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{{short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Abelia''
|image = Abelia chinensis RJB1.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Abelia chinensis]]''
| image = Abeliarandiflora1web.jpg
|taxon = Abelia
| image_width = 240px
|authority = [[R.Br.]] (1818)
| image_caption = Glossy Abelia (''Abelia x grandiflora'')
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|subdivision =
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
*''[[Abelia chinensis]]'' {{small|R.Br.}}
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
*''[[Abelia forrestii]]'' {{small|(Diels) W.W.Sm.}}
| ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
*''[[Abelia macrotera]]'' {{small|(Graebn. & Buchw.) Rehder}}
| familia = [[Caprifoliaceae]] ([[Linnaeaceae]])
*''[[Abelia parvifolia]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
| genus = '''''Abelia'''''
*''[[Abelia schumannii]]'' {{small|(Graebn.) Rehder}}
| genus_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]
*''[[Abelia uniflora]]'' {{small|R.Br.}}
| subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30049036-2 ''Abelia'' R.Br.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</ref>
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
}}


'''''Abelia''''' {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|b|iː|l|i|ə}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Sunset Western Garden Book|year=1995|pages=606–607}}</ref> is a genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle [[family (biology)|family]], [[Caprifoliaceae]]. The genus currently includes six species native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.<ref name = powo/>
'''''Abelia''''' is a [[genus]] of about 15-30 [[species]] and many [[hybrid]]s in the honeysuckle family [[Caprifoliaceae]], in the part of that family split off by some authors in the [[segregate (taxonomy)|segregate]] family [[Linnaeaceae]]. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] considers Linnaeaceae an optional synonym for Caprifoliaceae s.l.


The [[genus]] previously contained about 30 species and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies showed that the genus was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name=Chri13/><ref name = Wang/> ''Abelia'' section ''Zabelia'' was raised to the genus ''[[Zabelia]]'',<ref name=Chri13/> and the majority of ''Abelia'' species have been transferred to other genera, including ''[[Diabelia]]'', ''[[Lonicera]]'', and ''[[Vesalea]]''.<ref name = powo/><ref name=Wang/>
They are [[shrub]]s from 1-6 m tall, native to eastern [[Asia]] ([[Japan]] west to the [[Himalaya]]) and southern [[North America]] ([[Mexico]]); the species from warm climates are [[evergreen]], and colder climate species [[deciduous]]. Abelia isThe [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three, ovate, glossy, dark green, 1.5-8 cm long, turning purplish-bronze to red in autumn in the deciduous species. The [[flower]]s appear in the upper leaf axils and stem ends, 1-8 together in a short [[cyme]]; they are pendulous, white to pink, bell-shaped with a five-lobed corolla, 1-5 cm long, and usually scented. Flowering continues over a long and continuous late spring to fall period.


==Description==
;Selected species
Species of ''Abelia'' are [[shrub]]s from 1–6 m tall. Species from warm climates are [[evergreen]], and colder climate species [[deciduous]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three, ovate, glossy, dark green, 1.5–8&nbsp;cm long, turning purplish-bronze to red in autumn in the deciduous species. The [[flower]]s appear in the upper leaf axils and stem ends, 1-8 together in a short [[Cyme (botany)|cyme]]; they are pendulous, white to pink, bell-shaped with a five-lobed corolla, 1–5&nbsp;cm long, and usually scented. Flowering continues over a long and continuous period from late spring to fall.
*''Abelia adenotricha'' - (China)
*''Abelia aitchinsonii''
*''Abelia angustifolia '' - (China)
*''Abelia anhwensis '' - (China)
*''Abelia biflora '' - (China)
*''Abelia buddleioides '' - (China)
*''Abelia cavaleriei'' - (China)
*''Abelia chinensis '' - (China)
*''Abelia chowii '' - (China)
*''Abelia coriacea'' - (Mexico)
*''Abelia corymbosa''
*''Abelia curviflora '' - (Japan)
*''Abelia engleriana'' - (Sichuan, China)
*''Abelia fargesii'' - (Japan)
*''Abelia floribunda'' - Mexican Abelia (Mexico)
*''Abelia gracilenta'' - (China)
*''Abelia graebneriana '' - (China)
*''Abelia hersii '' - (China)
*''Abelia integrifolia '' - (Japan)
*''Abelia ionandra '' - (Taiwan)
*''Abelia ionostachya'' - (Japan)
*''Abelia longituba '' - (China)
*''Abelia mairei '' - (China)
*''Abelia mexicana'' - (Mexico)
*''Abelia mosanensis'' - (Korea)
*''Abelia myrtilloides'' - (China)
*''Abelia occidentalis'' - (Mexico)
*''Abelia parvifolia '' - (China)
*''Abelia schischkinii'' - (China)
*''Abelia schumannii'' - (China)
*''Abelia serrata'' - (Japan)
*''Abelia spathulata'' - (Japan)
*''Abelia speciosa'' - (Mexico)
*''Abelia tomentosa'' - (Japan)
*''Abelia triflora'' - (Himalaya)
*''Abelia tyaihyoni '' - (Korea)
*''Abelia umbellata'' - (Sichuan, China)
*''Abelia uniflora '' - (China)
*''Abelia verticillata'' - (China)
*''Abelia zanderi'' - (Sichuan, China)


Some of these species are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, and may still be described as ''Abelia'' in horticultural listings. A notable example is the hybrid ''[[Abelia × grandiflora]]''.
;Hybrids
*''[[Abelia x grandiflora]]'' Hort. ex. Bailey


==Taxonomy==
===Cultivation and uses===
The generic name commemorates [[Clarke Abel]], a keen naturalist who accompanied [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst#Ambassador extraordinary to China|Lord Amherst's unsuccessful embassy to China]] in 1816 as a surgeon, under the sponsorship of [[Sir Joseph Banks]]. All of Abel's seeds and plants were lost in a shipwreck on the homeward voyage, however; living plants of ''Abelia chinensis'' were first imported to England in 1844 by [[Robert Fortune]].<ref>Alice M. Coats, ''Garden Shrubs and Their Histories'' (1964), 1992, ''s.v.'' "Abelia".</ref>
Abelias are popular [[garden]] shrubs. The most widely grown is the hybrid ''[[Abelia x grandiflora]]'' (Glossy Abelia; hybrid ''Abelia chinensis'' x ''Abelia uniflora''). This is a rounded, spreading, multi-stemmed shrub with gracefully arching branches to 1-1.8 m tall, with ovate, glossy, dark green semi-evergreen leaves to 2-6 cm long, and clusters of white-tinged-pink, bell-shaped flowers to 2 cm long.

Some species placed in ''Abelia'' were transferred to ''[[Linnaea]]'' at various times from 1872 onwards, but these transfers were not accepted by most botanists. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic]] studies showed that a number of genera traditionally placed in the tribe Linnaeeae were closely related, but that ''Abelia'' was not monophyletic, even with ''Abelia'' section ''Zabelia'' split off as a separate genus ''[[Zabelia]]''. In 2013, [[Maarten J. M. Christenhusz|Maarten Christenhusz]] proposed that ''Abelia'' and related genera be merged into ''Linnaea''.<ref name=Chri13/> In 2015 Wang, Landrein, ''et al.'' also found that ''Abelia'' was polyphyletic, and that ''Zabelia'' was more closely related to ''[[Morina]]'' than to the rest of the subfamily [[Linnaeoideae]]. They organized the Linnaeoideae into six monophyletic genera by recognizing ''[[Dipelta]]'', ''[[Kolkwitzia]]'', and ''Linnaea'' as distinct genera, placing the former Mexican species of ''Abelia'' in the revived genus ''[[Vesalea]]'', creating the new genus ''[[Diabelia]]'', and leaving six Asian species in ''Abelia''.<ref name = Wang>Wang H-F, Landrein S, Dong W-P, Nie Z-L, Kondo K, Funamoto T, et al. (2015) Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic Diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s. l.) Disjunctly Distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0116485. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0116485</ref> [[Plants of the World Online]] accepts the circumscription of Wang, Landrein, ''et al.''.<ref name = powo/>

==Species==
Six species are accepted.<ref name = powo/>
*''[[Abelia chinensis]]'' {{small|R.Br.}}
*''[[Abelia forrestii]]'' {{small|(Diels) W.W.Sm.}}
*''[[Abelia × grandiflora]]'' {{small|(Rovelli ex André) Rehder}} (artificial hybrid of ''A. chinensis'' × ''A. uniflora'')
*''[[Abelia macrotera]]'' {{small|(Graebn. & Buchw.) Rehder}}
*''[[Abelia parvifolia]]'' {{small|Hemsl.}}
*''[[Abelia schumannii]]'' {{small|(Graebn.) Rehder}}
*''[[Abelia uniflora]]'' {{small|R.Br.}}

===Former species and synonyms===
Species and synonyms previously placed in ''Abelia'' but now placed in other genera include:<ref name=powo/>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''Abelia adenotricha'' = ''[[Lonicera elisae]]''
*''Abelia angustifolia'' = ''[[Zabelia angustifolia]]''
*''Abelia anhweiensis'' = ''[[Zabelia dielsii]]''
*''Abelia biflora'' = ''[[Zabelia biflora]]''
*''Abelia brachystemon'' = ''[[Zabelia brachystemon]]''
*''Abelia buchwaldii'' = [[Diabelia serrata|''Diabelia serrata'' f. ''buchwaldii'']]
*''Abelia buddleioides'' = ''[[Zabelia buddleioides]]''
*''Abelia coreana'' = ''[[Zabelia dielsii]]''
*''Abelia coriacea'' = ''[[Vesalea coriacea]]''
*''Abelia corymbosa'' = ''[[Zabelia corymbosa]]''
*''Abelia curviflora'' = ''[[Diabelia sanguinea]]''
*''Abelia davidii'' = ''[[Zabelia biflora]]''
*''Abelia dielsii'' = ''[[Zabelia dielsii]]''
*''Abelia floribunda'' = ''[[Vesalea floribunda]]''
*''Abelia grandifolia'' = ''[[Vesalea grandifolia]]''
*''Abelia gymnocarpa'' = [[Diabelia serrata|''Diabelia serrata'' f. ''gymnocarpa'']]
*''Abelia hersii'' = ''[[Zabelia dielsii]]''
*''Abelia hirsuta'' = [[Vesalea floribunda|''Vesalea floribunda'' var. ''floribunda'']]
*''Abelia insularis'' = ''[[Zabelia biflora]]''
*''Abelia integrifolia'' = ''[[Zabelia integrifolia]]''
*''Abelia ionostachya'' = ''[[Diabelia ionostachya]]''
*''Abelia mexicana'' = ''[[Vesalea mexicana]]''
*''Abelia mosanensis'' = ''[[Zabelia tyaihyoni]]''
*''Abelia occidentalis'' = ''[[Vesalea occidentalis]]''
*''Abelia onkocarpa'' = ''[[Zabelia onkocarpa]]''
*''Abelia sanguinea'' = ''[[Diabelia sanguinea]]''
*''Abelia serrata'' = ''[[Diabelia serrata]]''
*''Abelia shikokiana'' = ''[[Zabelia biflora]]''
*''Abelia spathulata'' = ''[[Diabelia spathulata]]''
*''Abelia speciosa'' = [[Vesalea floribunda|''Vesalea floribunda'' var. ''floribunda'']]
*''Abelia splendens'' = [[Lonicera fragrantissima|''Lonicera fragrantissima'' subsp. ''fragrantissima'']]
*''Abelia tetrasepala'' = [[Diabelia ionostachya|''Diabelia ionostachya'' var. ''tetrasepala'']]
*''Abelia tomentosa'' = [[Diabelia tomentosa|''Diabelia serrata'' f. ''tomentosa'']]
*''Abelia tyaihyonii'' = ''[[Zabelia tyaihyonii]]''
*''Abelia umbellata'' = ''[[Zabelia umbellata]]''
*''Abelia zanderi'' = ''[[Zabelia dielsii]]''
{{Div col end}}

==Cultivation==
Several species of ''Abelia'' are in cultivation. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The [[cultivar]] 'Edward Goucher' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/95223/i-Abelia-i-Edward-Goucher/Details | title = ''Abelia'' 'Edward Goucher' | publisher = RHS | website = www.rhs.org | access-date = 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 1 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | website = www.rhs.org | access-date = 6 August 2019}}</ref>

==Allergenicity==
''Abelia'' has an [[OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale)|OPALS allergy scale]] rating of 5 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden.<ref name = "Ogren">{{cite book |last=Ogren |first=Thomas Leo |title=Allergy-Free Gardening |date=2000 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=1580081665 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom }}</ref> People allergic to [[honeysuckle]] may experience cross-reactive allergic reactions with ''Abelia''.<ref name="Ogren"/>


==References and external links==
==References and external links==
{{Commons category|Abelia}}
*Barnes, P. 2001. Looking at Abelias. New Plantsman 8(2): 78-92 (clarification of nomenclature, history, and cultivars with an excellent key and photographs).
{{Reflist|refs=
*[http://www.granada.org/graficos/arboles/abelia.jpg Mexican Abelia]
<ref name=Chri13>{{Citation |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M. |date=2013 |title=Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae) |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.125.1.4 |citeseerx=10.1.1.397.846 |s2cid=86036432 }}</ref>
*[http://newplants.tripod.com/abel333s.html Abelia page]
}}
*[http://apt.allenpress.com/aptonline/?request=get-abstract&issn=0007-196X&volume=052&issue=02&page=0172 Two new species of Abelia]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q158261}}
[[Category:Caprifoliaceae]]
[[Category:Holarctic Flora]]


[[Category:Caprifoliaceae]]
[[da:Abelia]]
[[Category:Caprifoliaceae genera]]
[[fr:Abelia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]
[[it:Abelia]]
[[ru:Абелия]]

Latest revision as of 21:09, 27 November 2024

Abelia
Abelia chinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily: Linnaeoideae
Genus: Abelia
R.Br. (1818)
Species[1]

Abelia /əˈbiːliə/[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae. The genus currently includes six species native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[1]

The genus previously contained about 30 species and hybrids. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus was not monophyletic.[3][4] Abelia section Zabelia was raised to the genus Zabelia,[3] and the majority of Abelia species have been transferred to other genera, including Diabelia, Lonicera, and Vesalea.[1][4]

Description

[edit]

Species of Abelia are shrubs from 1–6 m tall. Species from warm climates are evergreen, and colder climate species deciduous. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three, ovate, glossy, dark green, 1.5–8 cm long, turning purplish-bronze to red in autumn in the deciduous species. The flowers appear in the upper leaf axils and stem ends, 1-8 together in a short cyme; they are pendulous, white to pink, bell-shaped with a five-lobed corolla, 1–5 cm long, and usually scented. Flowering continues over a long and continuous period from late spring to fall.

Some of these species are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, and may still be described as Abelia in horticultural listings. A notable example is the hybrid Abelia × grandiflora.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The generic name commemorates Clarke Abel, a keen naturalist who accompanied Lord Amherst's unsuccessful embassy to China in 1816 as a surgeon, under the sponsorship of Sir Joseph Banks. All of Abel's seeds and plants were lost in a shipwreck on the homeward voyage, however; living plants of Abelia chinensis were first imported to England in 1844 by Robert Fortune.[5]

Some species placed in Abelia were transferred to Linnaea at various times from 1872 onwards, but these transfers were not accepted by most botanists. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that a number of genera traditionally placed in the tribe Linnaeeae were closely related, but that Abelia was not monophyletic, even with Abelia section Zabelia split off as a separate genus Zabelia. In 2013, Maarten Christenhusz proposed that Abelia and related genera be merged into Linnaea.[3] In 2015 Wang, Landrein, et al. also found that Abelia was polyphyletic, and that Zabelia was more closely related to Morina than to the rest of the subfamily Linnaeoideae. They organized the Linnaeoideae into six monophyletic genera by recognizing Dipelta, Kolkwitzia, and Linnaea as distinct genera, placing the former Mexican species of Abelia in the revived genus Vesalea, creating the new genus Diabelia, and leaving six Asian species in Abelia.[4] Plants of the World Online accepts the circumscription of Wang, Landrein, et al..[1]

Species

[edit]

Six species are accepted.[1]

Former species and synonyms

[edit]

Species and synonyms previously placed in Abelia but now placed in other genera include:[1]

Cultivation

[edit]

Several species of Abelia are in cultivation. Though not fully hardy, they are easy to grow in a sheltered, sunny position. The cultivar 'Edward Goucher' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[6][7]

Allergenicity

[edit]

Abelia has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 5 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden.[8] People allergic to honeysuckle may experience cross-reactive allergic reactions with Abelia.[8]

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abelia.
  1. ^ a b c d e f Abelia R.Br. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
  3. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (2013), "Twins are not alone: a recircumscription of Linnaea (Caprifoliaceae)", Phytotaxa, 125 (1): 25–32, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.397.846, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.125.1.4, S2CID 86036432
  4. ^ a b c Wang H-F, Landrein S, Dong W-P, Nie Z-L, Kondo K, Funamoto T, et al. (2015) Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic Diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s. l.) Disjunctly Distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0116485. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0116485
  5. ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964), 1992, s.v. "Abelia".
  6. ^ "Abelia 'Edward Goucher'". www.rhs.org. RHS. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  7. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  8. ^ a b Ogren, Thomas Leo (2000). Allergy-Free Gardening. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1580081665.
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