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{{short description|Toy and practical joke device}}
{{short description|Toy and practical joke device}}
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[[File:Person covered in silly string.jpg|thumb|A person who has been sprayed with Silly String]]
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
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[[File:Silly string.jpg|thumb|right|Young girls playing with Silly String]]


'''Silly String''' (generically known as '''aerosol string''') is a [[toy]] of flexible, sometimes brightly colored, [[plastic]] [[wikt:string|string]] propelled as a stream of [[liquid]] from an [[aerosol can]]. The [[solvent]] in the string quickly evaporates in mid-air, creating a continuous strand. Silly String is often used during [[wedding]]s, [[birthday parties]], [[carnival]]s and other festive occasions, but it has also proven useful militarily to detect [[tripwire]]s.
'''Silly String''' (generically known as '''aerosol string''') is a [[toy]] of flexible, sometimes brightly colored, [[plastic]] [[wikt:string|string]] propelled as a stream of [[liquid]] from an [[aerosol can]]. The [[solvent]] in the string quickly evaporates in mid-air, creating a continuous strand. Silly String is often used during [[wedding]]s, [[birthday parties]], [[carnival]]s and other festive occasions, and has also been used by the US military to detect [[tripwire]]s.


== Composition ==
== Composition ==
[[File:Silly string close-up.jpg|thumb|Blue and pink Silly String]]
Silly String is made of a mixture of components dispersed throughout a liquid solvent in the product’s aerosol can. These substances include a polymer [[resin]] that provides the string’s structure, a [[plasticizer]] to tune the physical properties of the string, and a [[surfactant]] that promotes foaming of the product. Other ingredients include [[silicon fluid]] (to make the strands easier to clean up), [[flame retardant]], and a pigment for color.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3705669A/en|title=Foamable resinous composition}}</ref>
Silly String is made of a mixture of components dispersed throughout a liquid solvent in the product’s aerosol can. These substances include a polymer [[resin]] that provides the string’s structure, a [[plasticizer]] to tune the physical properties of the string, and a [[surfactant]] that promotes foaming of the product. Other ingredients include [[silicone]] fluid (to make the strands easier to clean up), [[flame retardant]], and a pigment for color.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3705669A/en|title=Foamable resinous composition}}</ref>


A key component in Silly String is its aerosol spray can and the propellant that ejects the product mixture from the can. The product originally used [[chlorofluorocarbon]] propellant [[dichlorodifluoromethane|Freon 12]] mixed with [[trichlorofluoromethane|Freon 11]], both part of a group of compounds that damage the ozone layer. In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs like Freon 11 and 12 in aerosol cans. The manufacturers then changed the formulation to use permitted propellants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i43/Silly-String.html|title=What’s Silly String, and why is it so sticky and light? &#124; October 26, 2009 Issue - Vol. 87 Issue 43 &#124; Chemical & Engineering News|website=cen.acs.org}}</ref> Aerosol propellants are liquids with very low boiling points. When under pressure inside the can, the propellant is in liquid form, but when the nozzle is opened, it rapidly escapes – along with the compounds mixed in it – and evaporates as it enters the air. The string takes shape as the propellant evaporates.
A key component in Silly String is its aerosol spray can and the propellant that ejects the product mixture from the can. The product originally used [[chlorofluorocarbon]] propellant [[dichlorodifluoromethane|Freon 12]] mixed with [[trichlorofluoromethane|Freon 11]], both part of a group of compounds that damage the ozone layer. In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs like Freon 11 and 12 in aerosol cans. The manufacturers then changed the formulation to use permitted propellants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/87/i43/Silly-String.html|title=What's Silly String, and why is it so sticky and light? &#124; October 26, 2009 Issue - Vol. 87 Issue 43 &#124; Chemical & Engineering News|website=cen.acs.org}}</ref> Aerosol propellants are liquids with very low boiling points. When under pressure inside the can, the propellant is in liquid form, but when the nozzle is opened, it rapidly escapes – along with the compounds mixed in it – and evaporates as it enters the air. The string takes shape as the propellant evaporates.


The inventors sought to control the ratio of compounds in the product to form a string that holds itself together while remaining slightly sticky to the touch. This allows the product to weakly adhere to people and windows, for instance, but easily be cleaned up without the string falling apart or staining inert surfaces.<ref name="auto"/>
The product forms a string that holds itself together while remaining slightly sticky to the touch. This allows the product to weakly adhere to people and windows, for instance, but easily be cleaned up without the string falling apart or staining inert surfaces.<ref name="auto"/>


The current formulation is not published, but one of the primary recipes in the original patent calls for 12.2% of the synthetic resin poly(isobutyl [[methacrylate]]) by weight. It additionally calls for 0.5% of the selected plasticizer, [[dibutyl phthalate]], 2.5% of sorbitan trioleate surfactant, 0.35% silicon fluid such as dimethyl [[siloxane]] or methyl phenyl siloxane, 5.6% of flame retardant [[hexabromobenzene]], and 2–3% pigment (all percentages by weight). The aerosol propellant represents the bulk of the product. Solubility of the resin and other materials in the product is enhanced by addition of another solvent, originally Freon 11, in 6.6% by weight.<ref name="auto"/>
The current formulation is not published, but one of the primary recipes in the original patent calls for 12.2% of the synthetic resin poly([[Butyl methacrylate|isobutyl methacrylate]]) by weight. It additionally calls for 0.5% of the selected plasticizer, [[dibutyl phthalate]], 2.5% of sorbitan trioleate surfactant, 0.35% silicone fluid such as dimethyl [[siloxane]] or methyl phenyl siloxane, 5.6% of flame retardant [[hexabromobenzene]], and 2–3% pigment (all percentages by weight). The aerosol propellant represents the bulk of the product. Solubility of the resin and other materials in the product is enhanced by addition of another solvent, originally Freon 11, in 6.6% by weight.<ref name="auto"/>


== History ==
== History ==
{{refimprove section|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove section|date=December 2018}}
The invention of the original silly string was accidental. In 1972, a [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|United States Patent]] was issued to Leonard A. Fish, an inventor, and Robert P. Cox, a chemist, for a "foamable resinous composition". The partners initially wanted to create a can of aerosol that one would be able to spray on a broken/sprained leg or arm and use as an instant [[Orthopedic cast|cast]]. Their invention worked, but the pair had to test 500 different types of nozzles. After testing about 30 or 40, Fish came upon one that produced a nice string, which shot about 30 feet across the room. This incident inspired Fish to turn the product into a toy. After altering the formula to be less sticky and adding colors, the pair decided to market their product.
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[[File:Halloween, Aviano Air Base, Italy, 2005 · DF-SD-08-27129.jpeg|thumb|left|Halloween revelers spray each other with Silly String]]
⚫
The invention of the original silly string was accidental. In 1972, A United States Patent was issued to Leonard A. Fish, an inventor, and Robert P. Cox, a chemist, for a "foamable resinous composition." The partners initially wanted to create a can of aerosol that one would be able to spray on a broken/sprained leg or arm and use as an instant cast. Their invention worked, but when it came down to packaging the can, the two had to test 500 different kinds of nozzles. After having gone through about 30 or 40, Fish came upon one that produced a nice string, which shot about 30 feet across the room. This incident inspired Fish to turn the product into a toy. After altering the formula to be less sticky and adding colors, the pair decided to market their product. Because neither of them knew how to sell toys, they made an appointment with Wham-O in California. Fish describes how, during that meeting, he sprayed the can all over the person he was meeting with and all over his office. This person became very upset and asked him to leave the premises. One day later, Fish received a Western Union Telegram asking him to send 24 cans of "Squibbly" for a market test immediately, signed by the same individual who had kicked him out. He called them back and explained that, after he had finished cleaning up his office, the two owners of Wham-O had come back to talk to him, and one had noticed a piece of the string on a lamp shade&nbsp;– he had overlooked it while cleaning up. He explained where the string came from and the owners quickly asked him to send samples over for a market test. Two weeks later, Wham-O signed a contract with Fish and Cox to license the product now known as Silly String.


⚫
Because neither of them knew how to sell toys, they made an appointment with [[Wham-O]]. Fish described how, during that meeting, he sprayed the can all over the person he was meeting with and all over his office. This person became very upset and asked him to leave the premises. One day later, Fish received a telegram asking him to send 24 cans of "Squibbly" for a market test immediately, signed by the same individual who had kicked him out. He called them back and explained that, after he had finished cleaning up his office, the two owners of Wham-O had come back to talk to him, and one had noticed a piece of the string on a lampshade he had overlooked while cleaning up. He explained where the string came from and the owners quickly asked him to send samples over for a market test. Two weeks later, Wham-O signed a contract with Fish and Cox to license the product, which became known as Silly String.
⚫
Silly String was licensed to and produced by [[Wham-O]], in a range of colours including blue, red, and green, until the Car-Freshner Corporation, the maker of [[Little Trees]], acquired the Silly String trademark in 1997. Silly String Products, a division of Car-Freshner Corporation, manufactures Silly String in the United States and distributes Silly String in North America through big box stores, party supply stores, toy stores and drug stores. The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|U.S. Patent]] #3705669 includes a clear description of preferred implementations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=E50rAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=3705669#PPA2,M1 | title=Foamable Resinous Composition | via=Google.com | accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref> Similar toys are Goofy String, Streamer String, Wacky String and [[Nickelodeon Compounds|Nickelodeon Smatter]].

⚫
Silly String was licensed to and produced by Wham-O, in a range of colors including blue, red and green, until the Car-Freshner Corporation, the maker of [[Little Trees]], acquired the Silly String trademark in 1997. Silly String Products, a division of Car-Freshner Corporation, manufactures Silly String in the United States and distributes Silly String in North America. The U.S. Patent #3705669 includes a description of preferred implementations.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3705669A/en | title=Foamable Resinous Composition | via=Google.com | access-date=2007-10-16}}</ref> Similar toys are Goofy String, Streamer String, Wacky String, and Nickelodeon Smatter.


== Safety ==
== Safety ==
In December 2006, Tween Brands Inc., a retailer of girls' clothing and accessories in the United States, was fined $109,800 by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] for "allegedly distributing canned confetti string damaging to the [[ozone]]". EPA said that the product marketed under various names by the retailer damages the [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] [[ozone layer]]. The production and use of chemicals harmful to that layer is controlled by U.S. federal law.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/a8f952395381d3968525701c005e65b5/80dd0db3ab9e22b88525723a006527a2!OpenDocument | title=EPA reaches agreement with Tween Brands on clean-air | publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | date=2006-12-04 |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref>
In December 2006, Tween Brands Inc., a retailer of girls' clothing and accessories in the United States, was fined $109,800 by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] for "allegedly distributing canned confetti string damaging to the [[ozone]]". EPA said that the product marketed under various names by the retailer damages the [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] [[ozone layer]]. The production and use of chemicals harmful to that layer is controlled by U.S. federal law.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/a8f952395381d3968525701c005e65b5/80dd0db3ab9e22b88525723a006527a2!OpenDocument | title=EPA reaches agreement with Tween Brands on clean-air | publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | date=2006-12-04 |access-date=2011-09-27}}</ref>


== Military use ==
== Military use ==
Silly String and similar products have been used by the military to detect [[tripwire]]s for [[explosive]] [[booby trap]]s. The string is sprayed over the suspected area, and if the string falls to the ground, no tripwires are present, since the string would catch on the tripwires (but is not heavy enough to activate the explosive).<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/11/military_uses_f.html | title=Schneier on Security: Military Uses for Silly String | publisher=Bruce Schneier | accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://kitup.military.com/2006/11/not_so_silly_st.html | title=Not So Silly String | publisher=Kit Up (Military.com) | accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref><ref name="MSNBC October 16">{{cite news| url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16079446 | title=N.J. woman collects Silly String for serious use | publisher=NBC News | accessdate=2007-10-16}}</ref>
Silly String and similar products have been used by the military to detect [[tripwire]]s for explosive [[booby trap]]s. The string is sprayed in the air over the area, revealing hidden tripwires by catching on them as it falls. The string is light enough that it does not break the wires and trigger the explosive.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/11/military_uses_f.html | title=Schneier on Security: Military Uses for Silly String | publisher=Bruce Schneier | access-date=2007-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://kitup.military.com/2006/11/not_so_silly_st.html | title=Not So Silly String | publisher=Kit Up (Military.com) | access-date=2007-10-16}}</ref><ref name="MSNBC October 16">{{cite news| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16079446 | title=N.J. woman collects Silly String for serious use | publisher=NBC News | access-date=2007-10-16}}</ref>


{{As of|2006}} it was being used by U.S. troops in [[War in Iraq|Iraq]] for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1561143,00.html | title=Not So Silly String In Iraq | publisher=Time.com | accessdate=2007-10-16 | date=November 19, 2006 | first=Ellin | last=Martens}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/06/iraq/main2234543.shtml | title=A Serious Use For Silly String | publisher=CBS News | accessdate=2007-10-16 | date=December 6, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/FOX_VIDEO_Silly_String_saving_lives_1204.html |title= 'Silly String' is saving lives over in Iraq |publisher=The Raw Story (Fox News) |accessdate=2007-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184140/http://rawstory.com/news/2006/FOX_VIDEO_Silly_String_saving_lives_1204.html |archivedate=2007-10-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, because the material is an aerosol, it cannot be shipped privately to Iraq and is not provided by official channels. Thus, 80,000 cans were unintentionally stockpiled in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/nyregion/20towns.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1190311062-JYCcbraWE6kWoeB+ETiAQA&oref=slogin | title=Toy Goo Might Save Some Soldiers’ Lives, but It’s Stuck Here | publisher=The New York Times | accessdate=2007-10-16 | first=Peter | last=Applebome | date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> In October 2007, a shipping company with the required credentials was finally found.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-15-string_N.htm | title=Silly String care packages on the way to troops, at last | publisher=USA Today |agency=AP|accessdate=2011-09-27 | date=2007-10-15}}</ref>
The military applications of Silly String were first discovered by Sergeant First Class David B. Chandler, Chief Instructor of the [[United States Army]]'s [[Sapper Leader Course]], in 1993. In 2006, it was being used by U.S. troops during the [[Iraq War]] for tripwire detection.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1561143,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206005437/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1561143,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 6, 2006 | title=Not So Silly String In Iraq | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date=2007-10-16 | date=November 19, 2006 | first=Ellin | last=Martens}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-serious-use-for-silly-string/ | title=A Serious Use For Silly String | publisher=CBS News | access-date=2007-10-16 | date=December 6, 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028130058/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-serious-use-for-silly-string/ | archive-date=2020-10-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rawstory.com/news/2006/FOX_VIDEO_Silly_String_saving_lives_1204.html |title= 'Silly String' is saving lives over in Iraq |publisher=The Raw Story (Fox News) |access-date=2007-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184140/http://rawstory.com/news/2006/FOX_VIDEO_Silly_String_saving_lives_1204.html |archive-date=2007-10-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, because the material is an aerosol, it could not be shipped privately to Iraq and is not provided by official channels. Thus, 80,000 cans were unintentionally stockpiled in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/nyregion/20towns.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1190311062-JYCcbraWE6kWoeB+ETiAQA&oref=slogin | title=Toy Goo Might Save Some Soldiers' Lives, but It's Stuck Here | work=The New York Times | access-date=2007-10-16 | first=Peter | last=Applebome | date=September 20, 2007}}</ref> In October 2007, a shipping company with the required credentials was able to send the silly string overseas.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-15-string_N.htm | title=Silly String care packages on the way to troops, at last | publisher=USA Today |agency=AP|access-date=2011-09-27 | date=2007-10-15}}</ref>


== Bans ==
== Bans in the US ==
[[File:Mgm Silly string roadsign.jpg|thumb|Sign in [[Los Angeles]] prohibiting the use of Silly String on [[Halloween]] night, punishable by a $1000 fine]]
[[File:Mgm Silly string roadsign.jpg|thumb|Sign in [[Los Angeles]] prohibiting the use of Silly String on [[Halloween]] night, punishable by a $1000 fine]]
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[[File:Halloween, Aviano Air Base, Italy, 2005 · DF-SD-08-27129.jpeg|thumb|Halloween revelers spray each other with Silly String.]]
The use of aerosol string products has been banned in several places for various reasons, including cleanup and removal costs and fears of potential damage to house or vehicle paint.
The use of aerosol string products has been banned in several places for various reasons, including cleanup and removal costs and fears of potential damage to house or vehicle paint.


It has been banned in the city of [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]], and a number of other places, and also at some public gatherings and events.<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988683,00.html | journal=Time |title=Banned in the U.S.A. |first=Alain L. |last=Sanders |first2=Dara |last2=Horn |date=1998-07-06 |accessdate=2011-09-27 }}</ref> The town board of [[Huntington, NY|Huntington]] on [[Long Island]] banned the sale of Silly String within {{convert|1500|ft|m}} of the route of a parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/local/suffolk/ny-lihunt055602066mar05,0,6864143.story |title=Huntington bans Silly String sale near parades |accessdate=2008-03-13 |last=Morris |first=DS |date=March 5, 2008 |work=Newsday.com |publisher=Newsday.com}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/83057-american-towns-mull-swearing-silly-string-bans |title=American towns mull swearing & Silly String bans |publisher=Associated Newspapers |accessdate=2011-09-27}}</ref> In 2001, the town of [[Middleborough, Massachusetts]], banned Silly String; offenders face a $300 fine.<ref>\{{cite web|url=http://nemasket.net/town-by-laws/ |title=Town By-Laws | date=May 9, 2012 |work =Bellicose Bumpkin blog}}</ref>
It has been banned in the city of [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]], and a number of other places, and also at some public gatherings and events.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988683,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110119071355/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988683,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= January 19, 2011 | magazine=Time |title=Banned in the U.S.A. |first1=Alain L. |last1=Sanders |first2=Dara |last2=Horn |date=1998-07-06 |access-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref> The town board of [[Huntington, NY|Huntington]] on [[Long Island]] banned the sale of Silly String within {{convert|1500|ft|m}} of the route of a parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/local/suffolk/ny-lihunt055602066mar05,0,6864143.story |title=Huntington bans Silly String sale near parades |access-date=2008-03-13 |last=Morris |first=DS |date=March 5, 2008 |work=Newsday.com |publisher=Newsday.com}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/83057-american-towns-mull-swearing-silly-string-bans |title=American towns mull swearing & Silly String bans |publisher=Associated Newspapers |access-date=2011-09-27}}</ref> In 2001, the town of [[Middleborough, Massachusetts]], banned Silly String; offenders face a $300 fine.<ref>\{{cite web|url=http://nemasket.net/town-by-laws/ |title=Town By-Laws | date=May 9, 2012 |work =Bellicose Bumpkin blog}}</ref>


In 2004, [[Los Angeles]] enacted a city ordinance (LAMC Section 56.02) to ban aerosol string in Hollywood on [[Halloween]] night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/october_2004/news_view/20641 |title=Silly String Banned In Hollywood This Halloween |publisher=Los Angeles Police Department |website=Lapdonline.org |date=October 2004 |accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Art 6 Ch 5 Sec 56.02|url=http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2004/04-0772_ORD_176176_10-06-2004.pdf|work=Los Angeles Municipal Code|accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref>
In 2004, [[Los Angeles]] enacted a city ordinance (LAMC Section 56.02) to ban aerosol string in Hollywood on [[Halloween]] night.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/october_2004/news_view/20641 |title=Silly String Banned In Hollywood This Halloween |publisher=Los Angeles Police Department |website=Lapdonline.org |date=October 2004 |access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Art 6 Ch 5 Sec 56.02|url=http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2004/04-0772_ORD_176176_10-06-2004.pdf|work=Los Angeles Municipal Code|access-date=June 30, 2013}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 45: Line 47:
== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Aerosol string}}
{{Commons category|Aerosol string}}
* {{Official website|http://silly-string.com/}}
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20170130110635/http://www.silly-string.com/|Official website (archived from 2017)}}
* [http://facebook.com/sillystring Facebook page]


[[Category:Wham-O brands]]
[[Category:Wham-O brands]]

Latest revision as of 00:41, 29 November 2024

A person who has been sprayed with Silly String

Silly String (generically known as aerosol string) is a toy of flexible, sometimes brightly colored, plastic string propelled as a stream of liquid from an aerosol can. The solvent in the string quickly evaporates in mid-air, creating a continuous strand. Silly String is often used during weddings, birthday parties, carnivals and other festive occasions, and has also been used by the US military to detect tripwires.

Composition

[edit]
Blue and pink Silly String

Silly String is made of a mixture of components dispersed throughout a liquid solvent in the product’s aerosol can. These substances include a polymer resin that provides the string’s structure, a plasticizer to tune the physical properties of the string, and a surfactant that promotes foaming of the product. Other ingredients include silicone fluid (to make the strands easier to clean up), flame retardant, and a pigment for color.[1]

A key component in Silly String is its aerosol spray can and the propellant that ejects the product mixture from the can. The product originally used chlorofluorocarbon propellant Freon 12 mixed with Freon 11, both part of a group of compounds that damage the ozone layer. In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs like Freon 11 and 12 in aerosol cans. The manufacturers then changed the formulation to use permitted propellants.[2] Aerosol propellants are liquids with very low boiling points. When under pressure inside the can, the propellant is in liquid form, but when the nozzle is opened, it rapidly escapes – along with the compounds mixed in it – and evaporates as it enters the air. The string takes shape as the propellant evaporates.

The product forms a string that holds itself together while remaining slightly sticky to the touch. This allows the product to weakly adhere to people and windows, for instance, but easily be cleaned up without the string falling apart or staining inert surfaces.[1]

The current formulation is not published, but one of the primary recipes in the original patent calls for 12.2% of the synthetic resin poly(isobutyl methacrylate) by weight. It additionally calls for 0.5% of the selected plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate, 2.5% of sorbitan trioleate surfactant, 0.35% silicone fluid such as dimethyl siloxane or methyl phenyl siloxane, 5.6% of flame retardant hexabromobenzene, and 2–3% pigment (all percentages by weight). The aerosol propellant represents the bulk of the product. Solubility of the resin and other materials in the product is enhanced by addition of another solvent, originally Freon 11, in 6.6% by weight.[1]

History

[edit]

The invention of the original silly string was accidental. In 1972, a United States Patent was issued to Leonard A. Fish, an inventor, and Robert P. Cox, a chemist, for a "foamable resinous composition". The partners initially wanted to create a can of aerosol that one would be able to spray on a broken/sprained leg or arm and use as an instant cast. Their invention worked, but the pair had to test 500 different types of nozzles. After testing about 30 or 40, Fish came upon one that produced a nice string, which shot about 30 feet across the room. This incident inspired Fish to turn the product into a toy. After altering the formula to be less sticky and adding colors, the pair decided to market their product.

Because neither of them knew how to sell toys, they made an appointment with Wham-O. Fish described how, during that meeting, he sprayed the can all over the person he was meeting with and all over his office. This person became very upset and asked him to leave the premises. One day later, Fish received a telegram asking him to send 24 cans of "Squibbly" for a market test immediately, signed by the same individual who had kicked him out. He called them back and explained that, after he had finished cleaning up his office, the two owners of Wham-O had come back to talk to him, and one had noticed a piece of the string on a lampshade he had overlooked while cleaning up. He explained where the string came from and the owners quickly asked him to send samples over for a market test. Two weeks later, Wham-O signed a contract with Fish and Cox to license the product, which became known as Silly String.

Silly String was licensed to and produced by Wham-O, in a range of colors including blue, red and green, until the Car-Freshner Corporation, the maker of Little Trees, acquired the Silly String trademark in 1997. Silly String Products, a division of Car-Freshner Corporation, manufactures Silly String in the United States and distributes Silly String in North America. The U.S. Patent #3705669 includes a description of preferred implementations.[3] Similar toys are Goofy String, Streamer String, Wacky String, and Nickelodeon Smatter.

Safety

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In December 2006, Tween Brands Inc., a retailer of girls' clothing and accessories in the United States, was fined $109,800 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for "allegedly distributing canned confetti string damaging to the ozone". EPA said that the product marketed under various names by the retailer damages the stratospheric ozone layer. The production and use of chemicals harmful to that layer is controlled by U.S. federal law.[4]

Military use

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Silly String and similar products have been used by the military to detect tripwires for explosive booby traps. The string is sprayed in the air over the area, revealing hidden tripwires by catching on them as it falls. The string is light enough that it does not break the wires and trigger the explosive.[5][6][7]

The military applications of Silly String were first discovered by Sergeant First Class David B. Chandler, Chief Instructor of the United States Army's Sapper Leader Course, in 1993. In 2006, it was being used by U.S. troops during the Iraq War for tripwire detection.[8][9][10] However, because the material is an aerosol, it could not be shipped privately to Iraq and is not provided by official channels. Thus, 80,000 cans were unintentionally stockpiled in New Jersey.[11] In October 2007, a shipping company with the required credentials was able to send the silly string overseas.[12]

Bans in the US

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Sign in Los Angeles prohibiting the use of Silly String on Halloween night, punishable by a $1000 fine
Halloween revelers spray each other with Silly String.

The use of aerosol string products has been banned in several places for various reasons, including cleanup and removal costs and fears of potential damage to house or vehicle paint.

It has been banned in the city of Ridgewood, New Jersey, and a number of other places, and also at some public gatherings and events.[13] The town board of Huntington on Long Island banned the sale of Silly String within 1,500 feet (460 m) of the route of a parade.[14][15] In 2001, the town of Middleborough, Massachusetts, banned Silly String; offenders face a $300 fine.[16]

In 2004, Los Angeles enacted a city ordinance (LAMC Section 56.02) to ban aerosol string in Hollywood on Halloween night.[17][18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Foamable resinous composition".
  2. ^ "What's Silly String, and why is it so sticky and light? | October 26, 2009 Issue - Vol. 87 Issue 43 | Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org.
  3. ^ "Foamable Resinous Composition". Retrieved 2007-10-16 – via Google.com.
  4. ^ "EPA reaches agreement with Tween Brands on clean-air". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-12-04. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  5. ^ "Schneier on Security: Military Uses for Silly String". Bruce Schneier. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  6. ^ "Not So Silly String". Kit Up (Military.com). Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  7. ^ "N.J. woman collects Silly String for serious use". NBC News. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  8. ^ Martens, Ellin (November 19, 2006). "Not So Silly String In Iraq". Time. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  9. ^ "A Serious Use For Silly String". CBS News. December 6, 2006. Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  10. ^ "'Silly String' is saving lives over in Iraq". The Raw Story (Fox News). Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  11. ^ Applebome, Peter (September 20, 2007). "Toy Goo Might Save Some Soldiers' Lives, but It's Stuck Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  12. ^ "Silly String care packages on the way to troops, at last". USA Today. AP. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  13. ^ Sanders, Alain L.; Horn, Dara (1998-07-06). "Banned in the U.S.A." Time. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  14. ^ Morris, DS (March 5, 2008). "Huntington bans Silly String sale near parades". Newsday.com. Newsday.com. Retrieved 2008-03-13. [dead link‍]
  15. ^ "American towns mull swearing & Silly String bans". Associated Newspapers. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  16. ^ \"Town By-Laws". Bellicose Bumpkin blog. May 9, 2012.
  17. ^ "Silly String Banned In Hollywood This Halloween". Lapdonline.org. Los Angeles Police Department. October 2004. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  18. ^ "Art 6 Ch 5 Sec 56.02" (PDF). Los Angeles Municipal Code. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
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