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{{Short description|Formal glove reaching above the elbow}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Queen Mary and Queen Elisabeth.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Mary of the United Kingdom]] and [[Queen Elisabeth of Belgium]] wearing evening gloves at Belgian court.]]
[[File:Queen Mary and Queen Elisabeth.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Mary of the United Kingdom]] and [[Queen Elisabeth of Belgium]] wearing evening gloves at Belgian court.]]
[[Lady|Ladies']] '''evening gloves''' are long [[gloves]] for women's [[formal wear]]. These gloves are often worn with [[evening dress]] ([[ball gown]]) and [[wedding dresses]]. The longest of the evening gloves are called the "'''opera gloves'''". Opera gloves are very long gloves that go far beyond the elbow.


'''Evening gloves''' or '''opera gloves''' are a type of [[formal wear|formal]] [[glove]] that reaches beyond the [[Elbow-joint|elbow]] worn by women.
The appropriate length of the gloves is determined by the length of the [[sleeves]] of the [[dress]]. The shorter the sleeves of the dress, the longer the gloves should be. Ladies' gloves for formal([[white tie]]) and semi-formal([[black tie]]) wear come in three lengths for women: [[wrist]], [[elbow]], and [[opera]]. The opera reaches over the elbow, usually reaching to the [[biceps]] but sometimes to the full length of the arm.


Women's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths for women: [[wrist]], [[elbow]], and [[opera]] or full-length (over the elbow, usually reaching to the [[biceps]] but sometimes to the full length of the arm).
The most expensive [[opera length]] gloves are custom-made of [[kidskin]]. Many other types of [[leather]], most usually soft varieties of [[cowhide]], are used in making full-length gloves; [[patent leather]] and [[suede]] are especially popular as alternatives to kidskin, and are often more affordable than kidskin. [[Satin]] and stretch satin materials are extremely popular, and there are mass-produced varieties as well. More unusual glove materials include leathers made from salmon, python, and stingray.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Snaije |first1=Olivia |title=Blood, sweat and silk on the long road to Paris Fashion Week |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/blood-sweat-and-silk-on-the-long-road-to-paris-fashion-week/index.html |accessdate=9 August 2019 |agency=CNN |date=March 4, 2014}}</ref>

The most expensive full-length gloves are custom-made of [[kidskin]]. Many other types of [[leather]], most usually soft varieties of [[cowhide]], are used in making full-length gloves; [[patent leather]] and [[suede]] are especially popular as alternatives to kidskin, and are often more affordable than kidskin. [[Satin]] and stretch satin materials are extremely popular, and there are mass-produced varieties as well. More unusual glove materials include leathers made from salmon, python, and stingray.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Snaije |first1=Olivia |title=Blood, sweat and silk on the long road to Paris Fashion Week |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/blood-sweat-and-silk-on-the-long-road-to-paris-fashion-week/index.html |accessdate=9 August 2019 |agency=CNN |date=March 4, 2014}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[Image:Fontange Kneller.jpg|thumb|left|Mary II wearing elbow length gloves c. 1690]]
[[File:Fontange Kneller.jpg|thumb|left|Mary II wearing elbow length gloves c. 1690]]
===Western world===
===Western world===
While the etymology of the term ''opera glove'' is unknown, gloves of above-the-elbow length have been worn since at least the late 18th century, and gloves reaching to or just below the elbow have been worn by women in Western countries since the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/glove|title=Britannica : Gloves|website=britannica.com|date=2021-11-12}}</ref> In an extant engraving of England's [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary]] dating from the 1690s she is shown wearing elbow-length gloves. Over-the-elbow gloves were first widely popular during the [[English Regency|Regency]]/[[Napoleonic]] period (circa 1800&ndash;1825), and waned in popularity during the early and mid-Victorian periods (circa 1830&ndash;1870), but enjoyed their greatest vogue in the last two decades of the 19th century and the years of the 20th century prior to the start of [[World War I]]. During that period, they were standard for both daytime and evening wear; even some swimming costumes were accessorized with opera gloves. [[Etiquette]] considered gloves to be mandatory accessories for both men and women of the upper classes, so it was uncommon to see a well-dressed woman at a public occasion who was not wearing gloves of some sort. Long gloves covered her skin, allowing her to flaunt her feminine [[modesty]]. It also prevented sunburn and preserved the beauty of the white skin of Caucasian women. According to several fashion historians, over-the-elbow gloves were re-popularized during the late 19th century by actresses [[Sarah Bernhardt]] in France (to disguise what she considered her overly thin arms) and [[Lillian Russell]] in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&dq=Mousquetaire+gloves&pg=PA206|title=Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia|last1=Lynch|first1=Annette|last2=Strauss|first2=Mitchell D.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2014|isbn=9780759121508|location=|pages=206|language=en}}</ref>
While the etymology of the term ''opera glove'' is unknown, gloves of above-the-elbow length have been worn since at least the late 18th century, and gloves reaching to or just below the elbow have been worn by women in Western countries since the 17th century; in an extant engraving of England's [[Mary II of England|Queen Mary]] dating from the 1690s she is shown wearing elbow-length gloves. Over-the-elbow gloves were first widely popular during the [[English Regency|Regency]]/[[Napoleonic]] period (circa 1800&ndash;1825), and waned in popularity during the early and mid-Victorian periods (circa 1830&ndash;1870), but enjoyed their greatest vogue in the last two decades of the 19th century and the years of the 20th century prior to the start of [[World War I]]. During that period, they were standard for both daytime and evening wear; even some swimming costumes were accessorized with opera gloves. [[Etiquette]] considered gloves to be mandatory accessories for both men and women of the upper classes, so it was uncommon to see a well-dressed woman at a public occasion who was not wearing gloves of some sort. According to several fashion historians, over-the-elbow gloves were re-popularized during the late 19th century by actresses [[Sarah Bernhardt]] in France (to disguise what she considered her overly thin arms) and [[Lillian Russell]] in the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tiEvBQAAQBAJ&dq=Mousquetaire+gloves&pg=PA206|title=Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia|last1=Lynch|first1=Annette|last2=Strauss|first2=Mitchell D.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2014|isbn=9780759121508|location=|pages=206|language=en}}</ref>
[[Image:Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Marilyn Monroe wearing evening gloves in "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"]]
[[File:Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Marilyn Monroe wearing evening gloves in "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"]]
The opera glove has enjoyed varying popularity in the decades since [[World War I]], being most prevalent as a fashion accessory in the 1940s through the early 1960s, but continues to this day to be popular with women who want to add a particularly elegant touch to their formal attire. They have enjoyed minor revivals in fashion design on several occasions, being popular in ''haute couture'' collections in the late 2000s.<ref name=":0" /> Opera gloves continue to be popular accessories for [[bridal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikihow.com/Wear-Wedding-Gloves|title=How to Wear Wedding Gloves|website=wikihow.com|date=2022-01-26}}</ref>, [[prom]], [[debutante]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/debutante-dress|title=Debutante Dress|website=encyclopedia.com|date=2021-11-12}}</ref>, and [[quinceañera]] gowns and at very formal [[ballroom dance]]s (white opera gloves are still mandatory for female debutantes at the [[Vienna Opera Ball]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiener-staatsoper.at/en/staatsoper/vienna-opera-ball/make-your-debut/|title=Make Your Debut At The Vienna Opera Ball-Dresscode|last=|first=|date=|website=upstream.wiener-staatsoper.at|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>).
The opera glove has enjoyed varying popularity in the decades since [[World War I]], being most prevalent as a fashion accessory in the 1940s through the early 1960s, but continues to this day to be popular with women who want to add a particularly elegant touch to their formal attire. They have enjoyed minor revivals in fashion design on several occasions, being popular in ''haute couture'' collections in the late 2000s.<ref name=":0" /> Opera gloves continue to be highly popular accessories for [[bridal]], [[prom]], [[debutante]], and [[quinceañera]] gowns and at very formal [[ballroom dance]]s (white opera gloves are still mandatory for female debutantes at the [[Vienna Opera Ball]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiener-staatsoper.at/en/staatsoper/vienna-opera-ball/make-your-debut/|title=Make Your Debut At The Vienna Opera Ball-Dresscode|last=|first=|date=|website=upstream.wiener-staatsoper.at|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>).
[[File:58th [[International Debutante Ball]] 2012, New York City (Waldorf-Astoria Hotel).jpg|thumb|58th International Debutante Ball, [[Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]], New York City (2012)]]


They are sometimes worn by entertainers such as [[can-can]] dancers and [[burlesque]] performers in particular during the performance of a [[Gown-and-glove striptease]]. In popular culture, probably the best-known images incorporating opera gloves are those of [[Rita Hayworth]] in ''[[Gilda]]'' (1946) [[Marilyn Monroe]] in ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'' (1953), [[Cinderella (Disney character)|Cinderella]] from Disney's 1950 film ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' and [[Audrey Hepburn]] in [[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|''Breakfast at Tiffany's'']].
They are sometimes worn by entertainers such as [[can-can]] dancers and [[burlesque]] performers in particular during the performance of a [[Gown-and-glove striptease]]. In popular culture, probably the best-known images incorporating opera gloves are those of [[Rita Hayworth]] in ''[[Gilda (film)|Gilda]]'' (1946) [[Marilyn Monroe]] in ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'' (1953), [[Cinderella (Disney character)|Cinderella]] from Disney's 1950 film ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|Cinderella]]'' and [[Audrey Hepburn]] in [[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|''Breakfast at Tiffany's'']].


===Japan===
===Japan===
In [[Japan]], some ladies wear long gloves all day in summer, to protect the ideal {{nihongo|'''''irojiro'''''|色白}}, or fair skin, which represents beauty, grace, and high social status (as well as purity and divinity in local religions), and avoid any form of tanning.<ref>{{cite news | title=Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale | url=https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,7369,1185335,00.html | publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Nicole | last=Mowbray | date=2004-04-04 | accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>
In [[Japan]], some ladies wear long gloves all day in summer, to protect the ideal {{nihongo|'''''irojiro'''''|色白}}, or fair skin, which represents beauty, grace, and high social status (as well as purity and divinity in local religions), and avoid any form of tanning.<ref>{{cite news | title=Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale | url=https://www.theguardian.com/japan/story/0,7369,1185335,00.html | publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Nicole | last=Mowbray | date=2004-04-04 | accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>

==Types==

===Mousquetaire===
[[File:Journal des Dames 1820 eveningwear.jpg|thumbnail|right|Evening gloves as worn in 1820 from Journal des Dames.]]
The best-known type of opera glove, the ''mousquetaire'', is given this name due to the wrist-level opening (most commonly three inches long) which is closed by three (usually) buttons or snap closures, most frequently made of [[pearl]] or some lookalike material. The mousquetaire is originally derived from the [[Gauntlet (gloves)|gauntlets]] worn by French [[musketeer]]s of the 16th and 17th centuries, although, tongue-in-cheek, according to [[Ambrose Bierce]] in [[The Devil's Dictionary]]'', 1911:

{{cquote|''Mousquetaire, n. A long glove covering a part of the arm. Worn in New Jersey. But "mousquetaire" is a mighty poor way to spell muskeeter.''}}

Mousquetaire gloves have buttons at the wrist so the wearer could open the buttons and slip her hand out without taking the whole glove off. The finger section would be folded in and kept away tidily. This is how ladies wore gloves while dining. After the meal they would put their hands back into the gloves, usually for the rest of the evening. During the 19th century, especially from the mid-Victorian era onwards, gloves were tailored so as to fit very tightly onto the hands and arms&mdash;so tightly, in fact, that it was often necessary to use aids such as [[talcum powder]] and [[buttonhook]]s to put on one's gloves; therefore, it was considered somewhat uncouth to put on or remove one's gloves completely in public and women would make sure to don their gloves in the privacy of their homes before going out to some event (another reason for the popularity of the mousquetaire opening). The mousquetaire opening/fastening for women's long gloves seems to have become most popular during the Victorian era; during the Napoleonic/Regency period, women's long gloves were often tailored to fit loosely on the wearer's arm, and were often worn gathered below the elbow or held up on the biceps with a garter-like strap. (In the 2005 film version of ''[[Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', Rosamund Pike and several other actresses wear opera-length gloves with drawstring ties at the top of the glove, but this might not be an accurate representation of the style of long gloves in the [[Regency era]]; fashion plates from the period do not appear to show gloves with drawstring-type ties, but do often show women wearing gloves held up by garterlike straps or ribbons.)

In the period of the 1930s through early 1960s, the evening glove was adapted for wear with certain high end lounging and sleeping outfits, or [[peignoir]] sets. Such gloves were typically made out of the same lightweight sheer nylon, rayon, or silk as of the lingerie set in a matching or complementary color and always of above elbow length. These gloves were introduced to bring the fashion for covered hands into the bedroom, protect skin during sleep and leisure time, and provide modesty for women during times of travel, visitation, or shared accommodation. While never widespread, these sleeping gloves were a desired component of the most expensive bedroom ensembles. Given the prevalence of gloves in mid-20th century women's fashion, a woman who added sleeping gloves to her wardrobe would have been gloved virtually at all times.

==Measurements==
The length of ladies' evening gloves are referred to in terms of "buttons", whether they in fact have buttons or not. The word is derived from French, and the exact measure is actually a bit longer than one inch. Wrist length gloves are usually eight-button, those at the elbow are 16, mid-biceps are 22 and full shoulder length are 30. Opera gloves are between 16 and 22&nbsp;inches long, though some gloves can be as long as 29 or 30&nbsp;inches. To fit oneself for gloves, measure all around the hand at the widest part of the palm where the knuckles are, but excluding the thumb. The measurement in inches is the glove size, but if one's arms are large, it may be practical to go up a size. Generally, an evening glove is considered to be a true "opera-length" glove if it reaches to mid-biceps or higher on the wearer's arm, notwithstanding its actual length in inches or buttons; therefore, a petite woman might find a glove with a measurement of 16 or 17&nbsp;inches adequate for the purpose, while a tall woman might need a glove longer than 22&nbsp;inches. Evening gloves that are shorter than the elbow are not called "opera-length gloves" or "opera gloves".


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>

File:Cocacola-5cents-1900.jpg|Coca cola advertisement from c. 1900
File:Cocacola-5cents-1900.jpg|Coca cola advertisement from c. 1900
File:Gilda trailer rita hayworth3 crop.JPG|Rita Hayworth from the ''Gilda'' trailer in 1946
File:Gilda trailer rita hayworth3 crop.JPG|Rita Hayworth from the ''Gilda'' trailer in 1946
File:The Ladies&#039; home journal (1948) (14580249577).jpg|thumb|The Ladies home journal, advertisement from 1948
File:The Ladies' home journal (1948) (14580249577).jpg|The Ladies home journal, advertisement from 1948
File:Jacqueline Kennedy after State Dinner, 22 May 1962.jpg|[[Jacqueline Kennedy]] wearing evening gloves at a state dinner in 1962.
File:Jacqueline Kennedy after State Dinner, 22 May 1962.jpg|[[Jacqueline Kennedy]] wearing evening gloves at a state dinner in 1962.
File:Natalie Wood Gypsy 1962.jpg|[[Natalie Wood]] portraying stripper [[Gypsy Rose Lee]] in 1962.
File:Natalie Wood Gypsy 1962.jpg|[[Natalie Wood]] portraying stripper [[Gypsy Rose Lee]] in 1962.
Line 45: Line 35:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Gown-and-glove striptease]]
*[[Western dress code]]
*[[Victorian fashion]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons Category|Evening gloves}}
{{Commons Category|Evening gloves}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060823192752/http://www.operagloves.com/history.html The History of the Opera Glove]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060823192752/http://www.operagloves.com/history.html The History of the Opera Glove]
*[http://www.glove.org/ How to make Gloves]
*[http://www.glove.org/ How to make Gloves]

{{Parties}}
{{Clothing}}

{{Clothing-stub}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Evening Glove}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Evening Glove}}
[[Category:19th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Gloves]]
[[Category:Gloves]]
[[Category:Fashion accessories]]
[[Category:Fashion accessories]]
[[Category:Formal insignia]]
[[Category:Sarah Bernhardt]]

Latest revision as of 19:23, 28 November 2024

Queen Mary of the United Kingdom and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium wearing evening gloves at Belgian court.

Evening gloves or opera gloves are a type of formal glove that reaches beyond the elbow worn by women.

Women's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths for women: wrist, elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, usually reaching to the biceps but sometimes to the full length of the arm).

The most expensive full-length gloves are custom-made of kidskin. Many other types of leather, most usually soft varieties of cowhide, are used in making full-length gloves; patent leather and suede are especially popular as alternatives to kidskin, and are often more affordable than kidskin. Satin and stretch satin materials are extremely popular, and there are mass-produced varieties as well. More unusual glove materials include leathers made from salmon, python, and stingray.[1]

History

Mary II wearing elbow length gloves c. 1690

Western world

While the etymology of the term opera glove is unknown, gloves of above-the-elbow length have been worn since at least the late 18th century, and gloves reaching to or just below the elbow have been worn by women in Western countries since the 17th century; in an extant engraving of England's Queen Mary dating from the 1690s she is shown wearing elbow-length gloves. Over-the-elbow gloves were first widely popular during the Regency/Napoleonic period (circa 1800–1825), and waned in popularity during the early and mid-Victorian periods (circa 1830–1870), but enjoyed their greatest vogue in the last two decades of the 19th century and the years of the 20th century prior to the start of World War I. During that period, they were standard for both daytime and evening wear; even some swimming costumes were accessorized with opera gloves. Etiquette considered gloves to be mandatory accessories for both men and women of the upper classes, so it was uncommon to see a well-dressed woman at a public occasion who was not wearing gloves of some sort. According to several fashion historians, over-the-elbow gloves were re-popularized during the late 19th century by actresses Sarah Bernhardt in France (to disguise what she considered her overly thin arms) and Lillian Russell in the United States.[2]

Marilyn Monroe wearing evening gloves in "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"

The opera glove has enjoyed varying popularity in the decades since World War I, being most prevalent as a fashion accessory in the 1940s through the early 1960s, but continues to this day to be popular with women who want to add a particularly elegant touch to their formal attire. They have enjoyed minor revivals in fashion design on several occasions, being popular in haute couture collections in the late 2000s.[2] Opera gloves continue to be highly popular accessories for bridal, prom, debutante, and quinceañera gowns and at very formal ballroom dances (white opera gloves are still mandatory for female debutantes at the Vienna Opera Ball[3]).

They are sometimes worn by entertainers such as can-can dancers and burlesque performers in particular during the performance of a Gown-and-glove striptease. In popular culture, probably the best-known images incorporating opera gloves are those of Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946) Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), Cinderella from Disney's 1950 film Cinderella and Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's.

Japan

In Japan, some ladies wear long gloves all day in summer, to protect the ideal irojiro (色白), or fair skin, which represents beauty, grace, and high social status (as well as purity and divinity in local religions), and avoid any form of tanning.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Snaije, Olivia (4 March 2014). "Blood, sweat and silk on the long road to Paris Fashion Week". CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell D. (2014). Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206. ISBN 9780759121508.
  3. ^ "Make Your Debut At The Vienna Opera Ball-Dresscode". upstream.wiener-staatsoper.at. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  4. ^ Mowbray, Nicole (4 April 2004). "Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale". London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2 May 2010.