Hussein Kamel of Egypt: Difference between revisions

Hussein Kamel
حسين كامل
Hussein Kamel; حسين كامل
	Portrait by Charles Chusseau-Flaviens
Sultan of Egypt
Reign	19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
Predecessor	Abbas Hilmi II (as Khedive of Egypt)
Successor	Fuad I
Prime Minister	Hussein Roshdy Pasha
Born	21 November 1853; Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Died	9 October 1917 (aged 63); Cairo, Sultanate of Egypt
Burial	Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Spouse	; Ayn al-Hayat Ahmad (m. 1873, divorced) ; Melek Tourhan; (m. 1887)
Issue	Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein; Princess Kazima Hussein; Princess Kamila Hussein; Prince Ahmed Kazim Hussein; Princess Kadria Hussein; Princess Samiha Hussein; Princess Badia Hussein
House	Alawiyya
Father	Isma'il I of Egypt
Mother	Nur Felek Qadin

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Hussein Kamel (Arabic: حسين كامل; 21 November 1853 – 9 October 1917) was the Sultan of Egypt from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the British protectorate over Egypt. He was the first person to hold the title of Sultan of Egypt since the killing of Sultan Tuman II by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.

Life

Hussein Kamel was the second son of Khedive Ismail Pasha, who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared Sultan of Egypt on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created Sultanate of Egypt was to be a British protectorate, with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the de jure Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, which had been largely nominal since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805.

Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein, declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as Fuad I. At the beginning of Naguib Mahfouz's novel Palace Walk, Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."^[1]

Stereoscope photographs of the coronation and burial processions of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.

Honours

Domestic^{[citation needed]}

Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Muhammad Ali
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Ismail
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Nile
Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Virtues

Foreign^{[citation needed]}

Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
Ottoman Empire: Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class
Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1869^[2]
Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 1891^[3]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division), 19 December 1914^[4]
French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur, 1916
Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1916
Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, 1916
Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1916
Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II, 1917

References

^ Naguib Mahfouz, Palace Walk (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12
^ "Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1913, p. 174, retrieved 9 February 2021
^ "Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna", Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1915, p. 674, retrieved 10 February 2021 – via runeberg.org
^ "No. 29021". The London Gazette. 29 December 1914. p. 11132.

External links

Media related to Hussein Kamel of Egypt at Wikimedia Commons
Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions

Regnal titles
Hussein Kamel of Egypt Muhammad Ali Dynasty Born: 21 November 1853 Died: 9 October 1917
Preceded by Abbas Hilmi II as Khedive of Egypt and Sudan	Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917	Succeeded by Fuad I
Recreated Title last held by Tuman Bay II		Succeeded by Fuad I
Political offices
Preceded by Ali Mubarak Pasha	Minister of Public Works 26 August 1872 – 7 September 1875	Succeeded by Ibrahim Yakan Pasha
Preceded by Abdel Hamid Sadeq Pasha	Speaker of the Legislative Council 30 January 1909 – 3 March 1910	Succeeded by Mahmoud Fahmi Pasha
Preceded by Mehmed V as Ottoman Suzerain	Head of state of Egypt 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917	Succeeded by Fuad I

[1] Naguib Mahfouz, Palace Walk (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12

[2] "Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1913, p. 174, retrieved 9 February 2021

[3] "Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna", Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1915, p. 674, retrieved 10 February 2021 – via runeberg.org

[LondonGazette29021-4] "No. 29021". The London Gazette. 29 December 1914. p. 11132.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan (1853–1917)}}
 {{Infobox monarch
-|name            = Hussein Kamel
+| name         = Hussein Kamel<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|حسين كامل}}}}
-|succession      = [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan]]<br>
+| succession   = [[Sultan of Egypt]]
+| image        = Ch. Chusseau-Flaviens - George Eastman House - Egypt-Prince Hussein Pacha (Khedive ) (pd).jpg
-                   [[Image:Coat of arms of the Egyptian Kingdom 2.png|50px]]
+| caption      = Portrait by [[Charles Chusseau-Flaviens]]
-|image           = HusseinKamelSultan.jpg
-|caption         = Hussein Kamel wearing a traditional [[tarboosh]].
+| reign        = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
+| predecessor  = [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] (as Khedive of Egypt)
-|reign           = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
-|predecessor     = [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] ([[Khedive of Egypt]])
+| successor    = [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]
-|successor       = [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]
+| regent       = [[Hussein Roshdy Pasha]]
+| reg-type     = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]]}}
-|regent          = [[Hussein Roshdy Pasha]]
+| spouse       = {{plainlist|
-|reg-type        = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]]}}
-|spouse          = {{plainlist|
 *{{marriage|[[Ayn al-Hayat Ahmad]]|1873|end=divorced}}
 *{{marriage|[[Melek Tourhan]]<br>|1887}}}}
-|issue           = [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]]<br>Princess [[Kazima Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Kamila Husayn]]<br>Prince [[Ahmed Kazim Bey]]<br>Princess [[Kadria Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Samiha Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Badia Husayn]]
+| issue        = [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]]<br>Princess Kazima Hussein<br>Princess Kamila Hussein<br>Prince Ahmed Kazim Hussein<br>Princess [[Kadria Hussein]]<br>Princess Samiha Hussein<br>Princess Badia Hussein
-|dynasty         = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]
+| house        = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Alawiyya]]
-|father          = [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]]
+| father       = [[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il I of Egypt]]
-|mother          = [[Nur Felek Qadin]]
+| mother       = [[Nur Felek Qadin]]
-|birth_date      = {{Birth date|1853|11|21|df=yes}}
+| birth_date   = {{Birth date|1853|11|21|df=yes}}
-|birth_place     = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
+| birth_place  = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
-|death_date      = {{Death date and age|1917|10|9|1853|11|21|df=y}}
+| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1917|10|9|1853|11|21|df=y}}
-|death_place     = [[Cairo]], [[Sultanate of Egypt]]
+| death_place  = [[Cairo]], [[Sultanate of Egypt]]
-|place of burial = [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
+| place of burial = [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|
-|}}
+}}
-'''Sultan Hussein Kamel''' ({{lang-ar|السلطان حسين كامل}}; 21 November 1853 &ndash; 9 October 1917) was the [[Sultan of Egypt]] from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the [[United Kingdom|British]] protectorate over [[Egypt]]. He was the first person to hold the title of [[Sultan of Egypt]] since the killing of Sultan [[Tuman bay II|Tuman II]] by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.
+'''Hussein Kamel''' ({{langx|ar|حسين كامل}}; 21 November 1853 &ndash; 9 October 1917) was the [[Sultan of Egypt]] from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the [[United Kingdom|British]] protectorate over [[Egypt]]. He was the first person to hold the title of [[Sultan of Egypt]] since the killing of Sultan [[Tuman bay II|Tuman II]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1517 following [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|their conquest of Egypt]].
 ==Life==
-Hussein Kamel was the second son of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared [[Sultan of Egypt]] on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]], on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created [[Sultanate of Egypt]] was to be a British [[protectorate]], with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the [[de jure]] [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sovereignty over [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], which had been largely nominal since [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s seizure of power in 1805.
+Hussein Kamel was the second son of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared [[Sultan of Egypt]] on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]], on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created [[Sultanate of Egypt]] was to be a British [[protectorate]], with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the ''[[de jure]]'' [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sovereignty over [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], which had been largely nominal since [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s seizure of power in 1805.
 [[File:قبر السلطان حسين كامل بمسجد الرفاعى بالقاهرة.jpeg|thumbnail|Tomb of Sultan Hussein Kamel at the [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]] in Cairo]]
 Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]], declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]. At the beginning of [[Naguib Mahfouz]]'s novel ''[[Palace Walk]]'', Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."<ref>Naguib Mahfouz, ''Palace Walk'' (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12</ref>
-Stereoscope photographs of the [http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/searchterm/coronations/mode/exact coronation procession] and [http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/enterrement/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc burial procession] of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.
+Stereoscope photographs of the coronation and burial processions of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.
 ==Honours==
-[[File:20 qirsh Hussein Kamel 1916.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 20 qirsh of [[Sultanate of Egypt]] minted during the reign of Hussein Kamel - 1916]]
+[[File:20 qirsh Hussein Kamel 1916.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 20 qirsh of [[Sultanate of Egypt]] minted during the reign of Hussein Kamel - 1916 struck at Bombay Mint]]
 ;Domestic{{cn|date=June 2020}}
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 ;Foreign{{cn|date=June 2020}}
-*{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class
+*Ottoman Empire: [[Order of Osmanieh]], 1st Class
-*{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class
+*Ottoman Empire: [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class
-*{{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of Franz Joseph]], ''1869''<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=517&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=174}}</ref>
+*Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Franz Joseph]], ''1869''<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=517&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=174}}</ref>
-*{{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sword]], ''1891''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|chapter=Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna|chapter-url=http://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0668.html|via=runeberg.org|accessdate=10 February 2021|page=[http://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0674.html 674]|language=sv}}</ref>
+*Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sword]], ''1891''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|chapter=Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna|chapter-url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0668.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=10 February 2021|page=[https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0674.html 674]|language=sv}}</ref>
-*{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (civil division), ''19 December 1914''<ref name=LondonGazette29021>{{London Gazette|issue=29021|page=11132|date=29 December 1914}}</ref>
+*United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (civil division), ''19 December 1914''<ref name=LondonGazette29021>{{London Gazette|issue=29021|page=11132|date=29 December 1914}}</ref>
-*{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]], ''1916''
+*French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]], ''1916''
-*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''1916''
+*Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]], ''1916''
-*{{flagicon|Greece|royal}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]], ''1916''
+*Greece: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]], ''1916''
-*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]], ''1916''
+*Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]], ''1916''
-*{{flagicon|Belgium}} Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold II]], ''1917''
+*Belgium: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold II]], ''1917''
 == References ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 == External links ==
-{{Commons category-inline|Hussein Kamel of Egypt}}
+*{{Commons category-inline|Hussein Kamel of Egypt}}
+*[http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/%E1%B8%A4usayn%20K%C4%81mil%2C%20Sultan%20of%20Egypt%2C%201853-1917/order/nosort Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions]
-[http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/%E1%B8%A4usayn%20K%C4%81mil%2C%20Sultan%20of%20Egypt%2C%201853-1917/order/nosort Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions]
 {{s-start|noclear=yes}}
 {{s-hou|[[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]|21 November|1853|9 October|1917}}
@@ Line 72: / Line 71: @@
 | rows = 2
 | title = [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan]]
-| years = 19 December 1914 - 9 October 1917
+| years = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
 }}
 {{s-aft
@@ Line 86: / Line 85: @@
 {{s-ttl
 | title = [[Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt)|Minister of Public Works]]
-| years = 26 August 1872 - 7 September 1875
+| years = 26 August 1872 – 7 September 1875
 }}
 {{s-aft
@@ Line 96: / Line 95: @@
 {{s-ttl
 | title = [[Legislative Council of Egypt|Speaker of the Legislative Council]]
-| years = 30 January 1909 - 3 March 1910
+| years = 30 January 1909 – 3 March 1910
 }}
 {{s-aft
@@ Line 107: / Line 106: @@
 {{s-ttl
 | title = [[List of rulers of Egypt|Head of state of Egypt]]
-| years = 19 December 1914 - 9 October 1917
+| years = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
 }}
 {{s-aft
@@ Line 122: / Line 121: @@
 [[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
 [[Category:20th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
-[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty]]
+[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs]]
 [[Category:Sultans of Egypt]]
-[[Category:Government ministers of Egypt]]
+[[Category:Ministers of finance of Egypt]]
 [[Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Egypt]]
 [[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ismail]]
+[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nile]]
 <!-- Imperial Order of the Osmans, 1st Class of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]]
 *Order of Nobility, 1st Class of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] -->
@@ Line 132: / Line 133: @@
 [[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class]]
 [[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword]]
-[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]
+[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
 [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
 [[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
@@ Line 138: / Line 139: @@
 [[Category:Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire]]
 [[Category:Field marshals of Egypt]]
-[[Category:Egyptian people of Greek descent]]
+[[Category:Irrigation ministers of Egypt]]
-[[Category:Egyptian people of Albanian descent]]
+[[Category:Sons of monarchs]]

v t e Muhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953)
Family tree
Monarchs	Muhammad Ali Ibrahim Abbas Hilmi I Sa'id Isma'il Tewfik Abbas Hilmi II Hussein Kamel Ahmed Fuad I Farouk Ahmed Fuad II
Consorts	Amina Hanem Ayn al-Hayat Qadin Hoshiyar Qadin Mahivech Hanim Inji Hanim Melekber Hanim Jananiyar Hanim Jeshm Afet Hanim Shehret Feza Hanim Shafaq Nur Hanim Nur Felek Qadin Jamal Nur Qadin Neshedil Qadin Ferial Qadin Emina Ilhamy Ikbal Hanim Javidan Hanim Melek Tourhan Nazli Sabri Farida Narriman Sadek
Heirs	Ibrahim Abbas Sa'id Ahmad Rifaat Isma'il Mustafa Fazl Tewfik Abbas Hilmi Muhammad Ali Tewfik Muhammad Abdel Moneim Farouk Muhammad Ali Tewfik Ahmad Fuad
Princes	Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir Ali Pasha Sherif Khalil Sherif Pasha Ismail Chirine Ismail Kamel Pasha Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha Omar Toussoun Tusun Pasha Youssef Kamal Said Halim Pasha Kamal el Dine Hussein Abbas Halim Muhammad Ali Hassan Hassan Aziz Hassan Abbas Hilmi Muhammad Ali
Princesses	Kadria Hussein Shivakiar Ibrahim Tawhida Hanim Fazile Hanımsultan Tevhide Ilhamy Zeynab Ilhamy Nazli Fazil Fawzia (daughter of Fuad I) Faika Fathia Fawzia (daughter of Farouk) Faiza Farial Fadia Fawzia-Latifa
Category

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