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{{short description|American inventor of plastic}}
{{short description|American inventor of plastic}}
{{Infobox engineer
{{Infobox engineer
|image = John Wesley Hyatt, Jr.jpg
|image = J_W_Hyatt.jpg
|caption = John Wesley Hyatt
|caption = Hyatt in the 1890s
|name = John Wesley Hyatt
|name = John Wesley Hyatt
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
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==Biography==
==Biography==
Hyatt was born in [[Starkey, New York]], and began working as a printer when he was 16. Later, he invented plastic, receiving several hundred [[patent]]s. Among the most well-known of his inventions was that of a substitute for [[ivory]] to produce [[billiard ball]]s. An award of $10,000 had been instituted by [[Michael Phelan (billiards)|Michael Phelan]] in 1863 due to the cost of ivory and concerns on its shortage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A gooey way to 3D print plastics |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2022/08/31/a-gooey-way-to-3d-print-plastics |access-date=2022-09-04 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
Hyatt was born in [[Starkey, New York]], and began working as a printer when he was 16. Later, he invented a simpler celluloid production process, receiving several hundred [[patent]]s. Among the most well-known of his inventions was that of a substitute for [[ivory]] to produce [[billiard ball]]s. An award of $10,000 had been instituted by [[Michael Phelan (billiards)|Michael Phelan]] in 1863 due to the cost of ivory and concerns on its shortage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A gooey way to 3D print plastics |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2022/08/31/a-gooey-way-to-3d-print-plastics |access-date=2022-09-04 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>


Aided by his brother Isaiah,<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt experimented with [[Parkesine]], a hardened form of [[nitrocellulose]].<ref name="addr" /> Parkesine had been invented by the [[English people|Englishman]] [[Alexander Parkes]] in 1862, and is considered the first true plastic, although it was not a success as a commercial or industrial product.
Aided by his brother Isaiah,<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt experimented with [[Parkesine]], a hardened form of [[nitrocellulose]].<ref name="addr" /> Parkesine had been invented by the [[English people|Englishman]] [[Alexander Parkes]] in 1862, and is considered the first true plastic, although it was not a success as a commercial or industrial product.
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Liquid nitrocellulose, or [[collodion]], had been used as early as 1851 by another English inventor, [[Frederick Scott Archer]], in photographic applications; it had also been used extensively as a quick-drying film to protect the fingertips of [[Printer (publisher)|printers]].<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt's eventual result was a commercially viable way of producing solid, stable nitrocellulose, which he patented in the [[United States]] in 1869 as "Celluloid" (US patent 50359; now a [[Trademark genericization|genericized trademark]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Center |first=Smithsonian Lemelson |date=2018-02-26 |title=Imitation Ivory and the Power of Play |url=https://invention.si.edu/imitation-ivory-and-power-play |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation |language=en}}</ref>
Liquid nitrocellulose, or [[collodion]], had been used as early as 1851 by another English inventor, [[Frederick Scott Archer]], in photographic applications; it had also been used extensively as a quick-drying film to protect the fingertips of [[Printer (publisher)|printers]].<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt's eventual result was a commercially viable way of producing solid, stable nitrocellulose, which he patented in the [[United States]] in 1869 as "Celluloid" (US patent 50359; now a [[Trademark genericization|genericized trademark]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Center |first=Smithsonian Lemelson |date=2018-02-26 |title=Imitation Ivory and the Power of Play |url=https://invention.si.edu/imitation-ivory-and-power-play |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation |language=en}}</ref>


In 1870 Hyatt formed the Albany Dental Plate Company to produce, among other things, billiard balls, false teeth, and piano keys,<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt’s Celluloid Manufacturing Company was established in [[Albany, New York]] in 1872 and moved to [[Newark, New Jersey]] in 1873.<ref name="current" />
In 1870, Hyatt formed the Albany Dental Plate Company to produce, among other things, billiard balls, false teeth, and piano keys.<ref name="everton" /> Hyatt’s Celluloid Manufacturing Company was established in [[Albany, New York]] in 1872 and moved to [[Newark, New Jersey]], in 1873.<ref name="current" />


Hyatt's celluloid discovery went into court in a patent dispute with English inventor, [[Daniel Spill]], who had patented essentially the same compound in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] as "Xylonite". Spill and Hyatt clashed in court between 1877 and 1884. The eventual decision was that the true inventor of celluloid was Parkes, but that all manufacturing of celluloid could continue, including Hyatt's.<ref name="baker" /><ref name="jce" />
Hyatt's celluloid discovery went into court in a patent dispute with English inventor, [[Daniel Spill]], who had patented essentially the same compound in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] as "Xylonite". Spill and Hyatt clashed in court between 1877 and 1884. The eventual decision was that the true inventor of celluloid was Parkes, but that all manufacturing of celluloid could continue, including Hyatt's.<ref name="baker" /><ref name="jce" />
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<ref name="addr">{{Cite journal|last=Hyatt|first=John Wesley|date=1914|title=Address of Acceptance|journal=Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=158–161|doi=10.1021/ie50062a021|issn=0095-9014|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1678643}}</ref>
<ref name="addr">{{Cite journal|last=Hyatt|first=John Wesley|date=1914|title=Address of Acceptance|journal=Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=158–161|doi=10.1021/ie50062a021|issn=0095-9014|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1678643}}</ref>
<ref name="baker">{{Citation|last=Baker|first=Ian|chapter=Celluloid|date=2018|pages=23–27|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-78766-4_6|isbn=978-3-319-78764-0|title=Fifty Materials That Make the World}}</ref>
<ref name="baker">{{Citation|last=Baker|first=Ian|chapter=Celluloid|date=2018|pages=23–27|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-78766-4_6|isbn=978-3-319-78764-0|title=Fifty Materials That Make the World}}</ref>
<ref name="current">{{Cite journal|last=Ranganathan|first=S. R.|date=1937|title=Hyatt (John Wesley) (1837–1920)|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_05_0236_0238_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=6|issue=5|pages=236|issn=0011-3891}}</ref>
<ref name="current">{{Cite journal|last=Ranganathan|first=S. R.|date=1937|title=Hyatt (John Wesley) (1837–1920)|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_05_0236_0238_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=6|issue=5|pages=236|issn=0011-3891|access-date=2019-06-25|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025093219/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_05_0236_0238_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="everton">{{Cite book |title=The History of Billiards and Snooker |last=Everton |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Everton |location=[[Haywards Heath|Haywards Heath, UK]] |publisher=[[Transworld (company)|Partridge Pr]] |page=11 |year=1986 |edition=rev. ver. of ''The Story of Billiards and Snooker'', 1979}}</ref>
<ref name="everton">{{Cite book |title=The History of Billiards and Snooker |last=Everton |first=Clive |author-link=Clive Everton |location=[[Haywards Heath|Haywards Heath, UK]] |publisher=[[Transworld (company)|Partridge Pr]] |page=11 |year=1986 |edition=rev. ver. of ''The Story of Billiards and Snooker'', 1979}}</ref>
<ref name="gm">{{cite web|url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/Hyatt_Roller_Bearing_Company|last=Bowman|first=Bill|year=2013|access-date=2013-10-20|title=Hyatt Roller Bearing Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103050/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/Hyatt_Roller_Bearing_Company|archive-date=2018-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="gm">{{cite web|url=http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/Hyatt_Roller_Bearing_Company|last=Bowman|first=Bill|year=2013|access-date=2013-10-20|title=Hyatt Roller Bearing Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103050/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/Hyatt_Roller_Bearing_Company|archive-date=2018-05-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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[[Category:Polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Cue sports inventors and innovators]]
[[Category:Cue sports inventors and innovators]]


{{US-inventor-stub}}

Latest revision as of 01:06, 28 November 2024

John Wesley Hyatt
Hyatt in the 1890s
Born(1837-11-28)November 28, 1837
Starkey, New York
DiedMay 10, 1920(1920-05-10) (aged 82)
NationalityAmerican
OccupationEngineer
Engineering career
Projectsproduction of celluloid
AwardsJohn Scott Medal (1898)
Perkin Medal (1914)

John Wesley Hyatt (November 28, 1837 – May 10, 1920) was an American inventor. He is mainly known for simplifying the production of celluloid.

Hyatt, a Perkin Medal recipient, is included in the National Inventors Hall of Fame. He had nearly 238 patents to his credit, including improvements to sugar cane mills and water filtration devices.

Biography

[edit]

Hyatt was born in Starkey, New York, and began working as a printer when he was 16. Later, he invented a simpler celluloid production process, receiving several hundred patents. Among the most well-known of his inventions was that of a substitute for ivory to produce billiard balls. An award of $10,000 had been instituted by Michael Phelan in 1863 due to the cost of ivory and concerns on its shortage.[1]

Aided by his brother Isaiah,[2] Hyatt experimented with Parkesine, a hardened form of nitrocellulose.[3] Parkesine had been invented by the Englishman Alexander Parkes in 1862, and is considered the first true plastic, although it was not a success as a commercial or industrial product.

Liquid nitrocellulose, or collodion, had been used as early as 1851 by another English inventor, Frederick Scott Archer, in photographic applications; it had also been used extensively as a quick-drying film to protect the fingertips of printers.[2] Hyatt's eventual result was a commercially viable way of producing solid, stable nitrocellulose, which he patented in the United States in 1869 as "Celluloid" (US patent 50359; now a genericized trademark).[4]

In 1870, Hyatt formed the Albany Dental Plate Company to produce, among other things, billiard balls, false teeth, and piano keys.[2] Hyatt’s Celluloid Manufacturing Company was established in Albany, New York in 1872 and moved to Newark, New Jersey, in 1873.[5]

Hyatt's celluloid discovery went into court in a patent dispute with English inventor, Daniel Spill, who had patented essentially the same compound in the UK as "Xylonite". Spill and Hyatt clashed in court between 1877 and 1884. The eventual decision was that the true inventor of celluloid was Parkes, but that all manufacturing of celluloid could continue, including Hyatt's.[6][7]

Hyatt's other patented inventions include the first injection moulding machine, sugarcane milling, juice extraction, roller bearings, and a multiple-stitch sewing machine. Hyatt was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame[8] in 1974.

John Wesley Hyatt founded the Hyatt Roller Bearing Company in 1892 in Harrison, New Jersey. The company's customers included General Motors and the Ford Motor Company.[9] In 1895 he hired Alfred P. Sloan, son of a major investor in the company, as a draftsman. In 1905 he made Sloan president. The company was sold to General Motors in 1916, and Sloan went on to become president of GM.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "A gooey way to 3D print plastics". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  2. ^ a b c Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Billiards and Snooker (rev. ver. of The Story of Billiards and Snooker, 1979 ed.). Haywards Heath, UK: Partridge Pr. p. 11.
  3. ^ Hyatt, John Wesley (1914). "Address of Acceptance". Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 6 (2): 158–161. doi:10.1021/ie50062a021. ISSN 0095-9014.
  4. ^ Center, Smithsonian Lemelson (2018-02-26). "Imitation Ivory and the Power of Play". Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  5. ^ Ranganathan, S. R. (1937). "Hyatt (John Wesley) (1837–1920)" (PDF). Current Science. 6 (5): 236. ISSN 0011-3891. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-25. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
  6. ^ Baker, Ian (2018), "Celluloid", Fifty Materials That Make the World, Springer International Publishing, pp. 23–27, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78766-4_6, ISBN 978-3-319-78764-0
  7. ^ Seymour, Raymond B.; Kauffman, George B. (1992). "The rise and fall of celluloid". Journal of Chemical Education. 69 (4): 311. Bibcode:1992JChEd..69..311S. doi:10.1021/ed069p311. ISSN 0021-9584.
  8. ^ Hyatt, John (1974). "John Wesley Hyatt".
  9. ^ Kiska, Tim. "Free Press Flashback: How GM went from small player to largest automaker in the world". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  10. ^ Bowman, Bill (2013). "Hyatt Roller Bearing Company". Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2013-10-20.
[edit]
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