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{{Short description|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan (1853–1917)}}
{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox monarch
|name = Hussein Kamel
| name = Hussein Kamel<br />{{Nobold|{{lang|ar|حسين كامل}}}}
|succession = [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan]]<br>
| succession = [[Sultan of Egypt]]
| image = Ch. Chusseau-Flaviens - George Eastman House - Egypt-Prince Hussein Pacha (Khedive ) (pd).jpg
[[Image:Coat of arms of the Egyptian Kingdom 2.png|50px]]
|image = Ch. Chusseau-Flaviens - George Eastman House - Egypt-Prince Hussein Pacha (Khedive ) (pd).jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Charles Chusseau-Flaviens]]
|caption = Portrait by [[Charles Chusseau-Flaviens]]
| reign = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
| predecessor = [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] (as Khedive of Egypt)
|reign = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
|predecessor = [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]] ([[Khedive of Egypt]])
| successor = [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]
|successor = [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]
| regent = [[Hussein Roshdy Pasha]]
⚫
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]]}}
|regent = [[Hussein Roshdy Pasha]]
⚫
| spouse = {{plainlist|
⚫
|reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]]}}
⚫
|spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Ayn al-Hayat Ahmad]]|1873|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Ayn al-Hayat Ahmad]]|1873|end=divorced}}
*{{marriage|[[Melek Tourhan]]<br>|1887}}}}
*{{marriage|[[Melek Tourhan]]<br>|1887}}}}
|issue = [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]]<br>Princess [[Kazima Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Kamila Husayn]]<br>Prince [[Ahmed Kazim Bey]]<br>Princess [[Kadria Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Samiha Husayn]]<br>Princess [[Badia Husayn]]
| issue = [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]]<br>Princess Kazima Hussein<br>Princess Kamila Hussein<br>Prince Ahmed Kazim Hussein<br>Princess [[Kadria Hussein]]<br>Princess Samiha Hussein<br>Princess Badia Hussein
|dynasty = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]
| house = [[Muhammad Ali Dynasty|Alawiyya]]
|father = [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]]
| father = [[Isma'il Pasha|Isma'il I of Egypt]]
|mother = [[Nur Felek Qadin]]
| mother = [[Nur Felek Qadin]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1853|11|21|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1853|11|21|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|10|9|1853|11|21|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1917|10|9|1853|11|21|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Sultanate of Egypt]]
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Sultanate of Egypt]]
|place of burial = [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]
| place of burial = [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|
|}}
}}


'''Sultan Hussein Kamel''' ({{lang-ar|السلطان حسين كامل}}; 21 November 1853 &ndash; 9 October 1917) was the [[Sultan of Egypt]] from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the [[United Kingdom|British]] protectorate over [[Egypt]]. He was the first person to hold the title of [[Sultan of Egypt]] since the killing of Sultan [[Tuman bay II|Tuman II]] by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.
'''Hussein Kamel''' ({{langx|ar|حسين كامل}}; 21 November 1853 &ndash; 9 October 1917) was the [[Sultan of Egypt]] from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the [[United Kingdom|British]] protectorate over [[Egypt]]. He was the first person to hold the title of [[Sultan of Egypt]] since the killing of Sultan [[Tuman bay II|Tuman II]] by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1517 following [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|their conquest of Egypt]].


==Life==
==Life==
Hussein Kamel was the second son of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared [[Sultan of Egypt]] on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]], on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created [[Sultanate of Egypt]] was to be a British [[protectorate]], with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the [[de jure]] [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sovereignty over [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], which had been largely nominal since [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s seizure of power in 1805.
Hussein Kamel was the second son of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared [[Sultan of Egypt]] on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi II]], on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created [[Sultanate of Egypt]] was to be a British [[protectorate]], with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the ''[[de jure]]'' [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sovereignty over [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]], which had been largely nominal since [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]]'s seizure of power in 1805.


[[File:قبر السلطان حسين كامل بمسجد الرفاعى بالقاهرة.jpeg|thumbnail|Tomb of Sultan Hussein Kamel at the [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]] in Cairo]]
[[File:قبر السلطان حسين كامل بمسجد الرفاعى بالقاهرة.jpeg|thumbnail|Tomb of Sultan Hussein Kamel at the [[Al-Rifa'i Mosque]] in Cairo]]
Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]], declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]. At the beginning of [[Naguib Mahfouz]]'s novel ''[[Palace Walk]]'', Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."<ref>Naguib Mahfouz, ''Palace Walk'' (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12</ref>
Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, [[Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein]], declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as [[Fuad I of Egypt|Fuad I]]. At the beginning of [[Naguib Mahfouz]]'s novel ''[[Palace Walk]]'', Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."<ref>Naguib Mahfouz, ''Palace Walk'' (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12</ref>


Stereoscope photographs of the [http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/searchterm/coronations/mode/exact coronation procession] and [http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/enterrement/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc burial procession] of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.
Stereoscope photographs of the coronation and burial processions of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.


==Honours==
==Honours==
[[File:20 qirsh Hussein Kamel 1916.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 20 qirsh of [[Sultanate of Egypt]] minted during the reign of Hussein Kamel - 1916]]
[[File:20 qirsh Hussein Kamel 1916.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 20 qirsh of [[Sultanate of Egypt]] minted during the reign of Hussein Kamel - 1916 struck at Bombay Mint]]


;Domestic{{cn|date=June 2020}}
;Domestic{{cn|date=June 2020}}
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*Ottoman Empire: [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class
*Ottoman Empire: [[Order of the Medjidie]], 1st Class
*Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Franz Joseph]], ''1869''<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=517&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=174}}</ref>
*Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Franz Joseph]], ''1869''<ref>{{citation|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1913&page=517&size=45|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1913|access-date=9 February 2021|page=174}}</ref>
*Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sword]], ''1891''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|chapter=Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna|chapter-url=http://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0668.html|via=runeberg.org|accessdate=10 February 2021|page=[http://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0674.html 674]|language=sv}}</ref>
*Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sword]], ''1891''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1915|chapter=Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna|chapter-url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0668.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=10 February 2021|page=[https://runeberg.org/statskal/1915/0674.html 674]|language=sv}}</ref>
*United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (civil division), ''19 December 1914''<ref name=LondonGazette29021>{{London Gazette|issue=29021|page=11132|date=29 December 1914}}</ref>
*United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (civil division), ''19 December 1914''<ref name=LondonGazette29021>{{London Gazette|issue=29021|page=11132|date=29 December 1914}}</ref>
*French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]], ''1916''
*French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]], ''1916''
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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Hussein Kamel of Egypt}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Hussein Kamel of Egypt}}
⚫
*[http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/%E1%B8%A4usayn%20K%C4%81mil%2C%20Sultan%20of%20Egypt%2C%201853-1917/order/nosort Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions]

⚫
[http://cdm15795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15795coll15/searchterm/%E1%B8%A4usayn%20K%C4%81mil%2C%20Sultan%20of%20Egypt%2C%201853-1917/order/nosort Stereoscopes of Hussein Kamel's coronation and burial processions]
{{s-start|noclear=yes}}
{{s-start|noclear=yes}}
{{s-hou|[[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]|21 November|1853|9 October|1917}}
{{s-hou|[[Muhammad Ali Dynasty]]|21 November|1853|9 October|1917}}
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| rows = 2
| rows = 2
| title = [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan]]
| title = [[Sultan of Egypt|Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan]]
| years = 19 December 1914 - 9 October 1917
| years = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
}}
}}
{{s-aft
{{s-aft
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{{s-ttl
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt)|Minister of Public Works]]
| title = [[Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (Egypt)|Minister of Public Works]]
| years = 26 August 1872 - 7 September 1875
| years = 26 August 1872 – 7 September 1875
}}
}}
{{s-aft
{{s-aft
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{{s-ttl
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Legislative Council of Egypt|Speaker of the Legislative Council]]
| title = [[Legislative Council of Egypt|Speaker of the Legislative Council]]
| years = 30 January 1909 - 3 March 1910
| years = 30 January 1909 – 3 March 1910
}}
}}
{{s-aft
{{s-aft
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{{s-ttl
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of rulers of Egypt|Head of state of Egypt]]
| title = [[List of rulers of Egypt|Head of state of Egypt]]
| years = 19 December 1914 - 9 October 1917
| years = 19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
}}
}}
{{s-aft
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[[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
[[Category:Egyptian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Egyptian monarchs]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali dynasty monarchs]]
[[Category:Sultans of Egypt]]
[[Category:Sultans of Egypt]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Egypt]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Egypt]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Egypt]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Egypt]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ismail]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Nile]]
<!-- Imperial Order of the Osmans, 1st Class of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]]
<!-- Imperial Order of the Osmans, 1st Class of [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class]]
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[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword]]
[[Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur]]
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[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
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[[Category:Field marshals of the Ottoman Empire]]
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[[Category:Irrigation ministers of Egypt]]
[[Category:Sons of monarchs]]

Latest revision as of 22:24, 27 November 2024

Hussein Kamel
حسين كامل
Portrait by Charles Chusseau-Flaviens
Sultan of Egypt
Reign19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917
PredecessorAbbas Hilmi II (as Khedive of Egypt)
SuccessorFuad I
Prime MinisterHussein Roshdy Pasha
Born(1853-11-21)21 November 1853
Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Died9 October 1917(1917-10-09) (aged 63)
Cairo, Sultanate of Egypt
Burial
Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1873, divorced)​
​
​
(m. 1887)​
IssuePrince Kamal el Dine Hussein
Princess Kazima Hussein
Princess Kamila Hussein
Prince Ahmed Kazim Hussein
Princess Kadria Hussein
Princess Samiha Hussein
Princess Badia Hussein
HouseAlawiyya
FatherIsma'il I of Egypt
MotherNur Felek Qadin

Hussein Kamel (Arabic: حسين كامل; 21 November 1853 – 9 October 1917) was the Sultan of Egypt from 19 December 1914 to 9 October 1917, during the British protectorate over Egypt. He was the first person to hold the title of Sultan of Egypt since the killing of Sultan Tuman II by the Ottomans in 1517 following their conquest of Egypt.

Life

[edit]

Hussein Kamel was the second son of Khedive Ismail Pasha, who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared Sultan of Egypt on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created Sultanate of Egypt was to be a British protectorate, with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the de jure Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, which had been largely nominal since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805.

Tomb of Sultan Hussein Kamel at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo

Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein, declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as Fuad I. At the beginning of Naguib Mahfouz's novel Palace Walk, Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."[1]

Stereoscope photographs of the coronation and burial processions of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.

Honours

[edit]
Silver coin: 20 qirsh of Sultanate of Egypt minted during the reign of Hussein Kamel - 1916 struck at Bombay Mint
Domestic[citation needed]
Foreign[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Naguib Mahfouz, Palace Walk (Anchor Books, 1991), p. 12
  2. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-österreichischer Franz Joseph-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1913, p. 174, retrieved 9 February 2021
  3. ^ "Kungl. Svenska Riddareordnarna", Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1915, p. 674, retrieved 10 February 2021 – via runeberg.org
  4. ^ "No. 29021". The London Gazette. 29 December 1914. p. 11132.
[edit]
Hussein Kamel of Egypt
Born: 21 November 1853 Died: 9 October 1917
Regnal titles
Preceded byas Khedive of Egypt and Sudan Sultan of Egypt and the Sudan
19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917 		Succeeded by
Recreated
Title last held by
Tuman Bay II
Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Public Works
26 August 1872 – 7 September 1875 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Speaker of the Legislative Council
30 January 1909 – 3 March 1910 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas Ottoman Suzerain Head of state of Egypt
19 December 1914 – 9 October 1917 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt&oldid=1259937011"