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{{short description|Unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major}}
{{short description|Galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox galaxy
{{Infobox galaxy
|name =[[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3938
|name =[[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 3938
|image =NGC3938 UArizona.jpg
|image =NGC3938 UArizona.jpg
|caption = NGC 3938 imaged by Mount Lemmon SkyCenter of the [[University of Arizona]]
|caption
|image_size =250px
|epoch =J2000
|epoch =J2000
|type =SA(s)c<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=NGC%203938&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1|title=Results for object NGC 3938 (NGC 3938)|work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database|publisher=California Institute of Technology|accessdate=2021-02-28}}</ref>
|type =SA(s)c<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=NGC%203938&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1|title=Results for object NGC 3938 (NGC 3938)|work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database|publisher=California Institute of Technology|accessdate=2021-02-28}}</ref>
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|z =
|z =
|appmag_v =10.9<ref name=kopernik/>
|appmag_v =10.9<ref name=kopernik/>
|size_v =5&prime;.4 × 4&prime;.9<ref name=kopernik/>
|size_v =5.4{{prime}} × 4.9{{prime}}<ref name=kopernik/>
|constellation name=[[Ursa Major]]<ref name=kopernik/>
|constellation name=[[Ursa Major]]<ref name=kopernik/>
|names ={{odlist|UGC=6856|MCG=+07-25-001|PGC=37229}}<ref name=NED/>
|names ={{odlist|UGC=6856|MCG=+07-25-001|PGC=37229}}<ref name=NED/>
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'''NGC 3938''' is an [[unbarred spiral galaxy]] in the [[Ursa Major]] constellation. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by [[William Herschel]]. It is one of the brightest spiral galaxies in the Ursa Major South galaxy group and is roughly 67,000 [[light years]] in diameter.<ref name=aotu>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/uma.html |title=The Ursa Major Groups |publisher=Atlas of the Universe |access-date= 30 December 2011}}</ref> It is approximately 43 million light years away from [[Earth]].<ref name=kopernik/> NGC 3938 is classified as type Sc under the [[Hubble sequence]], a loosely wound spiral galaxy with a smaller and dimmer bulge.<ref name="Kruit">{{cite journal | last1 = van der Kruit | first1 = P.C. | last2 = Shostak | first2 = G.S. | title = Studies of Nearly Face-on Spiral Galaxies| journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics| volume = 105| pages = 351–358| date = 1982| url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1982A%26A...105..351V&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf| bibcode = 1982A&A...105..351V | access-date = 25 June 2014 }}</ref> The spiral arms of the galaxy contain many areas of [[H II region|ionized atomic hydrogen]] gas, more so towards the center.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jiménez-Vicente| first = J.|display-authors=4 |author2=E. Battaner |author3=M. Rozas |author4=H. Castañeda |author5=C. Porcel | title = Fabry-Perot observations of the ionized gas in NGC 3938| journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics| volume = 342| pages = 417–425| date = 1999| url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1999A%26A...342..417J&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf| bibcode = 1999A&A...342..417J|arxiv = astro-ph/9811391 }}</ref>
'''NGC 3938''' is an [[unbarred spiral galaxy]] in the [[Ursa Major]] constellation. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by [[William Herschel]]. It is one of the brightest spiral galaxies in the Ursa Major South galaxy group and is roughly 67,000 [[light years]] in diameter.<ref name=aotu>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/uma.html |title=The Ursa Major Groups |publisher=Atlas of the Universe |access-date= 30 December 2011}}</ref> It is approximately 43 million light years away from [[Earth]].<ref name=kopernik/> NGC 3938 is classified as type Sc under the [[Hubble sequence]], a loosely wound spiral galaxy with a smaller and dimmer bulge.<ref name="Kruit">{{cite journal | last1 = van der Kruit | first1 = P.C. | last2 = Shostak | first2 = G.S. | title = Studies of Nearly Face-on Spiral Galaxies| journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics| volume = 105| pages = 351–358| date = 1982| url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1982A%26A...105..351V&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf| bibcode = 1982A&A...105..351V | access-date = 25 June 2014 }}</ref> The spiral arms of the galaxy contain many areas of [[H II region|ionized atomic hydrogen]] gas, more so towards the center.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jiménez-Vicente| first = J.|display-authors=4 |author2=E. Battaner |author3=M. Rozas |author4=H. Castañeda |author5=C. Porcel | title = Fabry-Perot observations of the ionized gas in NGC 3938| journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics| volume = 342| pages = 417–425| date = 1999| url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1999A%26A...342..417J&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf| bibcode = 1999A&A...342..417J|arxiv = astro-ph/9811391 }}</ref>


== Supernovae ==
⚫
Two [[supernova]]e have been identified within NGC 3938. '''SN 2005ay''' is a [[Type II Supernova|type II supernova]] that was discovered on 27 March 2005 and had a magnitude of 15.6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supernova 2005ay in NGC 3938|url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2005/sn2005ay.html|work=Rochester Astronomy|access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> '''SN 2017ein''' is a [[Type Ib and Ic supernovae|type Ic supernova]] that was discovered on 25 May 2017 and peaked at magnitude 14.9.<ref>{{cite web|title=Supernovae 2017ein in NGC 3938|url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2017/sn2017ein.html|website=www.rochesterastronomy.org|access-date=29 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> Images taken before the explosion point to a progenitor mass between ~47-48{{solar mass}}, if it was in a single star system, and ~60-80{{solar mass}}, if it was in a [[binary star]] system.<ref name = VD18/>

Five [[supernova]]e have been identified within NGC 3938.
* '''SN 1961U''' ([[Type_II_supernova|type{{nbsp}}II]], mag. 13.7) was discovered by [[Paul_Wild_(Swiss_astronomer)|Paul Wild]] on 28 December 1961.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1961U | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1961U | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1787b.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1787 (sides 2 and 3)
| last = Thernoe
| first = K. A.
| date = 4 January 1962
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 27 November 2024
}}</ref> [Note: some sources incorrectly list the discovery date as 2 January 1962.]
* '''SN 1964L''' ([[Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae|type{{nbsp}}Ic]], mag. 13.3) was discovered by Paul Wild on 11 December 1964.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}1964L | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1964L | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1882a.jpg
| title = Circular No. 1882 (side 1)
| last = Thernoe
| first = K. A.
| date = 29 December 1964
| website = Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
| publisher = Observatory Copenhagen
| access-date = 27 November 2024
}}</ref>
* '''SN 2005ay''' (type II, mag. 15.6) was discovered by [[Doug Rich]] on 27 March 2005.<ref>{{cite web | title=Supernova 2005ay in NGC 3938 | url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2005/sn2005ay.html | work=Rochester Astronomy | access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2005ay | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2005ay | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>
⚫
* '''SN 2017ein''' ([[Type Ib and Ic supernovae|type Ic]], mag. 17.6) was discovered by Ron Arbour on 25 May 2017 and peaked at magnitude 14.9.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2017ein | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2017ein | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supernovae 2017ein in NGC 3938 | url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2017/sn2017ein.html | website=www.rochesterastronomy.org | access-date=29 June 2017 | language=en}}</ref> Images taken before the explosion point to a progenitor mass between ~47-48{{solar mass}}, if it was in a single star system, and ~60-80{{solar mass}}, if it was in a [[binary star]] system.<ref name = VD18/>
* '''SN 2022xlp''' ([[type_Ia_supernova|type{{nbsp}}Ia]], mag. 17) was discovered by [[Kōichi Itagaki]] on 13 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web | website=Transient Name Server | title=SN{{nbsp}}2022xlp | url=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2022xlp | publisher = [[International_Astronomical_Union|IAU]] | access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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| volume = 860 | issue = 2 | page = 90 | doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/aac32c| arxiv = 1803.01050 | bibcode = 2018ApJ...860...90V | hdl = 10150/628570
| volume = 860 | issue = 2 | page = 90 | doi = 10.3847/1538-4357/aac32c| arxiv = 1803.01050 | bibcode = 2018ApJ...860...90V | hdl = 10150/628570
| s2cid = 56265423 | hdl-access = free
| s2cid = 56265423 | hdl-access = free
}}</ref>
| doi-access = free }}</ref>


}}
}}
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{{ngc40|state=collapsed}}
{{ngc40|state=collapsed}}


[[Category:Ursa Major (constellation)]]
[[Category:Ursa Major]]
[[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:NGC objects|3938]]
[[Category:NGC objects|3938]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1788|17880206]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1788|17880206]]
[[Category:Ursa Major Cluster]]
[[Category:Ursa Major Cluster]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|037229]]




Latest revision as of 21:45, 27 November 2024

NGC 3938
NGC 3938 imaged by Mount Lemmon SkyCenter of the University of Arizona
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationUrsa Major[1]
Right ascension11h 52m 42.9s[1]
Declination+44° 07′ 17″[1]
Distance43 Mly
Apparent magnitude (V)10.9[1]
Characteristics
TypeSA(s)c[2]
Apparent size (V)5.4′ × 4.9′[1]
Other designations
UGC 6856, MCG +07-25-001, PGC 37229[2]

NGC 3938 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the Ursa Major constellation. It was discovered on 6 February 1788 by William Herschel. It is one of the brightest spiral galaxies in the Ursa Major South galaxy group and is roughly 67,000 light years in diameter.[3] It is approximately 43 million light years away from Earth.[1] NGC 3938 is classified as type Sc under the Hubble sequence, a loosely wound spiral galaxy with a smaller and dimmer bulge.[4] The spiral arms of the galaxy contain many areas of ionized atomic hydrogen gas, more so towards the center.[5]

Supernovae

[edit]

Five supernovae have been identified within NGC 3938.

  • SN 1961U (type II, mag. 13.7) was discovered by Paul Wild on 28 December 1961.[6][7] [Note: some sources incorrectly list the discovery date as 2 January 1962.]
  • SN 1964L (type Ic, mag. 13.3) was discovered by Paul Wild on 11 December 1964.[8][9]
  • SN 2005ay (type II, mag. 15.6) was discovered by Doug Rich on 27 March 2005.[10][11]
  • SN 2017ein (type Ic, mag. 17.6) was discovered by Ron Arbour on 25 May 2017 and peaked at magnitude 14.9.[12][13] Images taken before the explosion point to a progenitor mass between ~47-48M☉, if it was in a single star system, and ~60-80M☉, if it was in a binary star system.[14]
  • SN 2022xlp (type Ia, mag. 17) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 13 October 2022.[15]
[edit]
  • Artist's impression of progenitor star to a type Ic supernova in NGC 3938.[16]
    Artist's impression of progenitor star to a type Ic supernova in NGC 3938.[16]
  • Spiral galaxy NGC 3938, by HST. Location of SN 2005ay remnant is marked.
    Spiral galaxy NGC 3938, by HST. Location of SN 2005ay remnant is marked.
  • NGC 3938 with supernova SN 2005ay
    NGC 3938 with supernova SN 2005ay
  • The location of SN 2017ein, by HST.
    The location of SN 2017ein, by HST.
  • NGC 3938 by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
    NGC 3938 by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f George Normandin (5 May 2005). "Spiral Galaxy NGC 3839". kopernik.org. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Results for object NGC 3938 (NGC 3938)". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 28 February 2021.
  3. ^ "The Ursa Major Groups". Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  4. ^ van der Kruit, P.C.; Shostak, G.S. (1982). "Studies of Nearly Face-on Spiral Galaxies" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 105: 351–358. Bibcode:1982A&A...105..351V. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  5. ^ Jiménez-Vicente, J.; E. Battaner; M. Rozas; H. Castañeda; et al. (1999). "Fabry-Perot observations of the ionized gas in NGC 3938" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 342: 417–425. arXiv:astro-ph/9811391. Bibcode:1999A&A...342..417J.
  6. ^ "SN 1961U". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  7. ^ Thernoe, K. A. (4 January 1962). "Circular No. 1787 (sides 2 and 3)". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  8. ^ "SN 1964L". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  9. ^ Thernoe, K. A. (29 December 1964). "Circular No. 1882 (side 1)". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Observatory Copenhagen. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  10. ^ "Supernova 2005ay in NGC 3938". Rochester Astronomy. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  11. ^ "SN 2005ay". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  12. ^ "SN 2017ein". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  13. ^ "Supernovae 2017ein in NGC 3938". www.rochesterastronomy.org. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  14. ^ Van Dyk, Schuyler; et al. (15 July 2018). "SN 2017ein and the Possible First Identification of a Type Ic Supernova Progenitor". The Astrophysical Journal. 860 (2): 90. arXiv:1803.01050. Bibcode:2018ApJ...860...90V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac32c. hdl:10150/628570. S2CID 56265423.
  15. ^ "SN 2022xlp". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  16. ^ "Artist's impression of progenitor star to a type Ic supernova". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
[edit]
  • Media related to NGC 3938 at Wikimedia Commons


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