 1838 - 3912601 323893 1 00011.tif|thumb|''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'']]
[[File:Ampère - Essai sur la philosophie des sciences, 1838 - 3912601 323893 1 00011.tif|thumb|''Essai sur la philosophie des sciences'']]
After the death of his wife in July 1803,<ref>Ampère married again after his much loved first wife died, but his second marriage was very unhappy and ended in divorce.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Laidler|first1=Keith J.|title=To Light such a Candle|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=128}}
After the death of his wife in July 1803,<ref>Ampère married again after his much loved first wife died, but his second marriage was very unhappy and ended in divorce.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Laidler|first1=Keith J.|title=To Light such a Candle|date=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=128}}
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A lay [[List of lay Catholic scientists|Catholic]], he took for a time into his family the young student [[Frédéric Ozanam]] (1813–1853), one of the founders of the [[Conference of Charity]], later known as the [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Ozanam would much later be [[Beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1998. Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], [[Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire]], and [[Charles Forbes René de Montalembert]]. {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
A lay [[List of lay Catholic scientists|Catholic]], he took for a time into his family the young student [[Frédéric Ozanam]] (1813–1853), one of the founders of the [[Conference of Charity]], later known as the [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Ozanam would much later be [[Beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1998. Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], [[Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire]], and [[Charles Forbes René de Montalembert]]. {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}


==Work in electromagnetism==
===Work in electromagnetism===


In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist [[François Arago]] showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by [[Denmark|Danish]] physicist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] that a [[Compass|magnetic needle]] is deflected by an adjacent [[electric current]]. Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]]. Furthering Ørsted's experimental work, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics. He also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results. The most important of these was the principle that came to be called [[Ampère's force law|Ampère's law]], which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents. Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist [[Charles Augustin de Coulomb]]'s law of electric action. Ampère's devotion to, and skill with, experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics.
In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist [[François Arago]] showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by [[Denmark|Danish]] physicist [[Hans Christian Ørsted]] that a [[Compass|magnetic needle]] is deflected by an adjacent [[electric current]]. Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between [[electricity]] and [[magnetism]]. Furthering Ørsted's experimental work, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics. He also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results. The most important of these was the principle that came to be called [[Ampère's force law|Ampère's law]], which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents. Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist [[Charles Augustin de Coulomb]]'s law of electric action. Ampère's devotion to, and skill with, experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics.


Ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship, theorizing the existence of an "electrodynamic molecule" (the forerunner of the idea of the [[electron]]) that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism. Using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion, Ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive. In 1827, Ampère published his magnum opus, ''Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience'' (Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience), the work that coined the name of his new science, ''electrodynamics'', and became known ever after as its founding treatise.
Ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship, theorizing the existence of an "electrodynamic molecule" (the forerunner of the idea of the [[electron]]) that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism. Using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion, Ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive. Almost 100 years later, in 1915, [[Albert Einstein]] together with [[Wander Johannes de Haas]] made the proof of the correctness of Ampère's hypothesis through the [[Einstein–de Haas effect]]. In 1827, Ampère published his magnum opus, ''Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience'' (Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience), the work that coined the name of his new science, ''electrodynamics'', and became known ever after as its founding treatise.


In 1827, Ampère was elected a [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] and in 1828, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Science]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27ampere%27%29| title = Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher= Royal Society|access-date = 13 March 2012}}</ref> Probably the highest recognition came, as a reward for his mathematical representations in his publication, ‘Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of electrodynamic phenomena deduced solely from experiment,’ for which Ampère was awarded the title of the "Newton of electricity".{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
In 1827, Ampère was elected a [[Foreign Member of the Royal Society]] and in 1828, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Science]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Library and Archive Catalogue |url=http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27ampere%27%29 |access-date=13 March 2012 |publisher=Royal Society}}</ref> Probably the highest recognition came from [[James Clerk Maxwell]], who in his ''[[Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism]]'' named Ampère "the Newton of electricity".{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}


== Honours ==
== Honours ==
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Complete translations:
Complete translations:
*{{Cite book| publisher = Apeiron | last = Ampère| first = André-Marie |editor=André Koch Torres Assis |translator=J. P. M. C Chaib | title = Ampère's electrodynamics: analysis of the meaning and evolution of Ampère's force between current elements, together with a complete translation of his masterpiece: Theory of electrodynamic phenomena, uniquely deduced from experience| location = Montreal| date = 2015 | url=https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | isbn=978-1-987980-03-5}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Apeiron | last = Ampère| first = André-Marie |editor=André Koch Torres Assis |translator=J. P. M. C Chaib | title = Ampère's electrodynamics: analysis of the meaning and evolution of Ampère's force between current elements, together with a complete translation of his masterpiece: Theory of electrodynamic phenomena, uniquely deduced from experience| location = Montreal| date = 2015 | url=https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | isbn=978-1-987980-03-5}}
*{{Cite book| last = Ampère| first = André-Marie| others = Michael D. Godfrey, Derek (trans.)| title = Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Derived from Experiments| date = 2015 | url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzMHTgCmyrNZSVFCZkpXNTMwQU0/edit}}
*{{Cite book| last = Ampère| first = André-Marie| others = Michael D. Godfrey, Stanford University, (trans.)| title = Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Derived from Experiments| date = 2015 | url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzMHTgCmyrNZSVFCZkpXNTMwQU0/edit}}


==References==
==References==
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* [http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr Ampère and the history of electricity] – a French-language, edited by CNRS, site with Ampère's correspondence (full text and critical edition with links to manuscripts pictures, more than 1000 letters), an Ampère bibliography, experiments, and 3D simulations
* [http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr Ampère and the history of electricity] – a French-language, edited by CNRS, site with Ampère's correspondence (full text and critical edition with links to manuscripts pictures, more than 1000 letters), an Ampère bibliography, experiments, and 3D simulations
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418102502/http://musee-ampere.univ-lyon1.fr/ Ampère Museum] – a French-language site from the museum in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near [[Lyon]], France
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080418102502/http://musee-ampere.univ-lyon1.fr/ Ampère Museum] – a French-language site from the museum in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near [[Lyon]], France
* [https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf ''Ampere's Electronics'' ] Includes complete English translation of ''Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena''
* [https://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~assis/Amperes-Electrodynamics.pdf ''Ampere's Electrodynamics''] Includes complete English translation of ''Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena''
* [[:fr:Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère|"Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère"]], a French society dedicated to maintain the memory of André-Marie Ampère and in charge of the [[Ampère Museum]].
* [[:fr:Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère|"Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère"]], a French society dedicated to maintain the memory of André-Marie Ampère and in charge of the [[Ampère Museum]].
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Ampere}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Ampere}}
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* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01437c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01437c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère]
* [http://histoires-de-sciences.over-blog.fr/2013/11/electrical-units-history.html Electrical units history.]
* [http://histoires-de-sciences.over-blog.fr/2013/11/electrical-units-history.html Electrical units history.]
* [https://www.soulbank.com/2022/01/25/andre-marie-ampere/ ''View the monument in France'' at Soulbank]


{{Scientists whose names are used as SI units}}
{{Scientists whose names are used as SI units}}
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[[Category:Independent scientists]]
[[Category:Independent scientists]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Collège de France faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France]]
[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]]
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[[Category:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery]]
[[Category:Magneticians]]
[[Category:Magneticians]]
[[Category:École Polytechnique faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of École Polytechnique]]

Latest revision as of 13:29, 27 November 2024

For the microarchitecture, see Ampere (microarchitecture).

André-Marie Ampère
ForMemRS
Engraving of Ampère
Born(1775-01-20)20 January 1775
Lyon, Kingdom of France
(now France)
Died10 June 1836(1836-06-10) (aged 61)
Marseille, Kingdom of France (now France)
Known for
AwardsForMemRS (1827)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Mathematics
InstitutionsÉcole polytechnique
Collège de France
Signature
Articles about
Electromagnetism
Solenoid
Electrostatics
Magnetostatics
Electrodynamics
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André-Marie Ampère (UK: /ˈɒ̃pɛər, ˈæmpɛər/, US: /ˈæmpɪər/;[1] French: [ɑ̃dʁe maʁi ɑ̃pɛʁ]; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)[2] was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. As an autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France.

The SI unit of electric current, the ampere (A), is named after him. His name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. The term kinematic is the English version of His cinématique,[3] which he constructed from the Greek κίνημα kinema ("movement, motion"), itself derived from κινεῖν kinein ("to move").[4][5]

Biography

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Early life

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André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 in Lyon to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the French Enlightenment. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon.[6] Jean-Jacques Ampère, a successful merchant, was an admirer of the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose theories of education (as outlined in his treatise Émile) were the basis of Ampère's education. Rousseau believed that young boys should avoid formal schooling and pursue instead a "direct education from nature." Ampère's father actualized this ideal by allowing his son to educate himself within the walls of his well-stocked library. French Enlightenment masterpieces such as Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (begun in 1749) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (volumes added between 1751 and 1772) thus became Ampère's schoolmasters.[citation needed] The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his Latin lessons, which enabled him to master the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.[7]

French Revolution

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In addition, Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew, but as a polymath, his reading embraced history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.[7] His mother was a devout Catholic, so Ampère was also initiated into the Catholic faith along with Enlightenment science. The French Revolution (1789–99) that began during his youth was also influential: Ampère's father was called into public service by the new revolutionary government,[8] becoming a local judge (juge de paix) in a small town near Lyon. When the Jacobin faction seized control of the Revolutionary government in 1792, his father Jean-Jacques Ampère resisted the new political tides, and he was guillotined on 24 November 1793, as part of the Jacobin purges of the period.

In 1796, Ampère met Julie Carron and, in 1799, they were married. Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a mathematics teacher, which gave him the financial security to marry Carron and father his first child, Jean-Jacques (named after his father), the next year. (Jean-Jacques Ampère eventually achieved his own fame as a scholar of languages.) Ampère's maturation corresponded with the transition to the Napoleonic regime in France, and the young father and teacher found new opportunities for success within the technocratic structures favoured by the new French First Consul. In 1802, Ampère was appointed a professor of physics and chemistry at the École Centrale in Bourg-en-Bresse, leaving his ailing wife and infant son Jean-Jacques Antoine Ampère in Lyon. He used his time in Bourg to research mathematics, producing Considérations sur la théorie mathématique du jeu (1802; "Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games"), a treatise on mathematical probability that he sent to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1803.

Teaching career

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Essai sur la philosophie des sciences

After the death of his wife in July 1803,[9][10] Ampère moved to Paris, where he began a tutoring post at the new École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France. In 1814, Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new Institut Impérial, the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.

Ampère engaged in a diverse array of scientific inquiries during the years leading up to his election to the academy—writing papers and engaging in topics from mathematics and philosophy to chemistry and astronomy, which was customary among the leading scientific intellectuals of the day. Ampère claimed that "at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life, his First Communion, the reading of Antoine Leonard Thomas's "Eulogy of Descartes", and the Taking of the Bastille. On the day of his wife's death he wrote two verses from the Psalms, and the prayer, 'O Lord, God of Mercy, unite me in Heaven with those whom you have permitted me to love on earth.' In times of duress he would take refuge in the reading of the Bible and the Fathers of the Church."[11]

A lay Catholic, he took for a time into his family the young student Frédéric Ozanam (1813–1853), one of the founders of the Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.[citation needed] Ozanam would much later be beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998. Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as François-René de Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert. [citation needed]

Work in electromagnetism

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In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current. Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Furthering Ørsted's experimental work, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics. He also applied mathematics in generalizing physical laws from these experimental results. The most important of these was the principle that came to be called Ampère's law, which states that the mutual action of two lengths of current-carrying wire is proportional to their lengths and to the intensities of their currents. Ampère also applied this same principle to magnetism, showing the harmony between his law and French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb's law of electric action. Ampère's devotion to, and skill with, experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics.

Ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship, theorizing the existence of an "electrodynamic molecule" (the forerunner of the idea of the electron) that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism. Using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion, Ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive. Almost 100 years later, in 1915, Albert Einstein together with Wander Johannes de Haas made the proof of the correctness of Ampère's hypothesis through the Einstein–de Haas effect. In 1827, Ampère published his magnum opus, Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience (Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience), the work that coined the name of his new science, electrodynamics, and became known ever after as its founding treatise.

In 1827, Ampère was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society and in 1828, a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.[12] Probably the highest recognition came from James Clerk Maxwell, who in his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism named Ampère "the Newton of electricity".[citation needed]

Honours

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Legacy

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An international convention, signed at the 1881 International Exposition of Electricity, established the ampere as one of the standard units of electrical measurement, in recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science and along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, watt and farad, which are named, respectively, after Ampère's contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, James Watt of Scotland and Michael Faraday of England. Ampère's name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Many streets and squares are named after Ampère, as are schools, a Lyon metro station, a graphics processing unit microarchitecture, a mountain on the moon and an electric ferry in Norway.[14]

Writings

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Partial translations:

  • Magie, W.M. (1963). A Source Book in Physics. Harvard: Cambridge MA. pp. 446–460.
  • Lisa M. Dolling; Arthur F. Gianelli; Glenn N. Statile, eds. (2003). The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 157–162. ISBN 978-0691090856..

Complete translations:

References

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  1. ^ "Ampère". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography. United States of America: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1970. ISBN 9780684101149.
  3. ^ Ampère, André-Marie (1834). Essai sur la Philosophie des Sciences. Chez Bachelier.
  4. ^ Merz, John (1903). A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Blackwood, London. pp. 5.
  5. ^ O. Bottema & B. Roth (1990). Theoretical Kinematics. Dover Publications. preface, p. 5. ISBN 0-486-66346-9.
  6. ^ "Andre-Marie Ampere". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ampère, André Marie". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 878–879.
  8. ^ "Biography of Andre Marie Ampere". Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  9. ^ Ampère married again after his much loved first wife died, but his second marriage was very unhappy and ended in divorce.
  10. ^ Laidler, Keith J. (1993). To Light such a Candle. Oxford University Press. p. 128.
  11. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia". Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  12. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  13. ^ Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005) p. 15
  14. ^ "Batterifergen har måttet stå over avganger. Nå er løsningen klar". Teknisk Ukeblad. November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.

Further reading

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