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Coordinates: 59°57′19″N 30°20′17″E / 59.95528°N 30.33806°E / 59.95528; 30.33806
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{{Short description|Russian cruiser}}
{{Short description|Russian cruiser that participated in the October Revolution}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Крейсер 1-го ранга Балтийского флота «Аврора» в Петербурге 2022 04.jpg
| Ship image = Крейсер 1-го ранга Балтийского флота «Аврора» в Петербурге 2022 04.jpg
|Ship caption=''Aurora'', moored in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]
| Ship caption = ''Aurora'', moored in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], July 2022
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship career
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
| Hide header =
|Ship country=<br>Russian Empire → Soviet Union → Russia
| Ship country = <br>Russian Empire → Soviet Union → Russia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Russia|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Russia|naval}}
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Russian Empire|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Russia|naval}}
|Ship name=''Aurora''
| Ship name = ''Aurora''
|Ship namesake=[[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]]
| Ship namesake = [[Aurora (mythology)]]
|Ship ordered=June 1896
| Ship ordered = June 1896
|Ship awarded=
| Ship awarded =
|Ship builder=[[Admiralty Shipyard]], Saint Petersburg
| Ship builder = [[Admiralty Shipyard]], Saint Petersburg
|Ship original cost=
| Ship original cost =
|Ship yard number=
| Ship yard number =
|Ship way number=
| Ship way number =
|Ship laid down=23 May 1897
| Ship laid down = 23 May 1897
|Ship launched=11 May 1900<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aurora.org.ru/eng/index.php@theme=history |title=History |website=The Cruiser Aurora |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
| Ship launched = 11 May 1900<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aurora.org.ru/eng/index.php@theme=history |title=History |website=The Cruiser Aurora |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
|Ship sponsor=
| Ship sponsor =
|Ship christened=
| Ship christened =
|Ship completed=10 July 1903
| Ship completed = 10 July 1903
|Ship commissioned=16 July 1903
| Ship commissioned = 16 July 1903
|Ship recommissioned=
| Ship recommissioned =
|Ship decommissioned=17 November 1948
| Ship decommissioned = 17 November 1948
|Ship in service=
| Ship in service =
|Ship out of service=
| Ship out of service =
|Ship renamed=
| Ship renamed =
|Ship reclassified=
| Ship reclassified =
|Ship refit=
| Ship refit =
|Ship struck=
| Ship struck =
|Ship reinstated=
| Ship reinstated =
|Ship identification=
| Ship identification =
|Ship motto=
| Ship motto =
|Ship nickname=
| Ship nickname =
|Ship honours=*[[File:Order october revolution rib.png|30px|Order of the October Revolution]] [[Order of the October Revolution]]
| Ship honours = *[[File:Order october revolution rib.png|30px|Order of the October Revolution]] [[Order of the October Revolution]]
*[[File:SU Order of the Red Banner ribbon.svg|30px|Order of the Red Banner]] [[Order of the Red Banner]]
*[[File:SU Order of the Red Banner ribbon.svg|30px|Order of the Red Banner]] [[Order of the Red Banner]]
|Ship notes=*Participated in:
| Ship notes = *Participated in:
* [[Dogger Bank incident]] (1904)
* [[Dogger Bank incident]] (1904)
* [[Battle of Tsushima]] (1905)
* [[Battle of Tsushima]] (1905)
* [[October Revolution]] (1917)
* [[October Revolution]] (1917)
* [[Siege of Leningrad]] (1941–44)
* [[Siege of Leningrad]] (1941–44)
|Ship fate=[[Museum ship]] since 1956
| Ship fate = [[Museum ship]] since 1956
|Ship status=Ceremoniously commissioned
| Ship status = Ceremoniously commissioned
|Ship badge=
| Ship badge =
}}
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
| Hide header =
|Header caption=
| Header caption =
|Ship class={{sclass|Pallada|cruiser|0}} [[protected cruiser]]
| Ship class = {{sclass|Pallada|cruiser|0}} [[protected cruiser]]
|Ship displacement={{cvt|6,731|t|LT|lk=on}}
| Ship displacement = {{cvt|6,731|t|LT|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|126.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship length = {{convert|126.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|16.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|16.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|7.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|7.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*24 [[Belleville boiler]]s
| Ship power = *24 [[Belleville boiler]]s
*{{cvt|11610|ihp|kW|lk=on}}
*{{cvt|11610|ihp|kW|lk=on}}
|Ship propulsion=3 shafts; 3 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engines]]
| Ship propulsion = 3 shafts; 3 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion steam engines]]
|Ship speed={{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}
| Ship speed = {{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|7200|km|mi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
| Ship range = {{convert|7200|km|mi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|Ship endurance=
| Ship endurance =
|Ship complement=590<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aurora.org.ru/eng/index.php@theme=info |title=General information |website=The Cruiser Aurora |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
| Ship complement = 590<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aurora.org.ru/eng/index.php@theme=info |title=General information |website=The Cruiser Aurora |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>
|Ship crew=
| Ship crew =
|Ship armament=*1903:
| Ship armament = *1903:
*8 × [[152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892|152 mm (6 in)]] guns
*8 × [[152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892|152 mm (6 in)]] guns
*24 × [[75mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892|75 mm (3 in) guns]]
*24 × [[75mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892|75 mm (3 in) guns]]
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*4 × [[76 mm air-defense gun M1914/15|{{cvt|76.2|mm|in|0}}]] [[AA gun]]s
*4 × [[76 mm air-defense gun M1914/15|{{cvt|76.2|mm|in|0}}]] [[AA gun]]s
*1 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun]]<ref>{{cite book |first=L.L. |last=Polenov |date=1987 |title=Крейсер "Аврора" |trans-title=Cruiser "Aurora" |language=ru |location=Leningrad |publisher=Судостроение |pages=162–165 }}</ref>
*1 × [[QF 2-pounder naval gun]]<ref>{{cite book |first=L.L. |last=Polenov |date=1987 |title=Крейсер "Аврора" |trans-title=Cruiser "Aurora" |language=ru |location=Leningrad |publisher=Судостроение |pages=162–165 }}</ref>
|Ship armour=
| Ship armour =
|Ship notes=
| Ship notes =
}}
}}
|}
|}


'''''Aurora''''' ({{lang-rus|Авро́ра|r=Avrora|p=ɐˈvrorə}}) is a Russian [[protected cruiser]], currently preserved as a [[museum ship]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. ''Aurora'' was one of three {{sclass|Pallada|cruiser|0}} [[cruiser]]s, built in Saint Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. ''Aurora'' survived the [[Battle of Tsushima]] and was interned under US protection in the [[Philippines]], and eventually returned to the [[Baltic Fleet]].
'''''Aurora''''' ({{lang-rus|Авро́ра|r=Avrora|p=ɐˈvrorə}}) is a Russian [[protected cruiser]], currently preserved as a [[museum ship]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]. ''Aurora'' was one of three {{sclass|Pallada|cruiser|0}} [[cruiser]]s, built in Saint Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. ''Aurora'' survived the [[Battle of Tsushima]] and was interned under US protection in the [[Philippines]], and eventually returned to the [[Baltic Fleet]]. One of the first incidents of the [[October Revolution]] in [[Russian Republic|Russia]] took place on the cruiser ''Aurora'', which reportedly fired the first shot, signalling the beginning of the attack on the [[Winter Palace]].

One of the first incidents of the [[October Revolution]] in [[Russian Republic|Russia]] took place on the cruiser ''Aurora'', which reportedly fired the first shot, signalling the beginning of the attack on the [[Winter Palace]].


==Russo-Japanese War==
==Russo-Japanese War==
⚫
[[File:aurora 1903.jpg|thumb|left|''Aurora'' in 1903]]
Soon after completion, on 10 October 1903, ''Aurora'' departed [[Kronstadt]] as part of Admiral Virenius's "reinforcing squadron" for [[Port Arthur, China|Port Arthur]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 51</ref>
Soon after completion, on 10 October 1903, ''Aurora'' departed [[Kronstadt]] as part of Admiral Virenius's "reinforcing squadron" for [[Port Arthur, China|Port Arthur]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 51</ref>
While in the [[Red Sea]], still en route to Port Arthur, the squadron was recalled back to the [[Baltic Sea]], under protest by [[Stepan Makarov|Admiral Makarov]], who specifically requested Admiral Virenius to continue his mission to Port Arthur. Only the seven destroyers of the reinforcing squadron were allowed to continue to the [[Far East]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 146, 147</ref>
While in the [[Red Sea]], still en route to Port Arthur, the squadron was recalled back to the [[Baltic Sea]], under protest by [[Stepan Makarov|Admiral Makarov]], who specifically requested Admiral Virenius to continue his mission to Port Arthur. Only the seven destroyers of the reinforcing squadron were allowed to continue to the [[Far East]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 146, 147</ref>


After her detachment from the reinforcing squadron and her arrival back to home port she underwent new refitting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |author-link=Rotem Kowner |year=2006 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4927-5 |page=52}}</ref> After refitting, ''Aurora'' was ordered back to Port Arthur as part of the Russian Baltic Fleet<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, Chapters I, VI, X, XI, XIII, XIV</ref><ref>British Naval Attache Reports (2003) p. 354 the new redesignation to the 2nd Pacific Squadron was rarely used, in both Corbett texts and official British Naval Attache Reports, the term ''Baltic Fleet'' is mostly consistent.</ref> ''Aurora'' sailed as part of [[Admiral]] [[Oskar Enkvist]]'s [[Cruiser Squadron]] whose [[flagship]] would be the protected cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Oleg|Oleg]]'', an element of Admiral [[Zinovy Rozhestvensky]]'s ''Baltic Fleet.''<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 194, 215, 273</ref>
After her detachment from the reinforcing squadron and her arrival back to home port she underwent new refitting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kowner |first=Rotem |author-link=Rotem Kowner |year=2006 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4927-5 |page=52}}</ref> After refitting, ''Aurora'' was ordered back to Port Arthur as part of the Russian Baltic Fleet<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, Chapters I, VI, X, XI, XIII, XIV</ref><ref>British Naval Attache Reports (2003) p. 354 the new redesignation to the 2nd Pacific Squadron was rarely used, in both Corbett texts and official British Naval Attache Reports, the term ''Baltic Fleet'' is mostly consistent.</ref> ''Aurora'' sailed as part of [[Admiral]] [[Oskar Enkvist]]'s [[Cruiser Squadron]] whose [[flagship]] would be the protected cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Oleg|Oleg]]'', an element of Admiral [[Zinovy Rozhestvensky]]'s ''Baltic Fleet.''<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 194, 215, 273</ref> On the way to the Far East, ''Aurora'' received five hits, sustaining light damage from confused friendly fire, which killed the ship's chaplain and a sailor, in the [[Dogger Bank incident]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 35</ref>
On the way to the Far East, ''Aurora'' received five hits, sustaining light damage from confused friendly fire, which killed the ship's chaplain and a sailor, in the [[Dogger Bank incident]].<ref>Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 35</ref>

On 27 and 28 May 1905 ''Aurora'' took part in the [[Battle of Tsushima]], along with the rest of the Russian squadron. During the battle her captain, Captain 1st rank [[Evgeny Egoriev]], and 14 crewmen were killed.


==October Revolution mutiny==
==October Revolution mutiny==
⚫
During [[World War I]] ''Aurora'' operated in the Baltic Sea performing patrols and shore bombardment tasks. In 1915, her armament was changed to fourteen 152&nbsp;mm (6&nbsp;in) guns.
⚫
[[File:Order of the October Revolution (550).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|''Aurora'' is pictured on the [[Order of the October Revolution]]]]
⚫
During [[World War I]] ''Aurora'' operated in the Baltic Sea performing patrols and shore bombardment tasks. In 1915, her armament was changed to fourteen 152&nbsp;mm (6&nbsp;in) guns. At the end of 1916, she was moved to Petrograd (the renamed Saint Petersburg) for a major repair. The city was brimming with revolutionary ferment and part of her crew joined the 1917 [[February Revolution]].


The ship's commanding officer, Captain Mikhail Nikolsky, was killed when he tried to suppress the revolt.<ref name="Dowling, p. 571">Dowling, p. 571</ref> A revolutionary committee was created on the ship, with Aleksandr Belyshev elected as captain.
The ship's commanding officer, Captain Mikhail Nikolsky, was killed when he tried to suppress the revolt.<ref name="Dowling, p. 571">Dowling, p. 571</ref>


==Second World War==
==Second World War==
In 1922, ''Aurora'' returned to service as a training ship.
⚫
[[File:St. Petersburg (8372405290).jpg|thumb|left|Aurora is docked near [[Nakhimov Naval School (Saint Petersburg)|Nakhimov Naval School]]]]
In 1922 ''Aurora'' returned to service as a training ship. Assigned to the Baltic Fleet, from 1923, she repeatedly visited the Baltic Sea countries, including Norway in 1924, 1925, 1928 and 1930, Germany in 1929 and Sweden in 1925 and 1928. On 2 November 1927, ''Aurora'' was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]] for her revolutionary merits.


During the Second World War, the guns were taken from the ship and used in the [[Siege of Leningrad|land defence]] of [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. The ship herself was docked in [[Lomonosov, Russia|Oranienbaum]] port,<ref name="RussiaBeyond">{{cite web |url=http://rbth.com/arts/2014/11/07/aurora_the_cruiser_that_sparked_a_revolution_or_did_it_41229.html |title=Aurora: The cruiser that sparked a revolution – or did it? |first=Sofía |last=Sávina |date=7 November 2014 |website=Russia Beyond}}</ref> and was repeatedly shelled and bombed. On 30 September 1941 she was damaged and sunk in the harbour.
During the Second World War, her guns were taken from the ship and used in the [[Siege of Leningrad|land defence]] of [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]. The ship herself was docked in [[Lomonosov, Russia|Oranienbaum]] port,<ref name="RussiaBeyond">{{cite web |url=http://rbth.com/arts/2014/11/07/aurora_the_cruiser_that_sparked_a_revolution_or_did_it_41229.html |title=Aurora: The cruiser that sparked a revolution – or did it? |first=Sofía |last=Sávina |date=7 November 2014 |website=Russia Beyond}}</ref> and was repeatedly shelled and bombed. On 30 September 1941, she was damaged and sunk in the harbour.


She was later salvaged and repaired after the war.
She was later salvaged and repaired after the war.


==To the present==
==Post World War II==
The ship was opened as a museum ship in Leningrad in 1957, as a monument to the October Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mancebo |first=Ivanka Garcia |title=Russian Cruiser Aurora - Opening times, prices & location |url=https://www.introducingsaintpetersburg.com/russian-cruiser-aurora#:~:text=During%20World%20War%20II,%20Aurora,a%20museum%20ship%20in%201957. |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.introducingsaintpetersburg.com |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:St. Petersburg (8372405504).jpg|thumb|right|Port side view of the cruiser]]
⚫
[[File:Aurora and Krasin in Kronstadt.JPG|thumb|''Aurora'' and [[Krasin (1917 icebreaker)|''Krasin'']] in Kronstadt]]
[[File:Ensign of the Cruiser Aurora (1968).svg|thumb|upright=0.5|The Aurora Ensign (Soviet era)]]
Having long served as a museum ship, from 1984 to 1987 the cruiser was once again placed in her construction yard, the Admiralty Shipyard, for capital restoration. During the overhaul, due to deterioration, the ship's hull below the waterline was replaced with a new welded hull according to the original drawings. The cut off lower hull section was towed into the [[Gulf of Finland]], to the unfinished base at Ruchi, and sunk near the shore. The restoration revealed that some of the ship parts, including the armour plates, were originally made in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurora |url=https://www.museumships.us/russia/aurora |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Museum Ships.us |language=en-US}}</ref>


In January 2013 Russian Defence Minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] announced plans to recommission ''Aurora'' and make her the flagship of the [[Russian Navy]] due to her historical and cultural importance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2-news.ru/info/politics/211-avrora_vernetsya_v_stroy_.html |title="Аврора" вернется в строй |trans-title="Aurora" will return to service |date=27 January 2013 |website=Dve Novosti |language=ru |access-date=5 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020195049/http://2-news.ru/info/politics/211-avrora_vernetsya_v_stroy_.html |archive-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> On 21 September 2014 the ship was towed to the [[Admiralty Shipyard]] in [[Kronstadt]] to be overhauled,<ref name="RussiaBeyond" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v45NA2LtlKI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/v45NA2LtlKI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Russian Revolution Symbol: Iconic 'Aurora' cruiser towed to renovation port |author=RT |date=21 September 2014 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to return in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/754118 |title=Legendary Aurora to return to its harbour after overhaul in 2016 |date=13 October 2014 |website=TASS}}</ref> On 16 July 2016 she returned to her home harbour in Saint Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldnet.com/news/bolshevik-revolution-warship-aurora-returns-to-st-petersburg/ |title=Bolshevik Revolution warship Aurora returns to St. Petersburg |date=16 July 2016 |newspaper=[[The Everett Herald]]}}</ref>
After having served as a museum ship for 27 years, from 1984 to 1987 the cruiser was once again placed in her construction yard, the Admiralty Shipyard, for capital restoration. During the overhaul, due to deterioration, the ship's hull below the waterline was replaced with a new welded hull according to the original drawings. The cut off lower hull section was towed into the [[Gulf of Finland]] to the decommissioned {{ill|Ruchi Naval Base|ru|Ручьи (военно-морская база)}}, and sunk near the shore. The restoration revealed that some of the ship's parts, including the armour plates, were originally made in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurora |url=https://www.museumships.us/russia/aurora |access-date=2021-03-18 |website=Museum Ships.us |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023}}</ref>
In January 2013, Russian Defence Minister [[Sergey Shoygu]] announced plans to recommission ''Aurora'' and make her the flagship of the [[Russian Navy]] due to her historical and cultural importance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2-news.ru/info/politics/211-avrora_vernetsya_v_stroy_.html |title="Аврора" вернется в строй |trans-title="Aurora" will return to service |date=27 January 2013 |website=Dve Novosti |language=ru |access-date=5 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020195049/http://2-news.ru/info/politics/211-avrora_vernetsya_v_stroy_.html |archive-date=2013-10-20}}</ref> On 21 September 2014, the ship was towed to the [[Admiralty Shipyard]] in [[Kronstadt]] to be overhauled,<ref name="RussiaBeyond" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v45NA2LtlKI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/v45NA2LtlKI |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Russian Revolution Symbol: Iconic 'Aurora' cruiser towed to renovation port |author=RT |date=21 September 2014 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> to return in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/754118 |title=Legendary Aurora to return to its harbour after overhaul in 2016 |date=13 October 2014 |website=TASS}}</ref> On 16 July 2016, she returned to her home harbour in Saint Petersburg.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldnet.com/news/bolshevik-revolution-warship-aurora-returns-to-st-petersburg/ |title=Bolshevik Revolution warship Aurora returns to St. Petersburg |date=16 July 2016 |newspaper=[[The Everett Herald]]}}</ref>

⚫
[[File:Транспортировка Авроры в Кронштадт (Дворцовый мост).jpg|thumb|Transport of Aurora to Kronstadt in September 2015]]
== In popular culture ==
The 1965 Soviet film ''[[The Salvos of the Aurora Cruiser]]'' shows the ship's action in the October Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Призрак бродит по экрану |url=https://portal-kultura.ru/articles/cinema/173409-prizrak-brodit-po-ekranu/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=portal-kultura.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

In 1973, a short film about the ship, titled ''Aurora'', was released.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kachanov |first=Roman |title=Avrora |type=Animation, Short |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2331648/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |others=Viktor Filippov, Aleksey Konsovskiy, Klara Rumyanova |publisher=Soyuzmultfilm}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
⚫
Order of the October Revolution (550).jpg|''Aurora'' is pictured on the [[Order of the October Revolution]]
⚫
aurora 1903.jpg|''Aurora'' in 1903
Aurora 2014-09 1411294651.tif|Aurora towed through drawbridge toward Kronstadt (2014){{Typo help inline|date=February 2024}}
⚫
Транспортировка Авроры в Кронштадт (Дворцовый мост).jpg|Transport of Aurora to Kronstadt in September 2015
⚫
DJI 0001 Санкт-Петербург. Крейсер "Аврора". Фото с дрона. 21.02.2018.jpg|Aurora is trapped in ice
⚫
Sankt Petersburg. Kreuzer Aurora, Petrograder Damm.jpg|Aurora at night
⚫
St. Petersburg (8372405504).jpg|Port side view of the cruiser
⚫
Aurora and Krasin in Kronstadt.JPG|''Aurora'' and [[Krasin (1917 icebreaker)|''Krasin'']] in Kronstadt
⚫
St. Petersburg (8372405290).jpg|Aurora is docked near [[Nakhimov Naval School (Saint Petersburg)|Nakhimov Naval School]]
</gallery>

====Aurora Flags====
Because of the distinctions at the stern of a ship, special versions of [[Naval Ensign|naval ensigs]] are used.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://guide.travel.ru/russia/246205.html |title=Крейсер-музей "Аврора" |access-date=2016-12-27 |archive-date=2016-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228123923/http://guide.travel.ru/russia/246205.html}}</ref>
{{gallery|mode=nolines|width=180|height=100
|File:Naval ensign of Russia.svg|[[Ensign of the Russian Navy|Naval ensign]] of [[Russian Empire]]
|File:Red flag.svg|[[Red flag (politics)|Red flag]] raised on October 25, 1917.
|File:Naval Ensign of Russian SFSR (1920-1923).svg|Naval Ensign of [[Russian SFSR]] raised on 23 February 1923 after the renovation of the cruiser Aurora
|File:Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union (1923–1935).svg|Naval Ensign of [[Soviet Union]] raised on 7 November 1923
|File:Ensign of the Cruiser Aurora (1927).svg|The honorary version of the Ensign with the [[Order of the Red Banner]] used on the ship (1 July 1927 - November 1927)
|File:USSR, Naval 1926 redban.svg|The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (2 November 1927 - 26 May 1935)
|File:USSR, Naval 1950 redban.svg|The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (26 May 1935 - 23 February 1968)
|File:Ensign of the Cruiser Aurora (1968).svg|The honorary version of the Ensign with the [[Order of the October Revolution]] and ORB used on the ship (23 February 1968 - 26 July 1992)
|File:Naval ensign of Russia (1992).svg|Naval ensign of [[Russian Federation]] (26 July 1992 - 1 January 2001)
|File:Naval ensign of Russia.svg|Naval ensign of Russian Federation (1 January 2001 - 31 July 2016)
|File:Ensign of the Cruiser Aurora (2016).svg|The honorary version of the Ensign with the OOR and ORB used on the ship (from 31 July 2016)
}}


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
[[File:DJI 0001 Санкт-Петербург. Крейсер "Аврора". Фото с дрона. 21.02.2018.jpg| thumb |Aurora is trapped in ice]]
⚫
[[File:Sankt Petersburg. Kreuzer Aurora, Petrograder Damm.jpg| thumb |Aurora at night]]


* {{ship|Japanese battleship|Mikasa||6}}, the only other surviving warship from the Battle of Tsushima.
* {{ship|Japanese battleship|Mikasa||6}}, the only other surviving warship from the Battle of Tsushima.
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*Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) ''Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905.'' Vol. 2 originally published October 1915. Naval Institute Press {{ISBN|978-1-59114-198-3}}
*Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) ''Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905.'' Vol. 2 originally published October 1915. Naval Institute Press {{ISBN|978-1-59114-198-3}}
*Dowling, Timothy C. ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond''. ABC-CLIO, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-59884-947-9}}
*Dowling, Timothy C. ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond''. ABC-CLIO, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-59884-947-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Hill|first=Alexander|year=2024 |title= Soviet Cruisers 1917-1945: From the October Revolution to World War II |place= Oxford, UK|publisher= Osprey Publishing|isbn= 9781472859334|series=New Vanguard |volume=326}}
*{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1= Stephen|title=Warship 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-4728-3595-6 |pages=81–97 |editor1-last=Jordan |editor1-first=John |chapter=In ''Avrora''{{'}}s Shadow: The Russian Cruisers of the ''Diana'' Class}}
*{{cite book |last1=McLaughlin |first1= Stephen|title=Warship 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-1-4728-3595-6 |pages=81–97 |editor1-last=Jordan |editor1-first=John |chapter=In ''Avrora''{{'}}s Shadow: The Russian Cruisers of the ''Diana'' Class}}
*{{cite book |last1=Skvorcov |first1=Aleksiey V.|title=Cruisers of the First Rank: ''Avrora'', ''Diana'', ''Pallada'' |date=2015|publisher=Stratus|location=Sandomierz, Poland|isbn=978-83-63678-56-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=Skvorcov |first1=Aleksiey V.|title=Cruisers of the First Rank: ''Avrora'', ''Diana'', ''Pallada'' |date=2015|publisher=Stratus|location=Sandomierz, Poland|isbn=978-83-63678-56-2}}
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[[Category:1900 ships]]
[[Category:1900 ships]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Russia]]
[[Category:Museum ships in Russia]]
[[Category:Russo-Japanese War cruisers of Russia]]
[[Category:World War I cruisers of Russia]]
[[Category:World War I cruisers of Russia]]
[[Category:World War II cruisers of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:World War II cruisers of the Soviet Union]]
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[[Category:Maritime museums in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Maritime museums in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Military and war museums in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Russian Revolution]]
[[Category:October Revolution]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1941]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1941]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Saint Petersburg]]

Latest revision as of 22:25, 28 November 2024

Aurora, moored in Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 2022
History
→ → →
Russian Empire → Soviet Union → Russia
NameAurora
NamesakeAurora (mythology)
OrderedJune 1896
BuilderAdmiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg
Laid down23 May 1897
Launched11 May 1900[1]
Completed10 July 1903
Commissioned16 July 1903
Decommissioned17 November 1948
Honours and
awards
FateMuseum ship since 1956
StatusCeremoniously commissioned
Notes
General characteristics
Class and typePallada-class protected cruiser
Displacement6,731 t (6,625 long tons)
Length126.8 m (416 ft 0 in)
Beam16.8 m (55 ft 1 in)
Draught7.3 m (23 ft 11 in)
Installed power
Propulsion3 shafts; 3 triple-expansion steam engines
Speed19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Range7,200 km (4,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement590[2]
Armament

Aurora (Russian: Авро́ра, romanized: Avrora, IPA: [ɐˈvrorə]) is a Russian protected cruiser, currently preserved as a museum ship in Saint Petersburg. Aurora was one of three Pallada-class cruisers, built in Saint Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the Russo-Japanese War. Aurora survived the Battle of Tsushima and was interned under US protection in the Philippines, and eventually returned to the Baltic Fleet. One of the first incidents of the October Revolution in Russia took place on the cruiser Aurora, which reportedly fired the first shot, signalling the beginning of the attack on the Winter Palace.

Russo-Japanese War

[edit]

Soon after completion, on 10 October 1903, Aurora departed Kronstadt as part of Admiral Virenius's "reinforcing squadron" for Port Arthur.[4] While in the Red Sea, still en route to Port Arthur, the squadron was recalled back to the Baltic Sea, under protest by Admiral Makarov, who specifically requested Admiral Virenius to continue his mission to Port Arthur. Only the seven destroyers of the reinforcing squadron were allowed to continue to the Far East.[5]

After her detachment from the reinforcing squadron and her arrival back to home port she underwent new refitting.[6] After refitting, Aurora was ordered back to Port Arthur as part of the Russian Baltic Fleet[7][8] Aurora sailed as part of Admiral Oskar Enkvist's Cruiser Squadron whose flagship would be the protected cruiser Oleg, an element of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky's Baltic Fleet.[9] On the way to the Far East, Aurora received five hits, sustaining light damage from confused friendly fire, which killed the ship's chaplain and a sailor, in the Dogger Bank incident.[10]

October Revolution mutiny

[edit]

During World War I Aurora operated in the Baltic Sea performing patrols and shore bombardment tasks. In 1915, her armament was changed to fourteen 152 mm (6 in) guns.

The ship's commanding officer, Captain Mikhail Nikolsky, was killed when he tried to suppress the revolt.[11]

Second World War

[edit]

In 1922, Aurora returned to service as a training ship.

During the Second World War, her guns were taken from the ship and used in the land defence of Leningrad. The ship herself was docked in Oranienbaum port,[12] and was repeatedly shelled and bombed. On 30 September 1941, she was damaged and sunk in the harbour.

She was later salvaged and repaired after the war.

Post World War II

[edit]

The ship was opened as a museum ship in Leningrad in 1957, as a monument to the October Revolution.[13]

After having served as a museum ship for 27 years, from 1984 to 1987 the cruiser was once again placed in her construction yard, the Admiralty Shipyard, for capital restoration. During the overhaul, due to deterioration, the ship's hull below the waterline was replaced with a new welded hull according to the original drawings. The cut off lower hull section was towed into the Gulf of Finland to the decommissioned Ruchi Naval Base [ru], and sunk near the shore. The restoration revealed that some of the ship's parts, including the armour plates, were originally made in Britain.[14]

In January 2013, Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu announced plans to recommission Aurora and make her the flagship of the Russian Navy due to her historical and cultural importance.[15] On 21 September 2014, the ship was towed to the Admiralty Shipyard in Kronstadt to be overhauled,[12][16] to return in 2016.[17] On 16 July 2016, she returned to her home harbour in Saint Petersburg.[18]

[edit]

The 1965 Soviet film The Salvos of the Aurora Cruiser shows the ship's action in the October Revolution.[19]

In 1973, a short film about the ship, titled Aurora, was released.[20]

[edit]

Aurora Flags

[edit]

Because of the distinctions at the stern of a ship, special versions of naval ensigs are used.[21]

  • Naval ensign of Russian Empire
    Naval ensign of Russian Empire
  • Red flag raised on October 25, 1917.
    Red flag raised on October 25, 1917.
  • Naval Ensign of Russian SFSR raised on 23 February 1923 after the renovation of the cruiser Aurora
    Naval Ensign of Russian SFSR raised on 23 February 1923 after the renovation of the cruiser Aurora
  • Naval Ensign of Soviet Union raised on 7 November 1923
    Naval Ensign of Soviet Union raised on 7 November 1923
  • The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the Red Banner used on the ship (1 July 1927 - November 1927)
    The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the Red Banner used on the ship (1 July 1927 - November 1927)
  • The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (2 November 1927 - 26 May 1935)
    The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (2 November 1927 - 26 May 1935)
  • The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (26 May 1935 - 23 February 1968)
    The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (26 May 1935 - 23 February 1968)
  • The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the October Revolution and ORB used on the ship (23 February 1968 - 26 July 1992)
    The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the October Revolution and ORB used on the ship (23 February 1968 - 26 July 1992)
  • Naval ensign of Russian Federation (26 July 1992 - 1 January 2001)
    Naval ensign of Russian Federation (26 July 1992 - 1 January 2001)
  • Naval ensign of Russian Federation (1 January 2001 - 31 July 2016)
    Naval ensign of Russian Federation (1 January 2001 - 31 July 2016)
  • The honorary version of the Ensign with the OOR and ORB used on the ship (from 31 July 2016)
    The honorary version of the Ensign with the OOR and ORB used on the ship (from 31 July 2016)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History". The Cruiser Aurora. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  2. ^ "General information". The Cruiser Aurora. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  3. ^ Polenov, L.L. (1987). Крейсер "Аврора" [Cruiser "Aurora"] (in Russian). Leningrad: Судостроение. pp. 162–165.
  4. ^ Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 51
  5. ^ Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, p. 146, 147
  6. ^ Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. The Scarecrow Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
  7. ^ Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, Chapters I, VI, X, XI, XIII, XIV
  8. ^ British Naval Attache Reports (2003) p. 354 the new redesignation to the 2nd Pacific Squadron was rarely used, in both Corbett texts and official British Naval Attache Reports, the term Baltic Fleet is mostly consistent.
  9. ^ Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 194, 215, 273
  10. ^ Corbett (2015) Vol. 2, p. 35
  11. ^ Dowling, p. 571
  12. ^ a b Sávina, Sofía (7 November 2014). "Aurora: The cruiser that sparked a revolution – or did it?". Russia Beyond.
  13. ^ Mancebo, Ivanka Garcia. "Russian Cruiser Aurora - Opening times, prices & location". www.introducingsaintpetersburg.com. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  14. ^ "Aurora". Museum Ships.us. Retrieved 18 March 2021.[dead link‍]
  15. ^ ""Аврора" вернется в строй" ["Aurora" will return to service]. Dve Novosti (in Russian). 27 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  16. ^ RT (21 September 2014). "Russian Revolution Symbol: Iconic 'Aurora' cruiser towed to renovation port". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  17. ^ "Legendary Aurora to return to its harbour after overhaul in 2016". TASS. 13 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Bolshevik Revolution warship Aurora returns to St. Petersburg". The Everett Herald. 16 July 2016.
  19. ^ "Призрак бродит по экрану". portal-kultura.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  20. ^ Kachanov, Roman, Avrora (Animation, Short), Viktor Filippov, Aleksey Konsovskiy, Klara Rumyanova, Soyuzmultfilm, retrieved 8 September 2024
  21. ^ "Крейсер-музей "Аврора"". Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.

Sources

[edit]
  • British Naval Attache Reports. (2003) The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. The Battery Press. Nashville, Tennessee ISBN 0-89839-324-8
  • Budzbon, Przemysław (1985). "Russia". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 291–325. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "Russia". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 170–217. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
  • Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Vol. 1 originally published January 1914. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-197-6
  • Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Vol. 2 originally published October 1915. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-198-3
  • Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2015. ISBN 978-1-59884-947-9
  • Hill, Alexander (2024). Soviet Cruisers 1917-1945: From the October Revolution to World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 326. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472859334.
  • McLaughlin, Stephen (2019). "In Avrora's Shadow: The Russian Cruisers of the Diana Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6.
  • Skvorcov, Aleksiey V. (2015). Cruisers of the First Rank: Avrora, Diana, Pallada. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus. ISBN 978-83-63678-56-2.
  • Watts, Anthony J. (1990). The Imperial Russian Navy. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 0-85368-912-1.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aurora (ship, 1900).

59°57′19″N 30°20′17″E / 59.95528°N 30.33806°E / 59.95528; 30.33806

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