Multiplicity (subculture): Difference between revisions
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late revert of edit 1250829616 by Likeanechointheforest, it's implied to be non-traumagenic both by the existing word "unspecified" and DID as the first item in the list. also you'd wanna add that citation as <ref name=":5" />. |
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{{Short description|Subculture of people with multiple personalities}} |
{{Short description|Subculture of people with multiple personalities}} |
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{{About|the online subculture|the psychological disorder|Dissociative |
{{About|the concept and associated online subculture|the recognized psychological disorder|Dissociative identity disorder}} |
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'''Multiplicity''', also called '''plurality''', is an [[Online community|online subculture]] of people having or using multiple [[Subpersonality|personalities]] |
'''Multiplicity''', also called '''plurality''' or '''polypsychism''', is an [[Online community|online subculture]] of people identifying as having or using multiple [[Subpersonality|personalities]],<ref name="Ribáry">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribáry |first1=Gergő |last2=Lajtai |first2=László |last3=Demetrovics |first3=Zsolt |last4=Maraz |first4=Aniko |date=2017-06-13 |title=Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=8 |page=938 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=5468408 |pmid=28659840 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Jessica |title=Inside TikTok's booming dissociative identity disorder community |url=https://www.inputmag.com/culture/dissociative-identity-disorder-did-tiktok-influencers-multiple-personalities |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Input |date=6 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vice">{{Cite web |last=Telfer |first=Tori |date=2015-05-11 |title=Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder? |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vdxgw9/when-multiple-personalities-are-not-a-disorder-400 |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> or as having multiple people occupying one mind and body. Multiplicity communities mostly exist online through social media platforms.<ref name="Vice" /> |
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== Definition == |
== Definition == |
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The coinage ''multiplicity'' describes people displaying or experiencing multiple personalities, selves, or identities in one mind and body, each with their own thoughts, emotional reactions, preferences, behavior, memory and sense of self.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-21 |title=Exploring the experiences of young people with multiplicity |url=https://www.youthandpolicy.org/articles/young-people-with-multiplicity/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Youth & Policy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eve |first1=Zarah |last2=Heyes |first2=Kim |last3=Parry |first3=Sarah |date=2023-09-12 |title=Conceptualizing multiplicity spectrum experiences: A systematic review and thematic synthesis |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |volume=31 |language=en |doi=10.1002/cpp.2910 |issn=1063-3995|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/psych-unseen/202302/enacted-identities-multiplicity-plurality-and-tulpamancy |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=cooper |first=mick |date=1996 |title=MODES OF EXISTENCE: TOWARDS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL POLYPSYCHISM |url=https://study.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/Ch.%203%20-%20Self-plurality%20from%20an%20existential%20perspective.pdf |journal=Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The plural self: multiplicity in everyday life |date=1999 |publisher=Sage Publ |isbn=978-0-7619-6076-8 |editor-last=Rowan |editor-first=John |edition=1. publ |location=London |pages=2}}</ref><ref name="aeon">{{Cite web |title=What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals' {{!}} Aeon Ideas |url=https://aeon.co/ideas/what-we-can-learn-about-respect-and-identity-from-plurals |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ribáry" />{{Excessive citations inline|date=November 2023}} |
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The coinage ''multiplicity'' describes people displaying or experiencing multiple personalities. It commonly covers:<ref name="Vice" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Schechter |first=Elizabeth |title=What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals' |url=https://aeon.co/ideas/what-we-can-learn-about-respect-and-identity-from-plurals |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref> |
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It commonly covers:<ref name="Vice" /><ref name="aeon" /> |
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| ⚫ | * |
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| ⚫ | * [[Tulpa|Tulpas]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psych-unseen/202302/enacted-identities-multiplicity-plurality-and-tulpamancy |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* Experiences and/or displays of multiple identities due to unspecified causes.<ref name="Vice" /> |
* Experiences and/or displays of multiple identities due to unspecified causes.<ref name="Vice" /> |
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==Origins and related practices== |
==Origins and related practices== |
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{{See also|Tulpamancy#Tulpamancers}} |
{{See also|Tulpamancy#Tulpamancers}} |
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In contrast to [[dissociative identity disorder]], the social movement of people who identify as "multiple" is under-researched.<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
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| ⚫ | ''Vice'' suggests that aspects of the online multiplicity community were also found in [[Haitian Vodou]], [[spirit possession]] and the [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] practice of [[tulpamancy]].<ref name="Vice" /> Nowadays, an online subculture dedicated to tulpamancy also exists, where practitioners willfully create and |
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| ⚫ | Resources dedicated to multiplicity started to appear early in the internet's history.<ref name=":5" /> According to a member of the community interviewed by ''Vice Magazine,'' the multiplicity subculture and related vocabulary originated in [[mailing lists]] of the 1980s.<ref name="Vice" /> Playing [[Video game|video games]] has also been cited as a context in which people engage with multiplicity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiplicity and Identity Mitigation in Video Games {{!}} Nightmare Mode [Archived] |url=https://nightmaremode.thegamerstrust.com/2010/06/18/multiplicity-and-identity-mitigation-in-video-games/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like [[LiveJournal]], [[Tumblr]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=2019-03-29 |title=The Best Cartoonist You've Never Read Is Eight Different People |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/lb-lee-dissociative-identity-disorder-comics.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>https://www.lycoming.edu/schemata/pdfs/Sullivan.pdf</ref> and more recently, [[TikTok]], [[Reddit]] and [[YouTube]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" / |
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| ⚫ | ''Vice'' suggests that aspects of the online multiplicity community were also found in [[Haitian Vodou]], [[spirit possession]] and the [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] practice of [[tulpamancy]].<ref name="Vice" /> Nowadays, an online subculture dedicated to tulpamancy also exists, where practitioners willfully create and engage with ''[[Tulpa|tulpas]]'' which has been described as an online multiplicity space.<ref name=":5" /> |
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=== Who is considered a system === |
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A common question in online multiplicity communities is whether or not a medical condition or a medical diagnosis is required to be considered a "system".<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name="Vice" /> In their 2017 study on online multiplicity, Ribáry et al. wrote that some aspects of the community cannot be explained by the medical picture of dissociative identity disorder. While studying a sample of the online multiplicity community, he noted that alters exhibited continuity in behavior and sense of self, demonstrated good everyday functioning, and lacked the diagnostic criterion of amnesia, in particular, while performing voluntary "switches".<ref name="Ribáry" /> ''Psychology Today'' describes members' narratives of non-disorder plurality as "often not distressing or functionally impairing" and that it may be better characterized as a form of [[neurodiversity]].<ref name=":5" /> Some systems consider that they were born with the condition.<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
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Online multiplicity communities may embrace all types of multiple personalities under the multiplicity label<ref name="Vice" /> or instead only cater to those reporting dissociative disorders.<ref name=":3" /> Within those online spaces, influencers redefine multiplicity as ''functional multiplicity''. It signifies [[Global Assessment of Functioning|functioning well]] with multiple personalities, as opposed to the traditional picture of treating dissociative identity disorder by curing its symptoms ("fusing" the personalities).<ref name=":3" /> |
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| ⚫ | Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like [[LiveJournal]], [[Tumblr]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Riesman |first=Abraham |date=2019-03-29 |title=The Best Cartoonist You've Never Read Is Eight Different People |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/lb-lee-dissociative-identity-disorder-comics.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Vulture |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>https://www.lycoming.edu/schemata/pdfs/Sullivan.pdf</ref> and more recently, [[TikTok]], [[Reddit]], and [[YouTube]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Styx |first=Lo |date=2022-01-27 |title=Teens Are Using TikTok to Diagnose Themselves With Dissociative Identity Disorder |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dissociative-identity-disorder-on-tiktok |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> Composing their members are "systems" of multiple distinct identities or personalities in the same body. Those identities are often called "headmates", "systemmates", and sometimes "alters", and can have different names, ages, genders, sexualities, and personalities from one another.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Parry |first1=Sarah |last2=Eve |first2=Zarah |last3=Myers |first3=Gemma |date=2022-07-21 |title=Exploring the Utility and Personal Relevance of Co-Produced Multiplicity Resources with Young People |journal=Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=427–439 |doi=10.1007/s40653-021-00377-7 |issn=1936-1521 |pmc=9120276 |pmid=35600531 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Some other [[jargon]] used within multiplicity communities includes: |
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* "Fronter", the headmate currently controlling the body. |
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* "Co-fronting", when one or more headmates are fronting simultaneously. |
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* "Plural" or "Plurality", other terms for multiplicity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stronghold |date=2023-04-18 |title=How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history |url=https://powertotheplurals.com/how-they-took-the-multiple-out-of-multiplicity-understanding-the-history-of-dissociative-identity-disorder-did-terminology/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=powertotheplurals.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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* "Traumagenic", a form of plurality caused by or rooted in [[psychological trauma]].<ref name=":5" /> |
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=== Role as a support community === |
=== Role as a support community === |
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Participating in online multiplicity communities can remedy social isolation.<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name=":4" /> Ribáry et al. found that for participants, adopting a plural [[Identity (social science)|identity]] helps them cope with identity disorders and that discovering the notion of multiplicity and participating in related communities "is helpful and therapeutic".<ref name="Ribáry" /> |
Participating in online multiplicity communities can remedy social isolation.<ref name="Ribáry" /><ref name=":4" /> Ribáry et al. found that for participants, adopting a plural [[Identity (social science)|identity]] helps them cope with identity disorders and that discovering the notion of multiplicity and participating in related communities "is helpful and therapeutic".<ref name="Ribáry" /> According to ''The Plural Association'' (a Netherlands-based nonprofit founded to "empower Plurals, no matter the words or labels they use to define their unique and individual experiences"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stronghold |title=TPA Nonprofit |url=https://powertotheplurals.com/tpa-nonprofit/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=powertotheplurals.com |language=en-US}}</ref>), "Denying the existence of separate experiences can be harmful and may not facilitate healing. Acknowledging and respecting the multiplicity-plurality of individuals with DID [Dissociative Identity Disorder] is essential for promoting understanding, acceptance, and support."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stronghold |date=2023-04-18 |title=How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history |url=https://powertotheplurals.com/how-they-took-the-multiple-out-of-multiplicity-understanding-the-history-of-dissociative-identity-disorder-did-terminology/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=powertotheplurals.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== As a personality style == |
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In personality research, the term ''plurality'' can also refer to [[personality style]] defined as "an individual's relatively consistent inclinations and [[preference]]s across contexts".<ref name="BEYONDDSM">Eriksen, Karen & Kress, Victoria E. (2005). "A Developmental, Constructivist Model for Ethical Assessment (Which Includes Diagnosis, of Course)". ''Beyond the DSM Story: Ethical Quandaries, Challenges, and Best Practices''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Page Publications. {{ISBN|0-7619-3032-9}}</ref> |
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{{Further|Mental illness portrayed in media#TikTok}} |
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Psychologist Naomi Torres-Mackie, head of research at The Mental Health Coalition, states that multiplicity-related social media content led to an increase in [[self-diagnosis]] of related disorders. She reported that her adolescent patients who frequent online multiplicity communities confuse normative experiences with having a clinical disorder.<ref name=":4" /> Ribáry et al. wrote that participation in those online spaces prevents access to healthcare, adding that individuals with minor identity problems may develop more severe identity problems due to the social code within such communities.<ref name="Ribáry" /> [[TikTok]] [[influencers]] frequently portray dissociative identity disorders lightheartedly, subject to community response promoting such content and downgrading content that talks about emotional struggles.<ref name=":3" /> |
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[[Stephen E. Braude]] and Rita Carter use a different definition of personality style, defining "personality style" as "personality" and proposing that a person may have multiple selves and not have any relatively consistent inclinations and preferences in personality. This may happen as an adaptation to a change of environment and role within a person's life and may be consciously adopted or encouraged, in a similar way to acting or [[role-playing]].<ref>{{citation |page=86 |title=First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind |author=Stephen E. Braude |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1995 |isbn=9780847679966}}</ref> For example, a woman may adopt a kind, nurturing personality when dealing with her children but change to a more aggressive, forceful personality when going to work as a high-flying executive as her responsibilities change.<ref name="Carter">{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Rita |title=Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality, Identity, and the Self |date=March 2008 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316115384}}</ref> |
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A paper published in 2022 in the journal [[Comprehensive Psychiatry]] described how prolonged social media use, especially on video-sharing platforms including [[TikTok]], has exposed young people, largely adolescent females, a core user group of TikTok, to a growing number of content creators making videos about their self-diagnosed disorders. "An increasing number of reports from the US, UK, Germany, Canada, and Australia have noted an increase in functional tic-like behaviors prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic, coinciding with an increase in social media content related to[…]dissociative identity disorder." The paper concluded by saying there "is an urgent need for focused empirical research investigation into this concerning phenomenon that is related to the broader research and discourse examining social media influences on mental health".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davey |first=Melissa |date=2023-01-08 |title='Urgent need' to understand link between teens self-diagnosing disorders and social media use, experts say |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jan/09/urgent-need-to-understand-link-between-teens-self-diagnosing-disorders-and-social-media-use-experts-say}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haltigan |first1=John D. |last2=Pringsheim |first2=Tamara M. |last3=Rajkumar |first3=Gayathiri |date=2023-02-01 |title=Social media as an incubator of personality and behavioral psychopathology: Symptom and disorder authenticity or psychosomatic social contagion? |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=121 |pages=152362 |doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152362 |pmid=36571927 |s2cid=254628655|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giedinghagen |first=Andrea |date=January 2023 |title=The tic in TikTok and (where) all systems go: Mass social media induced illness and Munchausen's by internet as explanatory models for social media associated abnormal illness behavior |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13591045221098522 |journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=270–278 |doi=10.1177/13591045221098522 |issn=1359-1045 |pmid=35473358 |s2cid=248403566}}</ref> |
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== ''Faking'' and ''fakeclaiming'' == |
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The magazines ''[[Psychology Today]] and [[Teen Vogue]]'' describe accusations of "faking" and "fakeclaiming" to be commonplace in online multiplicity communities. "Faking" refers to an individual intentionally attributing a medical condition like [[dissociative identity disorder]] or [[Other specified dissociative disorder|OSDD]] to a willfully exaggerated presentation of multiple personalities. "Fakeclaiming" refers to an accusation of "faking".<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Heather Hall, a psychiatrist on the board of directors for the [[International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation]], argues that such back-and-forth "faking" and "fakeclaiming" accusations have a [[gaslighting]] impact on members suffering from dissociative disorders, causing them to doubt their diagnosis.<ref name=":4" /> |
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* {{annotated link|Demonic possession#Medicine and psychology}} |
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* {{annotated link|Hypostatic model of personality}} |
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* {{annotated link|Otherkin}} |
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* {{annotated link|Personality style}} |
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* [[Otherkin]] |
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* {{annotated link|Subpersonality}} |
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* {{annotated link|Walk-in (concept)}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://morethanone.info/ MoreThanOne.info], an information page on plurality |
*[https://morethanone.info/ MoreThanOne.info], an information page on plurality |
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*[https://pluralityresource.org/ Plurality Resource], a website with information and courses on plurality |
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*[https://powertotheplurals.com/ Power to the Plurals], a website with resources on plurality and the plural community |
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[[Category:Personality typologies]] |
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[[Category:Virtual communities]] |
[[Category:Virtual communities]] |
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[[Category:Subcultures]] |
[[Category:Subcultures]] |
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[[Category:Plurality]] |
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Latest revision as of 05:56, 28 November 2024
Multiplicity, also called plurality or polypsychism, is an online subculture of people identifying as having or using multiple personalities,[1][2][3] or as having multiple people occupying one mind and body. Multiplicity communities mostly exist online through social media platforms.[3]
Definition
[edit]The coinage multiplicity describes people displaying or experiencing multiple personalities, selves, or identities in one mind and body, each with their own thoughts, emotional reactions, preferences, behavior, memory and sense of self.[4][5][6][7][8][9][1][excessive citations]
- Psychological conditions like dissociative identity disorder.
- Tulpas.[10]
- Experiences and/or displays of multiple identities due to unspecified causes.[3]
Origins and related practices
[edit]In contrast to dissociative identity disorder, the social movement of people who identify as "multiple" is under-researched.[1]
Resources dedicated to multiplicity started to appear early in the internet's history.[10] According to a member of the community interviewed by Vice Magazine, the multiplicity subculture and related vocabulary originated in mailing lists of the 1980s.[3] Playing video games has also been cited as a context in which people engage with multiplicity.[11]
Vice suggests that aspects of the online multiplicity community were also found in Haitian Vodou, spirit possession and the Tibetan practice of tulpamancy.[3] Nowadays, an online subculture dedicated to tulpamancy also exists, where practitioners willfully create and engage with tulpas which has been described as an online multiplicity space.[10]
Characteristics
[edit]Multiplicity communities exist online through social media blogging sites like LiveJournal, Tumblr,[12][13] and more recently, TikTok, Reddit, and YouTube.[2][14] Composing their members are "systems" of multiple distinct identities or personalities in the same body. Those identities are often called "headmates", "systemmates", and sometimes "alters", and can have different names, ages, genders, sexualities, and personalities from one another.[12][15][10] Some other jargon used within multiplicity communities includes:
- "Fronter", the headmate currently controlling the body.
- "Fronting", the act of controlling the body.[3]
- "Co-fronting", when one or more headmates are fronting simultaneously.
- "Switching", when the fronting headmate switches out to another headmate.[2]
- "Plural" or "Plurality", other terms for multiplicity.[16]
- "Headspace" or "inner world", the concept of a mental space in which headmates interact together.[12][3]
- "Singlet", referring to a person that does not experience plurality.[1][3][9]
- "Traumagenic", a form of plurality caused by or rooted in psychological trauma.[10]
- "Endogenic", a form of plurality that has non-traumagenic roots.[10]
Role as a support community
[edit]Participating in online multiplicity communities can remedy social isolation.[1][14] Ribáry et al. found that for participants, adopting a plural identity helps them cope with identity disorders and that discovering the notion of multiplicity and participating in related communities "is helpful and therapeutic".[1] According to The Plural Association (a Netherlands-based nonprofit founded to "empower Plurals, no matter the words or labels they use to define their unique and individual experiences"[17]), "Denying the existence of separate experiences can be harmful and may not facilitate healing. Acknowledging and respecting the multiplicity-plurality of individuals with DID [Dissociative Identity Disorder] is essential for promoting understanding, acceptance, and support."[18]
As a personality style
[edit]In personality research, the term plurality can also refer to personality style defined as "an individual's relatively consistent inclinations and preferences across contexts".[19]
Stephen E. Braude and Rita Carter use a different definition of personality style, defining "personality style" as "personality" and proposing that a person may have multiple selves and not have any relatively consistent inclinations and preferences in personality. This may happen as an adaptation to a change of environment and role within a person's life and may be consciously adopted or encouraged, in a similar way to acting or role-playing.[20] For example, a woman may adopt a kind, nurturing personality when dealing with her children but change to a more aggressive, forceful personality when going to work as a high-flying executive as her responsibilities change.[21]
See also
[edit]- Demonic possession#Medicine and psychology – Purported control of a human body by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods
- Hypostatic model of personality – view asserting that the human person presents herself in many different aspects or hypostases
- Otherkin – People who identify as not entirely human
- Personality style – Psychological characteristics of an individual
- Post-traumatic stress disorder – Mental disorder associated with trauma
- Social media and mental health
- Subpersonality – Personality mode allowing a person to cope with psychosocial situations
- Walk-in (concept) – New Age concept
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Ribáry, Gergő; Lajtai, László; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Maraz, Aniko (2017-06-13). "Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 938. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00938. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5468408. PMID 28659840.
- ^ a b c Lucas, Jessica (6 July 2021). "Inside TikTok's booming dissociative identity disorder community". Input. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Telfer, Tori (2015-05-11). "Are Multiple Personalities Always a Disorder?". Vice. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
- ^ "Exploring the experiences of young people with multiplicity". Youth & Policy. 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ Eve, Zarah; Heyes, Kim; Parry, Sarah (2023-09-12). "Conceptualizing multiplicity spectrum experiences: A systematic review and thematic synthesis". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 31. doi:10.1002/cpp.2910. ISSN 1063-3995.
- ^ "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ cooper, mick (1996). "MODES OF EXISTENCE: TOWARDS A PHENOMENOLOGICAL POLYPSYCHISM" (PDF). Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis. 7 (2): 1.
- ^ Rowan, John, ed. (1999). The plural self: multiplicity in everyday life (1. publ ed.). London: Sage Publ. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7619-6076-8.
- ^ a b c "What we can learn about respect and identity from 'plurals' | Aeon Ideas". Aeon. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ a b c d e f "Enacted Identities: Multiplicity, Plurality, and Tulpamancy | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ "Multiplicity and Identity Mitigation in Video Games | Nightmare Mode [Archived]". Retrieved 2023-07-02.
- ^ a b c Riesman, Abraham (2019-03-29). "The Best Cartoonist You've Never Read Is Eight Different People". Vulture. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ^ https://www.lycoming.edu/schemata/pdfs/Sullivan.pdf
- ^ a b Styx, Lo (2022-01-27). "Teens Are Using TikTok to Diagnose Themselves With Dissociative Identity Disorder". Teen Vogue. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Parry, Sarah; Eve, Zarah; Myers, Gemma (2022-07-21). "Exploring the Utility and Personal Relevance of Co-Produced Multiplicity Resources with Young People". Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma. 15 (2): 427–439. doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00377-7. ISSN 1936-1521. PMC 9120276. PMID 35600531.
- ^ Stronghold (2023-04-18). "How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
- ^ Stronghold. "TPA Nonprofit". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
- ^ Stronghold (2023-04-18). "How they took the Multiple out of Multiplicity - Understanding the history". powertotheplurals.com. Retrieved 2023-10-28.
- ^ Eriksen, Karen & Kress, Victoria E. (2005). "A Developmental, Constructivist Model for Ethical Assessment (Which Includes Diagnosis, of Course)". Beyond the DSM Story: Ethical Quandaries, Challenges, and Best Practices. Thousand Oaks, CA: Page Publications. ISBN 0-7619-3032-9
- ^ Stephen E. Braude (1995), First Person Plural: Multiple Personality and the Philosophy of Mind, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 86, ISBN 9780847679966
- ^ Carter, Rita (March 2008). Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality, Identity, and the Self. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316115384.
Further reading
[edit]- Ian Hacking (2000). What's Normal?: Narratives of Mental & Emotional Disorders. Kent State University Press. pp. 39–54. ISBN 9780873386531.
- Jennifer Radden (2011). "Multiple Selves". The Oxford Handbook of the Self. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 547 et seq. ISBN 9780199548019.
External links
[edit]- MoreThanOne.info, an information page on plurality
- Plurality Resource, a website with information and courses on plurality
- Power to the Plurals, a website with resources on plurality and the plural community