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Nagpuri culture refers to the culture of the Nagpuria people, the native speakers of the Nagpuri language, which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.^[1]^[2] It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.^[3]

Language

Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.^[4]^[5] The first evidence of poetry written in this language is from the 17th century.^[6] The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and Dalel Singh, the king of Ramgarh were the poets.^[7] Some prominent poets were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasiram Mahli and Das Mahli.^[8] Some prominent writers in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Girdhari Ram Gonjhu and Sahani Upendra Pal Singh.^[9]

Festivals

Several festivals are observed by Sadans including Ashadhi Puja, Karam, Jitiya, Chhath, Nawakhani, Sohrai/Diwali, Surjahi Puja, Makar Sankranti, Fagun, Bad Pahari and Sarhul.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Folk music and dance

Folk dance

Some Nagpuri folk dances are jhumair, mardani jhumar, janani jhumar, domkach, angnai, fagua, jadur, matha, natua and paiki.^[13]^[5]^[14] Paiki is ceremonial martial folk dance performed at marriages and other occasions in the Sadan community.^[15]^[16] The musical instruments used are dhol, mandar, bansi, nagara, dhak, shehnai, khartal, and narsinga.^[13]^[17]^[18] These instruments are traditionally made by the Ghasi and Mahli community.^[19] Akhra is important part of the Nagpuri culture which is where people dance in village.^[10]^[20] The Ghasi community has played important role in preservation of folk music. They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremonies.^[21]

Folk song

Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into four categories: seasonal, festival, Sanskar and dance songs. Seasonal songs are sung according to season, such as Udasi, Pawas, Fagua. Pawas songs are sung during the rainy season, Fagua during spring till Holi festival and Udasi during summer season.^[22] Festival songs are sung during festivals such as Karam, Jitiya, Teej, Sohrai. Sanskar songs are sung during major rites such as child birth and weddings. Dance songs are dance oriented such as Mardani Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Domkach and Khemta.^[16]

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.^[23] It is connected to the Nagpuri tradition.^[24] Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are Govind Sharan Lohra, Mahavir Nayak and Mukund Nayak.

Clothes

The traditional clothes of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, Kurta and Chadar. But in the modern age, shirts, pants, and coats are also worn. Traditional jwellery worn by sadans are bracelet, necklace, clavicle, sikari, Chhchi, bullak, basar, mathiya, kan fool. Tattoo is also practiced by Sadan.^[12]

Traditional clothes, Laal Paad, are made by the Chik Baraik in Chotanagpur.^[25] People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.^[26]

Household goods and tools

Sadan people traditionally use household items of earthenware, iron and bronze which includes gagri, handi, chuka, dhakni for cooking. Hunting tools used are nets, kumni, bow arrow, sword, spear and tangi.^[12]

Cuisine

The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are Chhilka Roti, Arsa roti, Malpua, Dhooska, Til laddu and Dudhauri.^[27]^[28]^[29] Some traditional leafy vegetables or Saag are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.^[30] Some wild edible wild flowers are as Jilhur phool and Sanai phool (Crotalaria juncea). Gunda is a traditional dish which is a powder of leafy vegetables which are dried and grinded and made into soup with rice water. Some Gunda are Chakod gunda, Munga Gunda and Sarla gunda etc.^[31] Karil, the new bamboo shoots are edible. Some edible mushrooms are khukdi, especially the white mushroom, Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.^[32]^[33]^[34] Mahua flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.^[35] The traditional alcoholic beverages are Handi, a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.^[36]

Religion

Sadan people observe festivals such as Asari, Karam, Jitiya, Nawakhani, Sohrai, Fagun and Bad Pahari. In these festivals the elder of family members propitates Sun, Moon, ancestors and other deities by offering sacrifices and liquor.^[37]^[38] In the village festival, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar", who offer sacrifice to village deity.^[15]^[39] According to scholars, the deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures are deities of folk tradition which is a non-vedic tradition. According to June McDaniel, folk Hinduism is based on local traditions and cults of local deities and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a pre-vedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the Vedas.^[40] The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of the Nagvanshi. The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from various parts of the country for priestly duties.^[41] But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.^[39]^[42]

Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador to Maurya, Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, mentioned India in his book Indica. According to him, Indians make wine from rice, drink rice bear in sacrifice and mainly eat rice pottage.^[43] In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as Naga people as they differ from dominant Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.^[44]

Marriage tradition

Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride. Some wedding rituals are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai.^[45]^[46] Domkach folk dance is performed during the wedding.^[47] The musical instruments used in the nagpuri wedding are nagara, dhak and shehnai.^[18]

The practice of bride price was mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata where during weddings of Kaikeyi, Gandhari and Madri, bride price was given. The practice of giving bride price was considered Asura Vivah in Smriti texts such as Grihas Sutra and Dharma Sutra.^[48]^[49]

Traditional administrative System

In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system to govern villages known as to the Parha system. In the Parha system, there were the posts of Mahto (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar or Pani bharwa (assistant of Pahan), Bhandari (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and Raja (king). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the landowners were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the post of Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.^[12]

The owner of lands known as Bhuinhars. Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the collection of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.^[50]

Cinema

Nagpuri language films have been produced since 1992. Sona Kar Nagpur (1992) was the first nagpuri film produced and directed by Dhananjay Nath Tiwari. The Nagpuri cinema faces several challenges, such as lack of funds and lack of infrastructure, as the majority of the audience reside in villages. Despite all these, several films are produced per year and few get released.^[51]

References

^ "चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126012213.
^ ^a ^b Ranjan, Manish (2021). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351867982.
^ Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183
^ "giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
^ "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Ranjan, Manish (January 2016). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351866848.
^ ^a ^b "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily Pioneer. 7 November 2018.
^ Know Your State Jharkhand. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 316. ISBN 978-9324190888. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002.
^ ^a ^b "Out of the Dark". democratic world. 7 June 2014.
^ "अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक". prabhatkhabar. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b "बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें". bhaskar. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b MANISH RANJAN (2022). Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 4.6–4.10. ISBN 978-9354883002.
^ "Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs". timesofindia. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b "My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में". prabhat khabar. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Jewitt, Sarah (31 July 2019). Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351729895.
^ "नागपुरी के विकास के लिए अखड़ा संस्कृति को रखना होगा जिदा : मुकुंद नायक". jagran. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Song of India". thecollege.syr.edu. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ Shivani Tiwari, Soubhik Chakraborty (2022). Statistical Analysis of Folk Songs of Jharkhand. Sanctum Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9788195293162. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
^ "पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला". sahapedia. June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change. ISBN 9788170226420.
^ "Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try". Timesofindia. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार". amarujala. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha". telegraphindia. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "सागों में छिपा है सेहत का राज, कई रोगों की है अचूक दवा; झारखंड में उगते हैं 70 से ज्यादा प्रकार के साग". jagran. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
^ "Ecopreneur of the month". Bhoomika. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "'Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand". etvbharat. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Rugda Mushroom Curry Recipe: A Traditional Mushroom Curry From Jharkhand". food.ndtv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "यह है झारखंड का वेज मटन, कैंसर-अस्थमा जैसे रोग में है फायदेमंद". jagran. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Suryawanshi, Yogesh; Mokat, Digambar (2021). "Morphophysiological Seed Variability in Mahua Trees from Western Ghats and Its Impact on Tribal Life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 91: 227–239. doi:10.1007/s40011-020-01223-w. S2CID 231876956.
^ "Handia most preferred summer drink". dailypioneer. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ Dr Manish Ranjan (2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 50. ISBN 978-9390906321.
^ Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Chik Baraik. ISBN 9788178351216. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b "नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय". livehindustan. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 ISBN 0-19-517021-0
^ Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ "Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian". archive.org. p. 69. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Lalan Tiwari (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-8170996187. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ K.C. Das (2007). Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set). Global Vision Pub House. ISBN 978-8182202382 – via books.google.
^ Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand. ISBN 9788178351216.
^ Sanjay Krishna (2013). JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 55. ISBN 978-9350485286.
^ "8 Traditional forms of Hindu Marriage in India". yourarticlelibrary. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ "Kanyasulkam – Bride Price In Hinduism". hindu-blog. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ Sanjay Nath (2015). "Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton". academia.edu: 19–23. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Journey of Jhollywood: A Study in the Context of Nagpuri Cinema". researchgate. November 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[1] "चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[Colours_of_culture-2] Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[3] "Nagpuri call for culture". telegraphindia. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[4] Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126012213.

[Samanya_Gyan_2021-5] Ranjan, Manish (2021). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351867982.

[6] Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183

[7] "giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.

[8] "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[9] Ranjan, Manish (January 2016). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351866848.

[dailypioneer.com-10] "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily Pioneer. 7 November 2018.

[11] Know Your State Jharkhand. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 316. ISBN 978-9324190888. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[Prabhat_Prakashan_2022-12] Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002.

[democratic_world-13] "Out of the Dark". democratic world. 7 June 2014.

[14] "अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक". prabhatkhabar. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2022.

[bhaskar-15] "बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें". bhaskar. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[Prabhat_Prakashan-16] MANISH RANJAN (2022). Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022. Prabhat Prakashan. pp. 4.6–4.10. ISBN 978-9354883002.

[17] "Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs". timesofindia. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[prabhat_khabar1122-18] "My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में". prabhat khabar. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.

[Sarah_Jewitt-19] Jewitt, Sarah (31 July 2019). Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351729895.

[20] "नागपुरी के विकास के लिए अखड़ा संस्कृति को रखना होगा जिदा : मुकुंद नायक". jagran. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[syr.edu-21] "Song of India". thecollege.syr.edu. 25 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

[22] Shivani Tiwari, Soubhik Chakraborty (2022). Statistical Analysis of Folk Songs of Jharkhand. Sanctum Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9788195293162. Retrieved 9 April 2023.

[23] "पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[24] "ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[sahapedia-25] "लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला". sahapedia. June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[Contemporary_Society-26] Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change. ISBN 9788170226420.

[27] "Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try". Timesofindia. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[28] "घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार". amarujala. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[29] "Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha". telegraphindia. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[30] "सागों में छिपा है सेहत का राज, कई रोगों की है अचूक दवा; झारखंड में उगते हैं 70 से ज्यादा प्रकार के साग". jagran. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2022.

[31] "Ecopreneur of the month". Bhoomika. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[32] "'Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand". etvbharat. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[33] "Rugda Mushroom Curry Recipe: A Traditional Mushroom Curry From Jharkhand". food.ndtv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[34] "यह है झारखंड का वेज मटन, कैंसर-अस्थमा जैसे रोग में है फायदेमंद". jagran. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[35] Suryawanshi, Yogesh; Mokat, Digambar (2021). "Morphophysiological Seed Variability in Mahua Trees from Western Ghats and Its Impact on Tribal Life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. 91: 227–239. doi:10.1007/s40011-020-01223-w. S2CID 231876956.

[dailypioneer-36] "Handia most preferred summer drink". dailypioneer. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

[37] Dr Manish Ranjan (2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 50. ISBN 978-9390906321.

[Chik_Baraik-38] Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Chik Baraik. ISBN 9788178351216. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[livehindustan-39] "नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय". livehindustan. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2022.

[junemcdaniel6-40] June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 ISBN 0-19-517021-0

[41] Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[Jharkhand_Samanya_Gyan_2002-42] Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.

[43] "Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian". archive.org. p. 69. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[44] Lalan Tiwari (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-8170996187. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[Global_Vision_Pub_House-45] K.C. Das (2007). Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set). Global Vision Pub House. ISBN 978-8182202382 – via books.google.

[Gyan_Publishing_House-46] Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand. ISBN 9788178351216.

[47] Sanjay Krishna (2013). JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 55. ISBN 978-9350485286.

[48] "8 Traditional forms of Hindu Marriage in India". yourarticlelibrary. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[49] "Kanyasulkam – Bride Price In Hinduism". hindu-blog. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[academia.edu2015-50] Sanjay Nath (2015). "Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton". academia.edu: 19–23. Retrieved 29 October 2022.

[51] "Journey of Jhollywood: A Study in the Context of Nagpuri Cinema". researchgate. November 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

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 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
-'''Nagpuri culture''' refers to the culture of the [[Nagpuria people]], the native speakers of the [[Nagpuri language]], which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-committee-constituted-for-the-protection-and-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-and-culture-in-chainpur-6804917.amp.html|title=चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 July 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|lang=hindi}}</ref><ref name="Colours of culture">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop |date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/nagpuri-call-for-culture/cid/562024|title=Nagpuri call for culture|website=telegraphindia|date=25 July 2008|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
+'''Nagpuri culture''' refers to the culture of the [[Nagpuria people]], the native speakers of the [[Nagpuri language]], which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-committee-constituted-for-the-protection-and-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-and-culture-in-chainpur-6804917.amp.html|title=चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 July 2022|access-date=24 September 2022|language=hindi}}</ref><ref name="Colours of culture">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop |date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/nagpuri-call-for-culture/cid/562024|title=Nagpuri call for culture|website=telegraphindia|date=25 July 2008|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
 ==Language==
 {{Main|Nagpuri language|Nagpuri literature}}
-Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|year=2021}}</ref> The evidence of poetry writing in the language is from the 17th century.<ref>[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> The [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king [[Raghunath Shah]] and [[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], the king of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] were poet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Some prominent poets were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, [[Ghasiram Mahli]] and Das Mahli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Some prominent writers in modern the period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] and [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016}}</ref>
+Nagpuri is the native language of Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. It is spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. It is spoken by around 12 million people, 5 million as a native language and 7 million as a second language.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|year=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref> The first evidence of poetry written in this language is from the 17th century.<ref>[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> The [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king [[Raghunath Shah]] and [[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], the king of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] were the poets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> Some prominent poets were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, [[Ghasiram Mahli]] and Das Mahli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Some prominent writers in the modern period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] and [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan }}</ref>
 ==Festivals==
-Several festivals are observed by Sadans including [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagun]], Bad Pahari and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|publisher=Arihant Experts|isbn=978-9324190888|page=316|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
+Several festivals are observed by Sadans including [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Chhath]],  [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]], [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagun]], Bad Pahari and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="dailypioneer.com"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|publisher=Arihant Experts|isbn=978-9324190888|page=316|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
 ==Folk music and dance==
 ===Folk dance===
-Some Nagpuri folk dances are {{transl|sck|[[jhumair]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Mardani Jhumar|mardani jhumair]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|janani jhumair]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[domkach]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|angnai]]}}, {{transl|sck|fagua}}, {{transl|sck|jadur}}, {{transl|sck|matha}}, {{transl|sck|natua}} {{transl|sck|and paiki}}.<ref name="democratic world">{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world|date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/happy-holi-2021-fag-and-jhumar-dance-are-no-longer-visible-they-are-losing-their-momentum-smj|title=अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=29 March 2021|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> [[Paiki]] is ceremonial martial folk dance performed in marriage and functions of Sadan community.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA4-PA6|title=Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=MANISH RANJAN|pages=4.6–4.10|year=2022|isbn=978-9354883002}}</ref> The musical instruments used are [[dhol]], [[Madal|mandar]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[shehnai]], [[khartal]], and [[Sringa|singa]].<ref name="democratic world"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tunes-in-to-nagpuri-folk-songs/articleshow/40883458.cms|title=Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs|website=timesofindia|date=26 August 2014|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="prabhat khabar1122" />  These musical instruments are traditionally made by [[Ghasi]] and [[Mahli]] community.<ref name="Sarah Jewitt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|accessdate=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019}}</ref> [[Akhara|Akhra]] is important part of Nagpuri culture which where people dance in village.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-gumla-news-21840260.html|title=नागपुरी के विकास के लिए अखड़ा संस्कृति को रखना होगा जिदा : मुकुंद नायक|website=jagran|date=17 July 2021|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Ghasi community have played important role in preservation of folk music. They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremony.<ref name="syr.edu">{{cite web |url=http://thecollege.syr.edu/news/2017/carol_babiracki_research.html |title=Song of India |website=thecollege.syr.edu |date=25 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
+Some Nagpuri folk dances are {{transl|sck|[[jhumair]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Mardani Jhumar|mardani jhumar]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|janani jhumar]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[domkach]]}}, {{transl|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|angnai]]}}, {{transl|sck|fagua}}, {{transl|sck|jadur}}, {{transl|sck|matha}}, {{transl|sck|natua}} {{transl|sck|and paiki}}.<ref name="democratic world">{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world|date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/happy-holi-2021-fag-and-jhumar-dance-are-no-longer-visible-they-are-losing-their-momentum-smj|title=अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=29 March 2021|access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> [[Paiki]] is ceremonial martial folk dance performed at marriages and other occasions in the Sadan community.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA4-PA6|title=Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=MANISH RANJAN|pages=4.6–4.10|year=2022|isbn=978-9354883002}}</ref> The musical instruments used are [[dhol]], [[Madal|mandar]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], [[Naqareh|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[shehnai]], [[khartal]], and [[Ransingha|narsinga]].<ref name="democratic world"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tunes-in-to-nagpuri-folk-songs/articleshow/40883458.cms|title=Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs|website=timesofindia|date=26 August 2014|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="prabhat khabar1122" /> These instruments are traditionally made by the [[Ghasi]] and [[Mahli]] community.<ref name="Sarah Jewitt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895<!--|accessdate=4 April 2022-->|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> [[Akhara|Akhra]] is important part of the Nagpuri culture which is where people dance in village.<ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-gumla-news-21840260.html|title=नागपुरी के विकास के लिए अखड़ा संस्कृति को रखना होगा जिदा : मुकुंद नायक|website=jagran|date=17 July 2021|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> The Ghasi community has played important role in preservation of folk music. They have been playing musical instruments in marriage ceremonies.<ref name="syr.edu">{{cite web |url=http://thecollege.syr.edu/news/2017/carol_babiracki_research.html |title=Song of India |website=thecollege.syr.edu |date=25 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
 ===Folk song===
-Folk songs are songs sung by people since time immemorial. These songs are composed by different people during different periods. Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into four categories, such as seasonal, festival, Sanskar and dance songs. Seasonal songs are sung according to season such as Udasi, Pawas, Fagua. Festival songs are sung during festivals such as [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Teej]], [[Sohrai]] etc. Sanskar songs are sung during from major rites such as child birth and weddings. Dance songs are dance oriented such as [[Mardani Jhumar]], [[Janani Jhumar]], [[Domkach]] and Khemta.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan"/>
+Nagpuri folk songs can be divided into four categories: seasonal, festival, Sanskar and dance songs. Seasonal songs are sung according to season, such as Udasi, Pawas, Fagua. Pawas songs are sung during the rainy season, Fagua during spring till [[Holi]] festival and Udasi during summer season.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93enEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP14|title=Statistical Analysis of Folk Songs of Jharkhand|publisher=Sanctum Books|author=Shivani Tiwari, Soubhik Chakraborty|year=2022|pages=14–15|isbn=9788195293162|access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref> Festival songs are sung during festivals such as [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Teej]], [[Sohrai]]. Sanskar songs are sung during major rites such as child birth and weddings. Dance songs are dance oriented such as [[Mardani Jhumar]], [[Janani Jhumar]], [[Domkach]] and Khemta.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan"/>
-Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/vishesh-aalekh/1381799|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 September 2022|lang=Hindi}}</ref> It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1347380|title=ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=7 November 2019|access-date=25 September 2022|lang=Hindi}}</ref> Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are [[Govind Sharan Lohra]], [[Mahavir Nayak]] and [[Mukund Nayak]].
+Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/vishesh-aalekh/1381799|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> It is connected to the Nagpuri tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1347380|title=ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=7 November 2019|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> Notable exponent of Nagpuri folk music and dance are [[Govind Sharan Lohra]], [[Mahavir Nayak]] and [[Mukund Nayak]].
+==Clothes==
+The traditional clothes of Sadan are [[Dhoti]], [[Sari]], [[Kurta]] and Chadar. But in the modern age, shirts, pants, and coats are also worn. Traditional jwellery worn by sadans are bracelet, necklace, clavicle, sikari, Chhchi, bullak, basar, mathiya, kan fool. Tattoo is also practiced by Sadan.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref>
+Traditional clothes, ''Laal Paad'', are made by the [[Chik Baraik]] in Chotanagpur.<ref name="sahapedia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laala-paada-jhaarakhanda-kae-caika-badaaika-adaivaasaiyaon-kai-vasatara-kalaa-0#_edn3|title=लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला|website=sahapedia|date=June 2019|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.<ref name="Contemporary Society">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOvYPBrxl0C&pg=PA247|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|isbn=9788170226420|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|year=1997}}</ref>
+==Household goods and tools==
+Sadan people traditionally use household items of earthenware, iron and  bronze which includes gagri, handi, chuka, dhakni for cooking. Hunting tools used are nets, kumni, bow arrow, sword, spear and tangi.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
 ==Cuisine==
 {{Main|Jharkhandi cuisine}}
-The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are [[Chhilka Roti]], Arsa roti, [[Malpua]], [[Dhooska]], Til laddu, Dudhauri etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/mouthwatering-dishes-from-jharkhand-you-must-try/photostory/79000151.cms|title=Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try|website=Timesofindia|date=3 November 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/healthy-food/jharkhand-bihar-famous-sweet-dudhauri-making-recipe-how-to-make-dudhauri-sweet-at-home|title=घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार|website=amarujala|date=21 July 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mistress-of-spices-princess-of-the-pitha/cid/1330552|title=Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha|publisher=telegraphindia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Some traditional leafy vegetables or [[Saag]] are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-food-variety-saag-is-beneficial-for-health-more-than-70-type-of-saag-is-found-in-jharkhand-jagran-special-20670992.html|title=सागों में छिपा है सेहत का राज, कई रोगों की है अचूक दवा; झारखंड में उगते हैं 70 से ज्यादा प्रकार के साग|publisher=jagran|date=26 August 2020|accessdate=12 September 2022}}</ref> Some wild edible wild flowers are as Jilhur phool and Sanai phool ([[Crotalaria juncea]]). Gunda is a traditional dish which is a powder of leafy vegetables which are dried and grinded  and made into soup with rice water. Some Gunda are ''Chakod gunda'', ''Munga Gunda'' and ''Sarla gunda'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhoomika.com/chefofmonth/test-post/|title=Ecopreneur of the month|website=Bhoomika|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Karil, the new bamboo shoots are edible. Some [[edible mushroom]]s are khukdi, especially the [[white mushroom]], Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jharkhand/rugda-and-khukdi-the-vegetarian-mutton-of-jharkhand/na20200702212310726|title='Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand|publisher=etvbharat|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/rugda-mushroom-curry-recipe-how-to-make-rugda-mushroom-curry-2476862|title=Rugda Mushroom Curry Recipe: A Traditional Mushroom Curry From Jharkhand|publisher=food.ndtv|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-this-is-veg-mutton-of-jharkhand-beneficial-in-cancer-and-asthma-disease-jagran-special-20464957.html|title=यह है झारखंड का वेज मटन, कैंसर-अस्थमा जैसे रोग में है फायदेमंद|publisher=jagran|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> [[Madhuca longifolia|Mahua]] flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Yogesh |last2=Mokat |first2=Digambar |title=Morphophysiological Seed Variability in Mahua Trees from Western Ghats and Its Impact on Tribal Life. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. |year=2021 |volume=91 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.1007/s40011-020-01223-w|s2cid=231876956 }}</ref> The traditional alcoholic beverage are [[Handia (drink)|Handi]], a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.<ref name=dailypioneer>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/handia-most-preferred-summer-drink.html|title=Handia most preferred summer drink|publisher=dailypioneer|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=22 September 2022}}</ref>
+The Staple food of the region is rice. People also eat forest products such as wild flowers and fruits. Some traditional dishes are [[Chhilka Roti]], Arsa roti, [[Malpua]], [[Dhooska]], Til laddu and Dudhauri.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/mouthwatering-dishes-from-jharkhand-you-must-try/photostory/79000151.cms|title=Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try|website=Timesofindia|date=3 November 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/healthy-food/jharkhand-bihar-famous-sweet-dudhauri-making-recipe-how-to-make-dudhauri-sweet-at-home|title=घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार|website=amarujala|date=21 July 2020|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mistress-of-spices-princess-of-the-pitha/cid/1330552|title=Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha|publisher=telegraphindia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Some traditional leafy vegetables or [[Saag]] are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-food-variety-saag-is-beneficial-for-health-more-than-70-type-of-saag-is-found-in-jharkhand-jagran-special-20670992.html|title=सागों में छिपा है सेहत का राज, कई रोगों की है अचूक दवा; झारखंड में उगते हैं 70 से ज्यादा प्रकार के साग|publisher=jagran|date=26 August 2020|accessdate=12 September 2022}}</ref> Some wild edible wild flowers are as Jilhur phool and Sanai phool ([[Crotalaria juncea]]). Gunda is a traditional dish which is a powder of leafy vegetables which are dried and grinded  and made into soup with rice water. Some Gunda are ''Chakod gunda'', ''Munga Gunda'' and ''Sarla gunda'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhoomika.com/chefofmonth/test-post/|title=Ecopreneur of the month|website=Bhoomika|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> Karil, the new bamboo shoots are edible. Some [[edible mushroom]]s are khukdi, especially the [[white mushroom]], Putu (white puffball) and rugda (puffball), which grow during the rainy season in field and forest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jharkhand/rugda-and-khukdi-the-vegetarian-mutton-of-jharkhand/na20200702212310726|title='Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand|publisher=etvbharat|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/rugda-mushroom-curry-recipe-how-to-make-rugda-mushroom-curry-2476862|title=Rugda Mushroom Curry Recipe: A Traditional Mushroom Curry From Jharkhand|publisher=food.ndtv|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-this-is-veg-mutton-of-jharkhand-beneficial-in-cancer-and-asthma-disease-jagran-special-20464957.html|title=यह है झारखंड का वेज मटन, कैंसर-अस्थमा जैसे रोग में है फायदेमंद|publisher=jagran|date=2 July 2020|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> [[Madhuca longifolia|Mahua]] flower is edible and its seed used for preparation of oil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Yogesh |last2=Mokat |first2=Digambar |title=Morphophysiological Seed Variability in Mahua Trees from Western Ghats and Its Impact on Tribal Life. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci. |year=2021 |volume=91 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.1007/s40011-020-01223-w|s2cid=231876956 }}</ref> The traditional alcoholic beverages are [[Handia (drink)|Handi]], a rice bear and Mahua daru, a wine prepared by Mahua flowers. People drink it during festivals and marriage feasts.<ref name=dailypioneer>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/state-editions/handia-most-preferred-summer-drink.html|title=Handia most preferred summer drink|publisher=dailypioneer|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=22 September 2022}}</ref>
 [[File:Chilka Roti.jpg|thumb|Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur]]
-==Clothes==
-The traditional clothes of Sadan are [[Dhoti]], [[Sari]], [[Kurta]] and Chadar. But in the modern age, shirts, pants, coats are also worn.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref>
-Traditional clothes, ''Laal Paad'', made by [[Chik Baraik]] in Chotanagpur.<ref name="sahapedia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laala-paada-jhaarakhanda-kae-caika-badaaika-adaivaasaiyaon-kai-vasatara-kalaa-0#_edn3|title=लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला|website=sahapedia|date=June 2019|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.<ref name="Contemporary Society">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOvYPBrxl0C&pg=PA247|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|isbn=9788170226420|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|year=1997}}</ref>
 ==Religion==
-Sadan people observe festivals such as [[Ashadhi Puja|Asari]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]] , [[Holi|Fagun]] and Bad Pahari. In these festivals elder of family member  propitates Sun, Moon, ancestors and other deities by offering [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|sacrifice]]s and liquor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}</ref><ref name="Chik Baraik">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Chik Baraik|isbn=9788178351216|access-date=24 September 2022|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref>  In the village festival, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar", who offer sacrifice to village deity.<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref name="livehindustan">{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-decision-to-organize-nagpuria-program-in-the-meeting-of-the-youth-association-2903864.amp.html|title=नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय|website=livehindustan|access-date=6 April 2022|date=16 December 2019}}</ref> According to scholars, the deities which are not found in hindu scriptures are deities of  [[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|folk tradition]] which is a non-vedic  tradition. According to June McDaniel, folk hinduism is based on local traditions and cults of local [[deities]] and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-vedic]] tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writting of the [[Vedas]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref> The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]].  The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from different parts of the country for priestly duties.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA36|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=36|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.<ref name="livehindustan"/><ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002}}</ref>
+Sadan people observe festivals such as [[Ashadhi Puja|Asari]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]], [[Holi|Fagun]] and Bad Pahari. In these festivals the elder of family members propitates Sun, Moon, ancestors and other deities by offering [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|sacrifice]]s and liquor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}</ref><ref name="Chik Baraik">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Chik Baraik|isbn=9788178351216|access-date=24 September 2022|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref>  In the village festival, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar", who offer sacrifice to village deity.<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref name="livehindustan">{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-decision-to-organize-nagpuria-program-in-the-meeting-of-the-youth-association-2903864.amp.html|title=नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय|website=livehindustan|access-date=6 April 2022|date=16 December 2019}}</ref> According to scholars, the deities which are not found in Hindu scriptures are deities of  [[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|folk tradition]] which is a non-vedic  tradition. According to June McDaniel, folk Hinduism is based on local traditions and cults of local [[deities]] and is the oldest, non-literate system. It is a [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-vedic]] tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the [[Vedas]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref> The influence of Vedic religion reached in the region during the reign of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]].  The Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmins from various parts of the country for priestly duties.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA36|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=36|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> But rituals in the village are carried out by village priest Pahan.<ref name="livehindustan"/><ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002}}</ref>
 [[Megasthenes]], the Greek Ambassador to Maurya, Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]], mentioned India in his book [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]. According to him, Indians make wine from rice, drink rice bear in sacrifice and mainly eat rice pottage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/ancientindiaasd01mccrgoog/ancientindiaasd01mccrgoog_djvu.txt|title=Ancient India as described by Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian|page=69|website=archive.org|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref>
@@ Line 35: / Line 38: @@
 ==Marriage tradition==
-Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride. Some wedding rituals are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai etc.<ref name="Global Vision Pub House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&pg=PA157|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|isbn=978-8182202382|author=K.C. Das|website=books.google|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Gyan Publishing House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand|isbn=9788178351216|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref> [[Domkach]] folk dance is performed during the wedding.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Sanjay Krishna|page=55|year=2013|isbn=978-9350485286}}</ref> The musical instruments used in the nagpuri wedding are [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]] and  [[shehnai]].<ref name="prabhat khabar1122">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/my-mati-jharkhands-traditional-instrument-in-danger-unk|title=My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=25 November 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>
+Nagpuri weddings are held for several days. Prior to marriage, the groom's relatives go bride's home to see and negotiate for marriage and a token amount (bride price) is paid by the groom's family to the family of the bride. Some wedding rituals are madwa, baraat, parghani, sindoordan, bidai.<ref name="Global Vision Pub House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IM3l0v0Z6YC&pg=PA157|title=Global Encyclopaedia of the North Indian Dalits Ethnography (2 Vols. Set)|isbn=978-8182202382|author=K.C. Das|via=books.google|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Gyan Publishing House">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand|isbn=9788178351216|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref> [[Domkach]] folk dance is performed during the wedding.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55|title=JHARKHAND KE PARVA-TYOHAR, MELE AUR PARYATAN STHAL|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Sanjay Krishna|page=55|year=2013|isbn=978-9350485286}}</ref> The musical instruments used in the nagpuri wedding are [[Naqareh|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]] and  [[shehnai]].<ref name="prabhat khabar1122">{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/my-mati-jharkhands-traditional-instrument-in-danger-unk|title=My Mati: झारखंड का पारंपरिक बाजा खतरे में|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=25 November 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref>
 The practice of bride price was mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata where during weddings of [[Kaikeyi]], [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] and [[Madri]], bride price was given. The practice of giving bride price was considered [[Asura]] Vivah in [[Smriti]] texts such as Grihas Sutra and [[Dharma Sutra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marriage/8-traditional-forms-of-hindu-marriage-in-india/47455|title=8 Traditional forms of Hindu Marriage in India|publisher=yourarticlelibrary|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2020/09/kanyasulkam-bride-price-in-hinduism.html?m=1|title=Kanyasulkam – Bride Price In Hinduism|publisher=hindu-blog|date=9 September 2020|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
@@ Line 43: / Line 46: @@
 The owner of lands known as Bhuinhars.
-Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.<ref name="academia.edu2015">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|page=19-23|year=2015|access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref>
+Mahto made assessments and settlement of all land not held by hereditary cultivators. He collects rent. Pahan, the village priest, does all the rituals for village deities. Bhandari assists with the collection of rents and summoning ryots who work for farmers or Zamindars. There was Gorait, who was a messenger to Zamindar, and Kotwar, who was a police officer in each village. The village has a blacksmith and a Gowala who rear the cattle of the village.<ref name="academia.edu2015">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|pages=19–23|year=2015|access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref>
 ==Cinema==
@@ Line 55: / Line 58: @@
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
 [[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]
-[[Category:Indian culture]]
+[[Category:Culture of India]]
 [[Category:Nagpuri culture]]
 [[Category:Nagpuria people]]