Russian cruiser Aurora

Aurora, moored in Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 2022
History
→ → → Russian Empire → Soviet Union → Russia
Name	Aurora
Namesake	Aurora (mythology)
Ordered	June 1896
Builder	Admiralty Shipyard, Saint Petersburg
Laid down	23 May 1897
Launched	11 May 1900
Completed	10 July 1903
Commissioned	16 July 1903
Decommissioned	17 November 1948
Honours and awards	Order of the October Revolution Order of the Red Banner
Fate	Museum ship since 1956
Status	Ceremoniously commissioned
Notes	Participated in: Dogger Bank incident (1904) Battle of Tsushima (1905) October Revolution (1917) Siege of Leningrad (1941–44)
General characteristics
Class and type	Pallada-class protected cruiser
Displacement	6,731 t (6,625 long tons)
Length	126.8 m (416 ft 0 in)
Beam	16.8 m (55 ft 1 in)
Draught	7.3 m (23 ft 11 in)
Installed power	24 Belleville boilers 11,610 ihp (8,660 kW)
Propulsion	3 shafts; 3 triple-expansion steam engines
Speed	19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Range	7,200 km (4,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement	590
Armament	1903: 8 × 152 mm (6 in) guns 24 × 75 mm (3 in) guns 8 × 37 mm guns 3 × torpedo tubes (two underwater) 1917: 14 × 152 mm guns 4 × 76.2 mm (3 in) AA guns 1 × QF 2-pounder naval gun

Aurora (Russian: Авро́ра, romanized: Avrora, IPA: [ɐˈvrorə]) is a Russian protected cruiser, currently preserved as a museum ship in Saint Petersburg. Aurora was one of three Pallada-class cruisers, built in Saint Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the Russo-Japanese War. Aurora survived the Battle of Tsushima and was interned under US protection in the Philippines, and eventually returned to the Baltic Fleet. One of the first incidents of the October Revolution in Russia took place on the cruiser Aurora, which reportedly fired the first shot, signalling the beginning of the attack on the Winter Palace.

Russo-Japanese War

Soon after completion, on 10 October 1903, Aurora departed Kronstadt as part of Admiral Virenius's "reinforcing squadron" for Port Arthur. While in the Red Sea, still en route to Port Arthur, the squadron was recalled back to the Baltic Sea, under protest by Admiral Makarov, who specifically requested Admiral Virenius to continue his mission to Port Arthur. Only the seven destroyers of the reinforcing squadron were allowed to continue to the Far East.

After her detachment from the reinforcing squadron and her arrival back to home port she underwent new refitting. After refitting, Aurora was ordered back to Port Arthur as part of the Russian Baltic Fleet Aurora sailed as part of Admiral Oskar Enkvist's Cruiser Squadron whose flagship would be the protected cruiser Oleg, an element of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky's Baltic Fleet. On the way to the Far East, Aurora received five hits, sustaining light damage from confused friendly fire, which killed the ship's chaplain and a sailor, in the Dogger Bank incident.

October Revolution mutiny

During World War I Aurora operated in the Baltic Sea performing patrols and shore bombardment tasks. In 1915, her armament was changed to fourteen 152 mm (6 in) guns.

The ship's commanding officer, Captain Mikhail Nikolsky, was killed when he tried to suppress the revolt.

Second World War

In 1922, Aurora returned to service as a training ship.

During the Second World War, her guns were taken from the ship and used in the land defence of Leningrad. The ship herself was docked in Oranienbaum port, and was repeatedly shelled and bombed. On 30 September 1941, she was damaged and sunk in the harbour.

She was later salvaged and repaired after the war.

Post World War II

The ship was opened as a museum ship in Leningrad in 1957, as a monument to the October Revolution.

After having served as a museum ship for 27 years, from 1984 to 1987 the cruiser was once again placed in her construction yard, the Admiralty Shipyard, for capital restoration. During the overhaul, due to deterioration, the ship's hull below the waterline was replaced with a new welded hull according to the original drawings. The cut off lower hull section was towed into the Gulf of Finland to the decommissioned Ruchi Naval Base, and sunk near the shore. The restoration revealed that some of the ship's parts, including the armour plates, were originally made in Britain.

In January 2013, Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu announced plans to recommission Aurora and make her the flagship of the Russian Navy due to her historical and cultural importance. On 21 September 2014, the ship was towed to the Admiralty Shipyard in Kronstadt to be overhauled, to return in 2016. On 16 July 2016, she returned to her home harbour in Saint Petersburg.

In popular culture

The 1965 Soviet film The Salvos of the Aurora Cruiser shows the ship's action in the October Revolution.

In 1973, a short film about the ship, titled Aurora, was released.

Gallery

• 
  Aurora is pictured on the Order of the October Revolution
• 
  Aurora in 1903
• 
  Aurora towed through drawbridge toward Kronstadt (2014)
• 
  Transport of Aurora to Kronstadt in September 2015
• 
  Aurora is trapped in ice
• 
  Aurora at night
• 
  Port side view of the cruiser
• 
  Aurora and Krasin in Kronstadt
• 
  Aurora is docked near Nakhimov Naval School

Aurora Flags

Because of the distinctions at the stern of a ship, special versions of naval ensigs are used.

• 
  Naval ensign of Russian Empire
• 
  Red flag raised on October 25, 1917.
• 
  Naval Ensign of Russian SFSR raised on 23 February 1923 after the renovation of the cruiser Aurora
• 
  Naval Ensign of Soviet Union raised on 7 November 1923
• 
  The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the Red Banner used on the ship (1 July 1927 - November 1927)
• 
  The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (2 November 1927 - 26 May 1935)
• 
  The honorary version of the Ensign with the ORB used on the ship (26 May 1935 - 23 February 1968)
• 
  The honorary version of the Ensign with the Order of the October Revolution and ORB used on the ship (23 February 1968 - 26 July 1992)
• 
  Naval ensign of Russian Federation (26 July 1992 - 1 January 2001)
• 
  Naval ensign of Russian Federation (1 January 2001 - 31 July 2016)
• 
  The honorary version of the Ensign with the OOR and ORB used on the ship (from 31 July 2016)

See also

• Japanese battleship Mikasa, the only other surviving warship from the Battle of Tsushima.
• USS Olympia, a U.S. Navy protected cruiser preserved in Philadelphia
• The Twelfth Symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich (title of 3rd movement).
• The Baku Metro's Qara Qarayev Station, formerly named Avrora Station.

References

Sources

• British Naval Attache Reports. (2003) The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. The Battery Press. Nashville, Tennessee ISBN 0-89839-324-8
• Budzbon, Przemysław (1985). "Russia". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 291–325. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
• Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "Russia". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 170–217. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
• Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Vol. 1 originally published January 1914. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-197-6
• Corbett, Sir Julian. (2015) Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Vol. 2 originally published October 1915. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-198-3
• Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO, 2015. ISBN 978-1-59884-947-9
• Hill, Alexander (2024). Soviet Cruisers 1917-1945: From the October Revolution to World War II. New Vanguard. Vol. 326. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472859334.
• McLaughlin, Stephen (2019). "In Avrora's Shadow: The Russian Cruisers of the Diana Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2019. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-1-4728-3595-6.
• Skvorcov, Aleksiey V. (2015). Cruisers of the First Rank: Avrora, Diana, Pallada. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus. ISBN 978-83-63678-56-2.
• Watts, Anthony J. (1990). The Imperial Russian Navy. London: Arms and Armour. ISBN 0-85368-912-1.

External links

• The History of the Russian Navy – Defeat at Port Arthur
• HNSA Web Page: Cruiser Aurora
• Aurora Cruiser Museum Ship (Saint Petersburg)