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| name = BMW N20 engine
| name = BMW N20 engine
| image = BMW N20 Engine.JPG
| image = BMW N20 Engine.JPG
| production = 2011-2017
| production = 2011-2018
| configuration = [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]
| configuration = [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]
| head = [[Aluminium]]
| head = [[Aluminium]]
| block = Aluminium
| block = Aluminium
| displacement = {{convert|1.6-2.0|L|cuin|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| displacement = {{convert|1592|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}<br>{{convert|1997|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| bore = {{convert|84.0|mm|abbr=on}}
⚫
| valvetrain = [[Overhead_camshaft#Dual_overhead_camshaft|DOHC]], with [[variable valve timing|VVT]] & [[variable valve lift|VVL]]
| stroke = {{convert|71.8|mm|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|90.1|mm|abbr=on}}
⚫
| valvetrain = [[Overhead camshaft#Dual overhead camshaft|DOHC]], with [[variable valve timing|VVT]] & [[variable valve lift|VVL]]
| turbocharger = Single [[Turbocharger#Twin-scroll|twin-scroll]]
| turbocharger = Single [[Turbocharger#Twin-scroll|twin-scroll]]
| predecessor = [[BMW N52]], [[BMW N53]]
| predecessor = [[BMW N52]], [[BMW N53]]
| successor = [[BMW B48]]
| successor = [[BMW B48]]
| manufacturer =
| manufacturer = [[BMW]]
| fueltype = [[Gasoline]]
| fueltype = [[Gasoline]]
}}
}}


The '''BMW N20''' is a turbocharged four-cylinder petrol engine which replaced the [[BMW N53|N53]] (or [[BMW N52]] in some markets) and was produced from 2011-2017. Although the N20 is a four-cylinder engine, it is considered a replacement for the naturally aspirated six-cylinder N52/N53 because it powers equivalent models, producing similar horsepower to the N52/N53 with greater low-rpm torque and better efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbt.com.my/2012/02/09/n20-series-engines-bmw-goes-for-less-delivers-more/ |title=N20 series engines – BMW goes for less, delivers more |website=www.cbt.com.my |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026011700/http://www.cbt.com.my/2012/02/09/n20-series-engines-bmw-goes-for-less-delivers-more/ |archivedate=26 October 2013 }}</ref>
The '''BMW N20''' is a {{convert|1.6|and|2.0|L|cuin|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] [[inline-four engine|four-cylinder]] [[Overhead camshaft#Dual overheat camshaft|DOHC]] [[petrol engine]] with [[variable valve lift]] and [[variable valve timing]] which replaced the [[BMW N53|N53]] (or [[BMW N52]] in some markets) and was produced from 2011 to 2017 by [[BMW]]. Although the N20 is a four-cylinder engine, it is considered a replacement for the naturally aspirated six-cylinder N52/N53 because it powers equivalent models, producing similar horsepower to the N52/N53 with greater low-rpm torque and better efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbt.com.my/2012/02/09/n20-series-engines-bmw-goes-for-less-delivers-more/ |title=N20 series engines – BMW goes for less, delivers more |website=www.cbt.com.my |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026011700/http://www.cbt.com.my/2012/02/09/n20-series-engines-bmw-goes-for-less-delivers-more/ |archivedate=26 October 2013 }}</ref>


The N20 features a twin-scroll turbocharger, [[VANOS#Double_VANOS|double-VANOS]] (variable valve timing), [[Valvetronic]] (variable valve lift), [[gasoline direct injection|direct injection]], [[Start-stop system|automatic stop-start]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW N20 and N26 Four Cylinder Turbocharged Engines|url=http://www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk/n20.html|website=www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk|accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> and an electric water pump. The N20 was sold alongside the smaller displacement [[BMW N13]] turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The N20 was placed in ''Wards Top 10 Engines'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wardsauto.com/vehicles-amp-technology/bmws-innovative-4-cyl-blazes-new-path-smaller-engines |title=BMW's Innovative 4-Cyl. Blazes New Path for Smaller Engines |website=www.wardsauto.com |accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref>
The N20 features a twin-scroll turbocharger, [[VANOS#Double VANOS|double-VANOS]] (variable valve timing), [[Valvetronic]] (variable valve lift), [[gasoline direct injection|direct injection]], [[Start-stop system|automatic stop-start]]<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW N20 and N26 Four Cylinder Turbocharged Engines|url=http://www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk/n20.html|website=www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk|accessdate=30 April 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220011008/http://www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk/n20.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and an electric water pump. The N20 was sold alongside the smaller displacement [[BMW N13]] turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The N20 was placed in ''Wards Top 10 Engines'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wardsauto.com/vehicles-amp-technology/bmws-innovative-4-cyl-blazes-new-path-smaller-engines |title=BMW's Innovative 4-Cyl. Blazes New Path for Smaller Engines |website=www.wardsauto.com |accessdate=3 June 2012}}</ref>


In 2014, the N20 began to be replaced by its successor, the [[BMW B48]].
In 2014, the N20 began to be replaced by its successor, the [[BMW B48]].


== Class action lawsuit alleging timing chain guide failures ==
== Class action lawsuit alleging timing chain guide failures ==
It has been well documented in online forums, that thousands of early production N20 engines were manufactured with faulty internal plastic timing chain guides. Evidence indicates that defective polycarbonate compositions were utilized in the manufacturing process for the timing chain guide, and as a result over a very short period of time the rigid plastic guides would break down and deteriorate in the engine with little or no warning. Upon failure of these internal plastic components, the timing chain slackens (becomes loose) and "skips time" by jumping teeth on upper cam shaft sprocket, a phenomenon that causes catastrophic damage to the engine by un-synchronizing the cam shafts and valve train.
It has been well documented in online forums, that thousands of early production N20 engines were manufactured with faulty internal plastic timing chain guides. Evidence indicates that defective polycarbonate compositions were utilized in the manufacturing process for the timing chain guide, and as a result over a very short period of time the rigid plastic guides would break down and deteriorate in the engine with little or no warning. Upon failure of these internal plastic components, the timing chain slackens (becomes loose) and "skips time" by jumping teeth on upper cam shaft sprocket, a phenomenon that causes catastrophic damage to the engine by changing the piston-to-valve synchronization and causing these parts to contact each other.


In 2017, a class action lawsuit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/826357-bmw-class-action-seeks-fix-engine-chain-defect/|title=BMW Class Action Seeks Fix for Engine Chain Defect|date=2017-11-17|website=Top Class Actions|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> was filed by several owners against BMW seeking redress for the faulty units. Plaintiffs in the BMW engine defect class action seek to represent a nationwide Class of consumers affected by timing chain guide and secondary chain failure and wear as well as several subclasses for states such as New Jersey, Illinois, Florida, Utah, New York, Colorado, Texas, Alabama, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, California, Wisconsin, Oregon and North Carolina. In 2018 BMW attempted to dismiss the class action lawsuit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/862457-bmw-engine-defect-class-action-moves-forward-warranty-claims/|title=BMW Engine Defect Class Action Moves Forward With Warranty Claims|date=2018-11-02|website=Top Class Actions|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> In 2019 U.S. District Judge William H. Walls partially granted and partially denied BMW’s motion to dismiss claims that it sold vehicles with a known engine defect. Walls also ruled that the automaker cannot escape the suit entirely.<ref name=":0" />
In 2017, a class action lawsuit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/826357-bmw-class-action-seeks-fix-engine-chain-defect/|title=BMW Class Action Seeks Fix for Engine Chain Defect|date=2017-11-17|website=Top Class Actions|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> was filed by several owners against BMW seeking redress for the faulty units. Plaintiffs in the BMW engine defect class action seek to represent a nationwide Class of consumers affected by timing chain guide and secondary chain failure and wear as well as several subclasses for states such as New Jersey, Illinois, Florida, Utah, New York, Colorado, Texas, Alabama, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, California, Wisconsin, Oregon and North Carolina. In 2018 BMW attempted to dismiss the class action lawsuit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/862457-bmw-engine-defect-class-action-moves-forward-warranty-claims/|title=BMW Engine Defect Class Action Moves Forward With Warranty Claims|date=2018-11-02|website=Top Class Actions|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> In 2019 U.S. District Judge William H. Walls partially granted and partially denied BMW's motion to dismiss claims that it sold vehicles with a known engine defect. Walls also ruled that the automaker cannot escape the suit entirely.<ref name=":0" />


==Models==
==Models==
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!Engine!!Displacement!!Power!!Torque!!Redline!!Year
!Engine!!Displacement!!Power!!Torque!!Redline!!Year
|-
|-
|[[#N20B16|N20B16]]||{{convert|1592|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}||{{convert|125|kW|bhp|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 5,000 rpm ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 1,500-4,700 rpm ||7,000||2013–present
|[[#N20B16|N20B16]]||{{convert|1592|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}||{{convert|125|kW|bhp|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 5,000 rpm ||{{convert|250|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 1,500-4,700 rpm ||7,000||2013–2016
|-
|-
|rowspan=4|[[#N20B20|N20B20]]||rowspan=4|{{convert|1997|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}||{{convert|115|kW|bhp|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 5,000 rpm ||{{convert|240|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 1,250-4,500 rpm ||7,000||2013–2017
|rowspan=4|[[#N20B20|N20B20]]||rowspan=4|{{convert|1997|cc|cuin|abbr=on}}||{{convert|115|kW|bhp|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 5,000 rpm ||{{convert|240|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} <br/> at 1,250-4,500 rpm ||7,000||2013–2017
Line 45: Line 47:


'''125&nbsp;kW version'''
'''125&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2013–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 520i (Turkey only)<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW 5 Serisi Sedan: Teknik Veriler |url=http://www.bmw.com.tr/tr/en/newvehicles/5series/sedan/2013/showroom/technical_data/ |website=www.bmw.com.tr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025191113/http://www.bmw.com.tr/tr/en/newvehicles/5series/sedan/2013/showroom/technical_data/ |archivedate=25 October 2013 |language=Turkish |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2013–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 520i (Turkey and Tunisia only)<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW 5 Serisi Sedan: Teknik Veriler |url=http://www.bmw.com.tr/tr/en/newvehicles/5series/sedan/2013/showroom/technical_data/ |website=www.bmw.com.tr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025191113/http://www.bmw.com.tr/tr/en/newvehicles/5series/sedan/2013/showroom/technical_data/ |archivedate=25 October 2013 |language=Turkish |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2017-present [[BMW G30|G30]] 520i (Turkey, Vietnam and Greece only)<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW 5 Serisi Sedan: Teknik Veriler |url=https://www.bmw.com.tr/tr/all-models/5-series/sedan/2020/bmw-5-serisi-teknik-veriler.html#tab-0 |website=www.bmw.com.tr |language=Turkish |accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref>


===N20B20===
===N20B20===
Line 52: Line 53:


'''115&nbsp;kW version'''
'''115&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2013-2016 [[BMW Z4 (E89)|E89]] Z4 sDrive18i
* 2013–2016 [[BMW Z4 (E89)|E89]] Z4 sDrive18i
* 2013-2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 sDrive18i
* 2013–2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 sDrive18i
'''135&nbsp;kW version'''
'''135&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2011–2015 [[BMW E84|E84]] X1 xDrive/sDrive20i
* 2011–2015 [[BMW E84|E84]] X1 xDrive/sDrive20i
* 2011–2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 xDrive20i
* 2011–2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 xDrive20i
* 2012–2015 [[BMW 3 Series (F30)|F30]] 320i
* 2012–2015 [[BMW 3 Series (F30)|F30]] 320i
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo |F34]] 320i GT
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo|F34]] 320i GT
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 4 Series (F32)|F32]] 420i
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 4 Series (F32)|F32]] 420i
* 2011–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 520i
* 2011–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 520i
Line 64: Line 65:
* 2011–2016 [[BMW E89|E89]] Z4 sDrive20i
* 2011–2016 [[BMW E89|E89]] Z4 sDrive20i
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 2 Series (F22)|F22]] 220i
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 2 Series (F22)|F22]] 220i
* 2015-2017 [[Brilliance Auto|Brilliance]] [[Huasong 7]] MPV<ref name="huasong">{{cite web|title=Brilliance Huasong 7 MPV|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/car-models/brilliance-huasong-7-mpv/|website=www.chinaautoweb|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>
* 2015–2017 [[Brilliance Auto|Brilliance]] [[Huasong 7]] MPV<ref name="huasong">{{cite web|title=Brilliance Huasong 7 MPV|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/car-models/brilliance-huasong-7-mpv/|website=www.chinaautoweb|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>
'''160&nbsp;kW version'''
'''160&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2012–2017 [[BMW F20|F20]] 125i
* 2012–2017 [[BMW F20|F20]] 125i
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 5 Series (F10)|F10]] 525Li
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 5 Series (F10)|F10]] 525Li
* 2015-2017 [[Brilliance Auto|Brilliance]] [[Huasong 7]] MPV <ref name="huasong" />
* 2015–2017 [[Brilliance Auto|Brilliance]] [[Huasong 7]] MPV<ref name="huasong" />
'''170&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2014–2017 [[BMW 2 Series Active Tourer|F45]] 225i Active Tourer
* 2019- [[VinFast LUX A2.0]]
* 2019- [[VinFast LUX SA2.0]]
'''180&nbsp;kW version'''
'''180&nbsp;kW version'''
* 2011–2016 [[BMW E89|E89]] Z4 sDrive28i<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW 4-Cylinder Engines Return to US in 2011 in the Z4 sDrive28i|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/us/pressDetail.html?outputChannelId=9&id=T0104953EN_US&left_menu_item=node__2242|website=www.bmwgroup.com|accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref>
* 2011–2016 [[BMW E89|E89]] Z4 sDrive28i<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW 4-Cylinder Engines Return to US in 2011 in the Z4 sDrive28i|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/us/pressDetail.html?outputChannelId=9&id=T0104953EN_US&left_menu_item=node__2242|website=www.bmwgroup.com|accessdate=14 May 2012}}</ref>
* 2011–2015 [[BMW E84|E84]] X1 xDrive/sDrive28i<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwusa.com/Standard/Content/Vehicles/2014/X1/sDrive28i/Features_and_Specs/X1sDrive28iSpecifications.aspx|website=www.bmwusa.com|title=BMW X1 sDrive28i - Features & Specs |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2011–2015 [[BMW E84|E84]] X1 xDrive/sDrive28i<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwusa.com/Standard/Content/Vehicles/2014/X1/sDrive28i/Features_and_Specs/X1sDrive28iSpecifications.aspx|website=www.bmwusa.com|title=BMW X1 sDrive28i - Features & Specs |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2012–2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 xDrive28i
* 2012–2017 [[BMW F25|F25]] X3 xDrive28i
* 2011–2016 [[BMW 3 Series (F30)|F30]] 328i
* 2011–2016 [[BMW 3 Series (F30)|F30]] 328i
* 2014-2016 [[BMW 4 Series (F32)|F32]] 428i
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 4 Series (F32)|F32]] 428i
* 2012–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 528i
* 2012–2016 [[BMW F10|F10]] 528i
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo |F34]] 328i GT
* 2013–2016 [[BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo|F34]] 328i GT
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 2 Series (F22)|F22]] 228i
* 2014–2016 [[BMW 2 Series (F22)|F22]] 228i
* 2014–2017 [[BMW X4 (F26)|F26]] X4 xDrive28i
* 2014–2017 [[BMW X4 (F26)|F26]] X4 xDrive28i
2016–2018 [[BMW X5 (F15)|F15]] X5 xDrive40e
* 2016–2018 [[BMW X5 (F15)|F15]] X5 xDrive40e


==See also==
==See also==
Line 97: Line 94:
[[Category:BMW engines|N20]]
[[Category:BMW engines|N20]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Inline-four engines]]
[[Category:Straight-four engines]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines by model]]

Latest revision as of 00:06, 29 November 2024

BMW N20 engine
Overview
ManufacturerBMW
Production2011-2018
Layout
ConfigurationInline-4
Displacement1,592 cc (97 cu in)
1,997 cc (122 cu in)
Cylinder bore84.0 mm (3.31 in)
Piston stroke71.8 mm (2.83 in)
90.1 mm (3.55 in)
Cylinder block materialAluminium
Cylinder head materialAluminium
ValvetrainDOHC, with VVT & VVL
Combustion
TurbochargerSingle twin-scroll
Fuel typeGasoline
Chronology
PredecessorBMW N52, BMW N53
SuccessorBMW B48

The BMW N20 is a 1.6 and 2.0 L (98 and 122 cu in) turbocharged four-cylinder DOHC petrol engine with variable valve lift and variable valve timing which replaced the N53 (or BMW N52 in some markets) and was produced from 2011 to 2017 by BMW. Although the N20 is a four-cylinder engine, it is considered a replacement for the naturally aspirated six-cylinder N52/N53 because it powers equivalent models, producing similar horsepower to the N52/N53 with greater low-rpm torque and better efficiency.[1]

The N20 features a twin-scroll turbocharger, double-VANOS (variable valve timing), Valvetronic (variable valve lift), direct injection, automatic stop-start[2] and an electric water pump. The N20 was sold alongside the smaller displacement BMW N13 turbocharged four-cylinder engine. The N20 was placed in Wards Top 10 Engines in 2012.[3]

In 2014, the N20 began to be replaced by its successor, the BMW B48.

Class action lawsuit alleging timing chain guide failures

[edit]

It has been well documented in online forums, that thousands of early production N20 engines were manufactured with faulty internal plastic timing chain guides. Evidence indicates that defective polycarbonate compositions were utilized in the manufacturing process for the timing chain guide, and as a result over a very short period of time the rigid plastic guides would break down and deteriorate in the engine with little or no warning. Upon failure of these internal plastic components, the timing chain slackens (becomes loose) and "skips time" by jumping teeth on upper cam shaft sprocket, a phenomenon that causes catastrophic damage to the engine by changing the piston-to-valve synchronization and causing these parts to contact each other.

In 2017, a class action lawsuit[4] was filed by several owners against BMW seeking redress for the faulty units. Plaintiffs in the BMW engine defect class action seek to represent a nationwide Class of consumers affected by timing chain guide and secondary chain failure and wear as well as several subclasses for states such as New Jersey, Illinois, Florida, Utah, New York, Colorado, Texas, Alabama, Oklahoma, Massachusetts, California, Wisconsin, Oregon and North Carolina. In 2018 BMW attempted to dismiss the class action lawsuit.[5] In 2019 U.S. District Judge William H. Walls partially granted and partially denied BMW's motion to dismiss claims that it sold vehicles with a known engine defect. Walls also ruled that the automaker cannot escape the suit entirely.[5]

Models

[edit]
Engine Displacement Power Torque Redline Year
N20B16 1,592 cc (97.1 cu in) 125 kW (168 bhp)
at 5,000 rpm		 250 N⋅m (184 lb⋅ft)
at 1,500-4,700 rpm		 7,000 2013–2016
N20B20 1,997 cc (121.9 cu in) 115 kW (154 bhp)
at 5,000 rpm		 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft)
at 1,250-4,500 rpm		 7,000 2013–2017
135 kW (181 bhp)
at 5,000 rpm		 270 N⋅m (199 lb⋅ft)
at 1,250-4,500 rpm		 7,000 2011–2017
160 kW (215 bhp)
at 5,500 rpm		 310 N⋅m (229 lb⋅ft)
at 1,350-4,800 rpm		 7,000 2012–2017
180 kW (241 bhp)
at 5,000 rpm		 350 N⋅m (258 lb⋅ft)
at 1,250-4,800 rpm		 7,000 2011–2017

N20B16

[edit]

Applications:

125 kW version

  • 2013–2016 F10 520i (Turkey and Tunisia only)[6]

N20B20

[edit]

Applications:[7]

115 kW version

  • 2013–2016 E89 Z4 sDrive18i
  • 2013–2017 F25 X3 sDrive18i

135 kW version

  • 2011–2015 E84 X1 xDrive/sDrive20i
  • 2011–2017 F25 X3 xDrive20i
  • 2012–2015 F30 320i
  • 2013–2016 F34 320i GT
  • 2014–2016 F32 420i
  • 2011–2016 F10 520i
  • 2013-2016 F10 520Li
  • 2011–2016 E89 Z4 sDrive20i
  • 2014–2016 F22 220i
  • 2015–2017 Brilliance Huasong 7 MPV[8]

160 kW version

180 kW version

  • 2011–2016 E89 Z4 sDrive28i[9]
  • 2011–2015 E84 X1 xDrive/sDrive28i[10]
  • 2012–2017 F25 X3 xDrive28i
  • 2011–2016 F30 328i
  • 2014–2016 F32 428i
  • 2012–2016 F10 528i
  • 2013–2016 F34 328i GT
  • 2014–2016 F22 228i
  • 2014–2017 F26 X4 xDrive28i
  • 2016–2018 F15 X5 xDrive40e

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "N20 series engines – BMW goes for less, delivers more". www.cbt.com.my. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.
  2. ^ "BMW N20 and N26 Four Cylinder Turbocharged Engines". www.unixnerd.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  3. ^ "BMW's Innovative 4-Cyl. Blazes New Path for Smaller Engines". www.wardsauto.com. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  4. ^ "BMW Class Action Seeks Fix for Engine Chain Defect". Top Class Actions. 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  5. ^ a b "BMW Engine Defect Class Action Moves Forward With Warranty Claims". Top Class Actions. 2018-11-02. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  6. ^ "BMW 5 Serisi Sedan: Teknik Veriler". www.bmw.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.
  7. ^ "BMW 3 Series Sedan". www.bmw.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Brilliance Huasong 7 MPV". www.chinaautoweb. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  9. ^ "BMW 4-Cylinder Engines Return to US in 2011 in the Z4 sDrive28i". www.bmwgroup.com. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  10. ^ "BMW X1 sDrive28i - Features & Specs". www.bmwusa.com. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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