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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Year in Germany|1807}}
{{Year in Germany|1807}}
Events from the year '''1807 in Germany''' saw a major battle in Danzig and the loss of a third of Prussian land to Napolean to form the Duchy of Warsaw.
Events from the year '''1807 in Germany''' saw a major battle in Danzig and the loss of a third of Prussian land to [[Napoleon]] to form the Duchy of Warsaw.


==Incumbents==
==Incumbents==
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=== Kingdoms ===
=== Kingdoms ===
* '''[[Kingdom of Prussia]]'''
* '''[[Kingdom of Prussia]]'''
** Monarch – [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (16 November 1797 – 7 June 1840)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Encyclopaedia Britannica|first=The Editors of|date=30 July 2018|title=Federick William III|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-William-III|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
** Monarch – [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] (16 November 1797{{snd}}7 June 1840)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tikkanen |first=Amy |date=30 July 2018 |title=Federick William III |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-William-III |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria]]'''
* '''[[Kingdom of Bavaria]]'''
** [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] (1 January 1806 – 13 October 1825)<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica Company| volume = Volume 17| title = Maximilian I., king of Bavaria| encyclopedia = 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica| location = Cambridge (England) and New York| date = 1911}}</ref>
** [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] (1 January 1806{{snd}}13 October 1825)<ref>{{Cite EB1911|volume=17|page=921|wstitle=Maximilian I., king of Bavaria}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Saxony]]'''
* '''[[Kingdom of Saxony]]'''
** [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] (20 December 1806 – 5 May 1827)<ref>{{Cite web| title = General German Biography - Wikisource| accessdate = 24 January 2021| url = https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie}}</ref>
** [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] (20 December 1806{{snd}}5 May 1827)<ref>{{Cite web| title = General German Biography - Wikisource| accessdate = 24 January 2021| url = https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie}}</ref>
* '''[[Kingdom of Württemberg]]'''
* '''[[Kingdom of Württemberg]]'''
** [[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick I]] (22 December 1797 – 30 October 1816)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = New York : Atlantic Monthly Press| isbn = 978-0-87113-739-5| last = David| first = Saul| title = Prince of pleasure : the Prince of Wales and the making of the Regency| accessdate = 24 January 2021| date = 1998| url = http://archive.org/details/princeofpleasure00davi}}</ref>
** [[Frederick I of Württemberg|Frederick I]] (22 December 1797{{snd}}30 October 1816)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = New York : Atlantic Monthly Press| isbn = 978-0-87113-739-5| last = David| first = Saul| title = Prince of pleasure : the Prince of Wales and the making of the Regency| accessdate = 24 January 2021| date = 1998| url = http://archive.org/details/princeofpleasure00davi}}</ref>


=== Grand Duchies ===
=== Grand Duchies ===
* '''[[Grand Duke of Baden]]'''
* '''[[Grand Duke of Baden]]'''
** [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick]] (25 July 1806 – 10 June 1811)
** [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick]] (25 July 1806{{snd}}10 June 1811)
* '''[[Grand Duke of Hesse]]'''
* '''[[Grand Duke of Hesse]]'''
** [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis I]] (14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830)<ref name="genea">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=38}}</ref>
** [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse|Louis I]] (14 August 1806{{snd}}6 April 1830)<ref name="genea">{{cite book|title=Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans| trans-title=Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38|year=1768|publisher=Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel|location=Bourdeaux|language=fr|page=38}}</ref>
* [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|'''Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin''']]
* [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|'''Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin''']]
** [[Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Frederick Francis I]]– (24 April 1785 – 1 February 1837)<ref name="genea" />
** [[Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Frederick Francis I]] (24 April 1785{{snd}}1 February 1837)<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]'''
* '''[[Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]'''
** [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Charles II]] (2 June 1794 – 6 November 1816)<ref>{{cite book |last= Huish |first= Robert | title =Public and Private Life His Late Excellent and most Gracious Majesty George The Third | publisher =T. Kelly | year =1821 | page =170 }}</ref>
** [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Charles II]] (2 June 1794{{snd}}6 November 1816)<ref>{{cite book |last= Huish |first= Robert | title =Public and Private Life His Late Excellent and most Gracious Majesty George The Third | publisher =T. Kelly | year =1821 | page =170 }}</ref>
* '''[[Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]'''
* '''[[Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]'''
** [[Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg|Wilhelm]] (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823 ) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.<ref name="Olden">{{cite web |title=Oldenburg Royal Family |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317161934/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |website=Monarchies of Europe |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>
** [[Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg|Wilhelm]] (6 July 1785{{snd}}2 July 1823) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.<ref name="Olden">{{cite web |title=Oldenburg Royal Family |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |website=Monarchies of Europe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317161934/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Oldenburg_Royal_Family.htm |access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=17 March 2006 }}</ref>
** [[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter I]] (2 July 1823 - 21 May 1829)<ref name="Olden"/>
** [[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter I]] (2 July 1823{{snd}}21 May 1829)<ref name="Olden"/>
* '''Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar'''
* '''Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar'''
** [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August]] (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809
** [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Karl August]] (1758–1809) Raised to grand duchy in 1809
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=== Principalities ===
=== Principalities ===
* '''[[Schaumburg-Lippe]]'''
* '''[[Schaumburg-Lippe]]'''
** [[George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|George William]] (13 February 1787 - 1860)
** [[George William, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|George William]] (13 February 1787{{snd}}1860)
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]'''
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]'''
** [[Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Louis Frederick II]] (13 April 1793 -28 April 1807)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Thüringer Chronik-Verlag Müllerott| isbn = 978-3-910132-29-0| last1 = Apfelstedt| first1 = F.| last2 = Apfelstedt| first2 = Heinrich Friedrich Theodor| title = Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit| date = 1996}}</ref>
** [[Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Louis Frederick II]] (13 April 1793{{snd}}28 April 1807)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Thüringer Chronik-Verlag Müllerott| isbn = 978-3-910132-29-0| last1 = Apfelstedt| first1 = F.| last2 = Apfelstedt| first2 = Heinrich Friedrich Theodor| title = Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit| date = 1996}}</ref>
** [[Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Friedrich Günther]] (28 April 1807 - 28 June 1867)<ref>{{cite web|title=Monarchies of Europe|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm#24.7336|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614023242/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm|archivedate=14 June 2007}}</ref>
** [[Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Friedrich Günther]] (28 April 1807{{snd}}28 June 1867)<ref>{{cite web|title=Monarchies of Europe|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm#24.7336|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614023242/http://www.btinternet.com/~allan_raymond/Mecklenburg_Strelitz_Royal_Family.htm|archivedate=14 June 2007}}</ref>
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]'''
* '''[[Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]'''
** Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794 - 19 August 1835)
** Günther Friedrich Karl I (14 October 1794{{snd}}19 August 1835)
* '''[[Principality of Lippe]]'''
* '''[[Principality of Lippe]]'''
** [[Leopold II, Prince of Lippe|Leopold II]] (5 November 1802 - 1 January 1851)<ref>{{cite book |year=1850 |publisher=[[Justus Perthes]] |edition=87th |title=[[Almanach de Gotha]] |page=38 }}</ref>
** [[Leopold II, Prince of Lippe|Leopold II]] (5 November 1802{{snd}}1 January 1851)<ref>{{cite book |year=1850 |publisher=[[Justus Perthes]] |edition=87th |title=[[Almanach de Gotha]] |page=38 }}</ref>
* '''[[Principality of Reuss-Greiz]]'''
* '''[[Principality of Reuss-Greiz]]'''
** [[Heinrich XIII, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XIII]] (28 June 1800-29 January 1817)
** [[Heinrich XIII, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XIII]] (28 June 1800{{snd}}29 January 1817)
* [[Waldeck (state)|'''Waldeck and Pyrmont''']]
* [[Waldeck (state)|'''Waldeck and Pyrmont''']]
** [[Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Friedrich Karl August]] (29 August 1763 – 24 September 1812)
** [[Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Friedrich Karl August]] (29 August 1763{{snd}}24 September 1812)

=== Duchies ===
=== Duchies ===
* [[Anhalt-Dessau|'''Duke of Anhalt-Dessau''']]
* [[Anhalt-Dessau|'''Duke of Anhalt-Dessau''']]
** [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold III]] (16 December 1751 – 9 August 1817)<ref>J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.</ref>
** [[Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold III]] (16 December 1751{{snd}}9 August 1817)<ref>J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Brunswick]]'''
* '''[[Duke of Brunswick]]'''
** [[Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Frederick William]] (16 October 1806 – 16 June 1815)<ref name=":0">Gerhard Schildt: ''Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit'', in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region'', Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.</ref>
** [[Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Frederick William]] (16 October 1806{{snd}}16 June 1815)<ref name=":0">Gerhard Schildt: ''Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit'', in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region'', Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]'''
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]'''
** Duke of [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1780–1826) - [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick]]<ref name="genea" />
** Duke of [[Saxe-Hildburghausen]] (1780–1826) - [[Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Frederick]]<ref name="genea" />
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]'''
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]'''
** [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Ernest I]] (9 December 1806 – 12 November 1826)<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ernest I.|volume=9|page=751}}</ref>
** [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Ernest I]] (9 December 1806{{snd}}12 November 1826)<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ernest I.|volume=9|page=751}}</ref>
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]'''
* '''[[Duke of Saxe-Meiningen]]'''
** [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]] (24 December 1803–20 September 1866)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|title=Biografie Georg I (German)|publisher=Meininger Museen|accessdate=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152148/http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard II]] (24 December 1803{{snd}}20 September 1866)<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|title=Biografie Georg I (German)|publisher=Meininger Museen|accessdate=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152148/http://www.meiningermuseen.de/pages/schloss/personen/herzogliche-familie/georg-i.php|archive-date=15 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Duke of [[Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]]'''
* '''Duke of [[Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]]'''
** [[Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Frederick Charles Louis]] (24 February 1775 – 25 March 1816)<ref name="Albinus">{{cite book|last=Albinus|first=Robert|title=Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung|publisher=Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg|year=1985|isbn=3-7921-0320-6|location=Leer|pages=371|language=de}}</ref>
** [[Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck|Frederick Charles Louis]] (24 February 1775{{snd}}25 March 1816)<ref name="Albinus">{{cite book|last=Albinus|first=Robert|title=Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung|publisher=Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg|year=1985|isbn=3-7921-0320-6|location=Leer|pages=371|language=de}}</ref>


== Events ==
== Events ==
* 25 January – [[Battle of Mohrungen]]
* 25 January – [[Battle of Mohrungen]]
* 3 February – [[Battle of Allenstein]]
* 3 February – [[Battle of Allenstein]]
* March - 2 July – [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]
* March{{snd}}2 July – [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]
* April 1-3 – [[Great Sortie of Stralsund]]
* April 1–3 – [[Great Sortie of Stralsund]]
* 24 May – [[Siege of Danzig (1807)|Siege of Danzig]] ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces.
* 24 May – [[Siege of Danzig (1807)|Siege of Danzig]] ends after 6 weeks with Prussian and Russian defenders capitulating to French forces.
* 5/6 June – [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen]]
* 10 June – [[Battle of Heilsberg]]
* 7–9 July – The [[Treaties of Tilsit]] are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. [[Napoleon]] and Russian Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in their former Polish lands, and the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] in western Germany. The [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|Free City of Danzig]] is also formed (established 9 September by Napoleon).
* 7–9 July – The [[Treaties of Tilsit]] are signed between France, Prussia and Russia. [[Napoleon]] and Russian Emperor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in their former Polish lands, and the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] in western Germany. The [[Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)|Free City of Danzig]] is also formed (established 9 September by Napoleon).
* 24 July-24 August – [[Siege of Stralsund (1807)|Siege of Stralsund]]
* 24 July-24 August – [[Siege of Stralsund (1807)|Siege of Stralsund]]
* 7/8 October – [[Battle of Eylau]]
* 9 October – [[Prussian Reform Movement (1806–1815)|Prussian Reform Movement]]: [[Serfdom]] is abolished by the October edict.
* 9 October – [[Prussian Reform Movement (1806–1815)|Prussian Reform Movement]]: [[Serfdom]] is abolished by the October edict.
*[[Ludwig Order]] established.
*[[Ludwig Order]] established.
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== Births ==
== Births ==
* 4 February – [[Max Emanuel Ainmiller]], German glass painter (died 1870)
* 4 February – [[Max Emanuel Ainmiller]], German glass painter (died [[1870 in Germany|1870]])
* 30 June – [[Friedrich Theodor Vischer]], German author (died 1887)
* 30 June – [[Friedrich Theodor Vischer]], German author (died [[1887 in Germany|1887]])
*16 November – [[Eduard von Fransecky]], Prussian general (d. 1890)
*16 November – [[Eduard von Fransecky]], Prussian general (died [[1890 in Germany|1890]])
⚫
* 8 December – [[Friedrich Traugott Kützing]], German pharmacist, botanist and phycologist (died [[1893 in Germany|1893]])

⚫
* 8 December – [[Friedrich Traugott Kützing]], German pharmacist, botanist and phycologist (d. 1893)


== Deaths ==
== Deaths ==
* 10 April – [[Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], regent of Weimar and Eisenach (b. 1739)
* 10 April – [[Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]], regent of Weimar and Eisenach (born 1739)
* 19 December – [[Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm]], German writer (b. 1723)
* 19 December – [[Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm]], German writer (born 1723)


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]


{{Year in Europe|1807}}
{{Year in Europe|1807}}

⚫
[[Category:1807 in Germany| ]]
[[Category:1807 by country]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Germany]]
[[Category:1807 in Europe]]
[[Category:1807 in the Confederation of the Rhine| ]]
⚫
[[Category:1807 by country|Germany]]
⚫
[[Category:1807 in Europe|Germany]]

Latest revision as of 13:38, 27 November 2024

←

1807
in
Germany

→

Decades:
See also:Other events of 1807
History of Germany  • Timeline  • Years

Events from the year 1807 in Germany saw a major battle in Danzig and the loss of a third of Prussian land to Napoleon to form the Duchy of Warsaw.

Incumbents

[edit]

Kingdoms

[edit]

Grand Duchies

[edit]

Principalities

[edit]

Duchies

[edit]

Events

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tikkanen, Amy (30 July 2018). "Federick William III". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  2. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maximilian I., king of Bavaria" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 921.
  3. ^ "General German Biography - Wikisource". Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ^ David, Saul (1998). Prince of pleasure : the Prince of Wales and the making of the Regency. New York : Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-739-5. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 38.
  6. ^ Huish, Robert (1821). Public and Private Life His Late Excellent and most Gracious Majesty George The Third. T. Kelly. p. 170.
  7. ^ a b "Oldenburg Royal Family". Monarchies of Europe. Archived from the original on 17 March 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  8. ^ Apfelstedt, F.; Apfelstedt, Heinrich Friedrich Theodor (1996). Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit. Thüringer Chronik-Verlag Müllerott. ISBN 978-3-910132-29-0.
  9. ^ "Monarchies of Europe". Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.
  10. ^ Almanach de Gotha (87th ed.). Justus Perthes. 1850. p. 38.
  11. ^ J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.
  12. ^ Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.
  13. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ernest I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 751.
  14. ^ "Biografie Georg I (German)". Meininger Museen. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  15. ^ Albinus, Robert (1985). Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.
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