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Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period

Chongzhen (simplified Chinese: 崇祯; traditional Chinese: 崇禎; pinyin: Chóngzhēn; Wade–Giles: Ch'ung-chen; lit. 'honorable and auspicious'; 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the era name (nianhao) of the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty. It was also the final era of the Ming, lasting for 17 years.

In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the Tianqi Emperor. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), the Tianqi Emperor died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The Grand Secretariat proposed four era names—"Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞)—for Zhu Youjian to choose from. He ultimately chose "Chongzhen" (崇貞).^[1] Another account states that the four proposed era names were "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), and Zhu Youjian chose "Chongzhen" and changed the character "貞" to "禎".^[2] The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen.

In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), Li Zicheng established the Shun dynasty in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured Beijing, the capital of the Ming dynasty. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide by hanging himself on the Coal Hill in Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), leading to the downfall of the Ming. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in Nanjing, the temporary capital, on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the Hongguang Emperor, and established the Southern Ming regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of the year on New Year's Eve of Chongzhen 17, and the following year, the era was changed to Hongguang.^[3]

After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the Korean Yi dynasty aristocrats, out of anti-Qing sentiment and Little China ideology, still used the Chongzhen era name in their country, which was known as the "Chongzhen jiyuan" or "Sungjeong giwon" (崇禎紀元).^[4]

Change of era

5 February 1628 (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen").
28 January 1645 (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang").

Comparison table

Chongzhen	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
AD	1628	1629	1630	1631	1632	1633	1634	1635	1636	1637
Sexagenary cycle	Wùchén (戊辰)	Jǐsì (己巳)	Gēngwǔ (庚午)	Xīnwèi (辛未)	Rénshēn (壬申)	Guǐyǒu (癸酉)	Jiǎxū (甲戌)	Yǐhài (乙亥)	Bǐngzǐ (丙子)	Dīngchǒu (丁丑)
Chongzhen	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
AD	1638	1639	1640	1641	1642	1643	1644
Sexagenary cycle	Wùyín (戊寅)	Jǐmǎo (己卯)	Gēngchén (庚辰)	Xīnsì (辛巳)	Rénwǔ (壬午)	Guǐwèi (癸未)	Jiǎshēn (甲申)

Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period

China
- Tiancong (天聰, 1627–1636): Later Jin— era name of Hong Taiji
- Chongde (崇德, 1636–1643): Qing dynasty—era name of Hong Taiji
- Shunzhi (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty—era name of the Shunzhi Emperor
- Ruiying (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period—era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
- Yongxing (永興, 1628): Ming period—era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
- Tianyun (天運, 1637): Ming period—era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
- Tianding (天定, 1644): Ming period—era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
- Chongxing (重興, 1644): Ming period—era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
- Xingwu (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period—era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
- Yongchang (永昌, 1644–1645): Shun dynasty—era name of Li Zicheng
- Yiwu (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
- Dashun (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
Vietnam
- Vĩnh Tộ (永祚, 1619–1629): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Đức Long (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Dương Hòa (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
- Phúc Thái (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Chân Tông
- Long Thái (隆泰, 1618–1625): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Khoan
- Thuận Đức (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Vũ
Japan
- Kan'ei (寛永, 1624–1644): era name of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, Empress Meishō and Emperor Go-Kōmyō
- Shōhō (正保, 1644–1648): era name of Emperor Go-Kōmyō

References

^ Sun Chengze (孫承澤). Siling dianli ji (思陵典禮記)
^ Wen Bing (文秉). Lie huang xiao shi (烈皇小識)
^ Qian Haiyue (錢海岳). History of Southern Ming, Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』
^ "小史使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎". 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2020-03-20.

Bibliography

Li, Chongzhi (December 2004). 中國歷代年號考 [Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Co. ISBN 7101025129.
Deng, Hongbo (March 2005). 東亞歷史年表 [Chronology of East Asian History] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures. ISBN 9789860005189. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2021.

Preceded by Tianqi	Ming dynasty era name 1628–1644	Succeeded by Qing dynasty: Shunzhi Southern Ming: Hongguang

[1] Sun Chengze (孫承澤). Siling dianli ji (思陵典禮記)

[2] Wen Bing (文秉). Lie huang xiao shi (烈皇小識)

[3] Qian Haiyue (錢海岳). History of Southern Ming, Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』

[4] "小史使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎". 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2020-03-20.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name}}
-{{No footnotes|date=May 2022}}
+[[File:万国人物图卷轴中的大明人.jpg|thumb|right|Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period]]
-{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name (1628–1644)}}
+[[File:Chong Zhen Tong Bao (崇禎通寶) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|thumb|250px|"Chongzhen Tongbao" (崇禎通寶) issued during the Chongzhen era]]
-'''Chongzhen''' ({{zh|t=崇禎|s=崇祯|p=Chóngzhēn|w=Ch'ung-chen|l=honorable and auspicious}}) (5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]] of China. Chongzhen was also the Ming dynasty's final era name. It was used for 17 years.
+'''Chongzhen''' ({{zh|t=崇禎|s=崇祯|p=Chóngzhēn|w=Ch'ung-chen|l=honorable and auspicious}}; 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] (''nianhao'') of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]]. It was also the final era of the Ming, lasting for 17 years.
-In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the [[Tianqi Emperor]]. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), his elder brother, the Tianqi Emperor, died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The era names proposed by the cabinet are "Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), for Zhu Youjian circle to choose from. Zhu Youjian circled "Chongzhen"  (崇貞) and changed "貞" to "禎".<ref>孙承泽：《思陵典礼纪》</ref> According to one statement, the four era names presented are "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞).<ref>文秉：《烈皇小识》</ref> In the following year, the era name was changed to Chongzhen.
+In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the [[Tianqi Emperor]]. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), the Tianqi Emperor died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The Grand Secretariat proposed four era names—"Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞)—for Zhu Youjian to choose from. He ultimately chose "Chongzhen"  (崇貞).<ref>Sun Chengze (孫承澤). ''Siling dianli ji'' (思陵典禮記)</ref> Another account states that the four proposed era names were "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), and Zhu Youjian chose "Chongzhen" and changed the character "貞" to "禎".<ref>Wen Bing (文秉). ''Lie huang xiao shi'' (烈皇小識)</ref> The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen.
-On February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), [[Li Zicheng]] established the [[Shun dynasty]] in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured [[Beijing]], the capital of the Ming dynasty. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] hanged himself in Meishan, Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), and the Ming dynasty fell. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in [[Nanjing]], the secondary capital, on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the [[Hongguang Emperor]], and established the [[Southern Ming]] regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of New Year's Eve in "the 17th year of the Chongzhen era", and in the following year, the era name was changed to [[Hongguang]].<ref>[[錢海岳]].《[[南明史 (錢海岳)|南明史]]》卷1：「〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』」</ref>
+In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), [[Li Zicheng]] established the [[Shun dynasty]] in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured [[Beijing]], the capital of the Ming dynasty. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide by hanging himself on the Coal Hill in Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), leading to the downfall of the Ming. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in [[Nanjing]], the [[temporary capital]], on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the [[Hongguang Emperor]], and established the [[Southern Ming]] regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of the year on New Year's Eve of Chongzhen 17, and the following year, the era was changed to [[Hongguang]].<ref>[[Qian Haiyue]] (錢海岳). ''History of Southern Ming'', Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』</ref>
+After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the [[Joseon|Korean Yi dynasty]] aristocrats, out of [[anti-Qing sentiment]] and [[Little China (ideology)|Little China ideology]], still used the Chongzhen era name in their country, which was known as the "Chongzhen jiyuan" or "Sungjeong giwon" (崇禎紀元).<ref>{{Cite web|title=小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎|date=15 September 2009 |url=https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222144729/https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|archive-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>
+==Change of era==
+* '''5 February 1628''' (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen").
+* '''28 January 1645''' (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang").
 ==Comparison table==
@@ Line 13: / Line 20: @@
 !Chongzhen!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10
 |-
-|AD
+|[[AD]]
 |1628||1629||1630||1631||1632||1633||1634||1635||1636||1637
 |-
+|[[Sexagenary cycle]]
-|Gānzhī<br>干支
-|Wùchén<br>戊辰||Jǐsì<br>己巳||Gēngwǔ<br>庚午||Xīnwèi<br>辛未||Rénshēn<br>壬申||Guǐyǒu<br>癸酉||Jiǎxū<br>甲戌||Yǐhài<br>乙亥||Bǐngzǐ<br>丙子||Dīngchǒu<br>丁丑
+|Wùchén (戊辰)||Jǐsì (己巳)||Gēngwǔ (庚午)||Xīnwèi (辛未)||Rénshēn (壬申)||Guǐyǒu (癸酉)||Jiǎxū (甲戌)||Yǐhài (乙亥)||Bǐngzǐ (丙子)||Dīngchǒu (丁丑)
 |-
 !Chongzhen!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17
 |-
-|AD
+|[[AD]]
 |1638||1639||1640||1641||1642||1643||1644
 |-
+|[[Sexagenary cycle]]
-|Gānzhī<br>干支
-|Wùyín<br>戊寅||Jǐmǎo<br>己卯||Gēngchén<br>庚辰||Xīnsì<br>辛巳||Rénwǔ<br>壬午||Guǐwèi<br>癸未||Jiǎshēn<br>甲申
+|Wùyín (戊寅)||Jǐmǎo (己卯)||Gēngchén (庚辰)||Xīnsì (辛巳)||Rénwǔ (壬午)||Guǐwèi (癸未)||Jiǎshēn (甲申)
 |}
+==Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period==
-==Other eras contemporaneous with Chongzhen==
 * China
-** ''Tiancong'' (天聰, 1627–1636): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] — era name of [[Hong Taiji]]
+** ''Tiancong'' (天聰, 1627–1636): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]— era name of [[Hong Taiji]]
-** ''Chongde'' (崇德, 1636–1643): [[Qing dynasty]] — era name of Hong Taiji
+** ''Chongde'' (崇德, 1636–1643): [[Qing dynasty]]—era name of Hong Taiji
-** ''Shunzhi'' (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty — era name of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
+** ''Shunzhi'' (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty—era name of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
-** ''Ruiying'' (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period — era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
+** ''Ruiying'' (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period—era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
-** ''Yongxing'' (永興, 1628): Ming period — era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
+** ''Yongxing'' (永興, 1628): Ming period—era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
-** ''Tianyun'' (天運, 1637): Ming period — era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
+** ''Tianyun'' (天運, 1637): Ming period—era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
-** ''Tianding'' (天定, 1644): Ming period — era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
+** ''Tianding'' (天定, 1644): Ming period—era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
-** ''Chongxing'' (重興, 1644): Ming period — era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
+** ''Chongxing'' (重興, 1644): Ming period—era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
-** ''Xingwu'' (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period — era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
+** ''Xingwu'' (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period—era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
-** ''Yongchang'' (永昌, 1644–1645): [[Shun dynasty]] — era name of [[Li Zicheng]]
+** ''Yongchang'' (永昌, 1644–1645): [[Shun dynasty]]—era name of [[Li Zicheng]]
-** ''Yiwu'' (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty — era name of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]
+** ''Yiwu'' (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty—era name of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]
-** ''Dashun'' (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty — era name of Zhang Xianzhong
+** ''Dashun'' (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
 * Vietnam
-** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]] — era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]]
+** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]]—era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]]
-** ''Đức Long'' (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
+** ''Đức Long'' (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
-** ''Dương Hòa'' (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
+** ''Dương Hòa'' (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
-** ''Phúc Thái'' (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty — era name of [[Lê Chân Tông]]
+** ''Phúc Thái'' (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty—era name of [[Lê Chân Tông]]
-** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): [[Mạc dynasty]] — era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]]
+** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): [[Mạc dynasty]]—era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]]
-** ''Thuận Đức'' (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Kính Vũ]]
+** ''Thuận Đức'' (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty—era name of [[Mạc Kính Vũ]]
 * Japan
 ** ''[[Kan'ei]]'' (寛永, 1624–1644): era name of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], [[Empress Meishō]] and [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]
@@ Line 59: / Line 66: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-*{{Cite book|author=李崇智|title=中國歷代年號考|format=|url=|date=2004|publisher=中華書局|location=北京|id=ISBN 7101025129}}
+==Bibliography==
-*{{Cite book|author=鄧洪波|title=東亞歷史年表|format=pdf|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|date=2005|publisher=國立臺灣大學東亞經典與文化研究計劃|location=臺北|id=ISBN 9789860005189|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=2007-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm}}
+* {{cite book|first=Chongzhi|last=Li|title=中國歷代年號考|trans-title=Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao|language=Chinese|date=December 2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Co.|location=Beijing|isbn=7101025129}}
+* {{cite book|first=Hongbo|last=Deng|title=東亞歷史年表|trans-title=Chronology of East Asian History|language=Chinese|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|date=March 2005|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|publisher=National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures|location=Taipei|isbn=9789860005189}}
 {{s-start}}
 {{succession box
-| before = [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]] {{nobold|(天啓)}}
+| before = [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]]
-| title = Ming dynasty [[Chinese era name|Era or ''nianhao'']]<br>Chongzhen {{nobold|(崇禎)}}
+| title = [[Ming dynasty]] [[Chinese era name|era name]]
-| years = 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644
+| years = 1628–1644
-| after = [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] {{nobold|(順治)}}<br>([[Qing dynasty]])<br>[[Hongguang]] {{nobold|(弘光)}}<br>([[Southern Ming]])
+| after = [[Qing dynasty]]: [[Shunzhi]]<br>[[Southern Ming]]: [[Hongguang]]
 }}
 {{s-end}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Chongzhen}}
+[[Category:Ming dynasty eras]]
-[[Category:Chinese imperial eras]]
+[[Category:17th-century neologisms]]