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{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name}}
{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name}}

{{about|the Ming dynasty era name|the Ming dynasty emperor|Chongzhen Emperor}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title = Chongzhen
|pic=
|picsize=
|piccap=
|t=崇禎
|s=崇祯
|p=Chóngzhēn
|w=Ch'ung-chen
|l="honorable and auspicious"
}}
[[File:万国人物图卷轴中的大明人.jpg|thumb|right|Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period]]
[[File:万国人物图卷轴中的大明人.jpg|thumb|right|Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period]]
[[File:Chong Zhen Tong Bao (崇禎通寶) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|thumb|250px|"Chongzhen Tongbao" (崇禎通寶) issued during the Chongzhen era]]
[[File:Monument to the service of Yoon Kye.JPG|thumb|250px|A "Monument to the service of Yoon Kye" (行牧使尹公堦教民善政碑) on [[Jeju Island]]. Among them, in the far left column, is the "mid-Spring of the third Bingxu year of Chongzhen" (崇禎三丙戌仲春), i.e., the mid-Spring of 1766 ([[Qing dynasty|Qing]] [[Qianlong]] 31)]]
'''Chongzhen''' (5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]] of China, and was also the Ming dynasty's final era name. It was used for 17 years.
'''Chongzhen''' ({{zh|t=崇禎|s=崇祯|p=Chóngzhēn|w=Ch'ung-chen|l=honorable and auspicious}}; 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] (''nianhao'') of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]], the last emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]]. It was also the final era of the Ming, lasting for 17 years.


In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the [[Tianqi Emperor]]. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), his elder brother, the Tianqi Emperor, died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The era names proposed by the cabinet are "Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), for Zhu Youjian circle to choose from. Zhu Youjian circled "Chongzhen" (崇貞) and changed "貞" to "禎".<ref>Sun Chengze (孫承澤). ''Siling dianli ji'' (思陵典禮記)</ref> According to one statement, the four era names presented are "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞).<ref>Wen Bing (文秉). ''Lie huang xiao shi'' (烈皇小識)</ref> The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen.
In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the [[Tianqi Emperor]]. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), the Tianqi Emperor died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The Grand Secretariat proposed four era names—"Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞)—for Zhu Youjian to choose from. He ultimately chose "Chongzhen" (崇貞).<ref>Sun Chengze (孫承澤). ''Siling dianli ji'' (思陵典禮記)</ref> Another account states that the four proposed era names were "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), and Zhu Youjian chose "Chongzhen" and changed the character "貞" to "禎".<ref>Wen Bing (文秉). ''Lie huang xiao shi'' (烈皇小識)</ref> The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen.


In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), [[Li Zicheng]] established the [[Shun dynasty]] in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured [[Beijing]], the capital of the Ming dynasty. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] hanged himself in Meishan, Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), and the Ming dynasty fell. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in [[Nanjing]], the temporary capital, on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the [[Hongguang Emperor]], and established the [[Southern Ming]] regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of New Year's Eve of 1644 (Chongzhen 17), and the following year, the era was changed to [[Hongguang]].<ref>[[Qian Haiyue]] (錢海岳). ''History of Southern Ming'', Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』</ref>
In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), [[Li Zicheng]] established the [[Shun dynasty]] in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured [[Beijing]], the capital of the Ming dynasty. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide by hanging himself on the Coal Hill in Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), leading to the downfall of the Ming. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in [[Nanjing]], the [[temporary capital]], on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the [[Hongguang Emperor]], and established the [[Southern Ming]] regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of the year on New Year's Eve of Chongzhen 17, and the following year, the era was changed to [[Hongguang]].<ref>[[Qian Haiyue]] (錢海岳). ''History of Southern Ming'', Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』</ref>

After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the [[Joseon|Korean Yi dynasty]] aristocrats, out of [[anti-Qing sentiment]] and [[Little China (ideology)|Little China ideology]], still used the Chongzhen era name in their country, which was known as the "Chongzhen jiyuan" or "Sungjeong giwon" (崇禎紀元).<ref>{{Cite web|title=小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎|date=15 September 2009 |url=https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222144729/https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|archive-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>


==Change of era==
==Change of era==
* 5 February 1628 (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen").
* '''5 February 1628''' (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen").
* 28 January 1645 (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang").
* '''28 January 1645''' (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang").


==Comparison table==
==Comparison table==
Line 29: Line 20:
!Chongzhen!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10
!Chongzhen!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10
|-
|-
![[AD]]
|[[AD]]
|1628||1629||1630||1631||1632||1633||1634||1635||1636||1637
|1628||1629||1630||1631||1632||1633||1634||1635||1636||1637
|-
|-
![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支
|[[Sexagenary cycle]]
|Wùchén<br>戊辰||Jǐsì<br>己巳||Gēngwǔ<br>庚午||Xīnwèi<br>辛未||Rénshēn<br>壬申||Guǐyǒu<br>癸酉||Jiǎxū<br>甲戌||Yǐhài<br>乙亥||Bǐngzǐ<br>丙子||Dīngchǒu<br>丁丑
|Wùchén (戊辰)||Jǐsì (己巳)||Gēngwǔ (庚午)||Xīnwèi (辛未)||Rénshēn (壬申)||Guǐyǒu (癸酉)||Jiǎxū (甲戌)||Yǐhài (乙亥)||Bǐngzǐ (丙子)||Dīngchǒu (丁丑)
|-
|-
!Chongzhen!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17
!Chongzhen!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17
|-
|-
![[AD]]
|[[AD]]
|1638||1639||1640||1641||1642||1643||1644
|1638||1639||1640||1641||1642||1643||1644
|-
|-
![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支
|[[Sexagenary cycle]]
|Wùyín<br>戊寅||Jǐmǎo<br>己卯||Gēngchén<br>庚辰||Xīnsì<br>辛巳||Rénwǔ<br>壬午||Guǐwèi<br>癸未||Jiǎshēn<br>甲申
|Wùyín (戊寅)||Jǐmǎo (己卯)||Gēngchén (庚辰)||Xīnsì (辛巳)||Rénwǔ (壬午)||Guǐwèi (癸未)||Jiǎshēn (甲申)
|}
|}


⚫
==Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period==
==Chongzhen Era==
After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the [[Joseon]] scholars, out of [[anti-Qing sentiment]] and [[Little China (ideology)|Little China ideology]], still used the Chongzhen era name in their country. For example, "the second Jiashen year of the seventy-seventh year of Chongzhen" (崇禎七十七年歲次甲申, 1704),<ref>''Veritable Records of Sukjong of the Joseon Dynasty'' (朝鮮肅宗大王實錄), Volume 39:（三十年三月）戊午，上自宜春門詣禁苑壇，以大牢祭崇禎皇帝。其文曰：『崇禎七十七年歲次甲申三月庚子朔十九日戊午……』</ref> "the eighty-third year after the Chongzhen Era" (崇禎紀元後八十三年, 1710),<ref>{{Cite web|title=金澤大学所藏／近代教育掛圖 0426 文烈公重峯趙先生戰場紀蹟碑拓本　二|url=http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/kakez4ko/page/0426.html|accessdate=2013-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133215/http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/kakez4ko/page/0426.html|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> "the Gengzi year of the ninety-third year of the Chongzhen Era" (崇禎紀元九十三年庚子, 1720),<ref>金昌集《夢窩集》卷三〈塤篪錄序〉。</ref> "the re-Guichou year after the Chongzhen era" (崇禎後再癸丑, 1733),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harvard Mirador Viewer|url=https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:23023673$1i|accessdate=2020-09-27|work=iiif.lib.harvard.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116194346/https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:23023673$1i|archive-date=2021-01-16}}</ref> "the fourth Yichou year after the Chongzhen Era" (崇禎紀元後四乙丑, 1865),<ref>{{Cite web|title=金澤大学所藏／近代教育掛圖 0433 有明朝鮮兩王子紀蹟碑拓本|url=http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/kakez4ko/page/0433.html|accessdate=2013-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100444/http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/kakez4ko/page/0433.html|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> "the fifth Bingxu year after the Chongzhen Era" (崇禎紀元後五丙戌, 1886),<ref>復旦大學所藏朝鮮文獻《駱村朴先生遺稿》（編號AB096506-08）。</ref> "the two hundred and sixty-fifth year of Chongzhen" (崇禎二百六十五年, 1892),<ref>{{Cite web|title=小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎|url=https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222144729/https://smvv0206.pixnet.net/blog/post/2854785|archive-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> or "the fifth Jiayin year after Chongzhen" (崇禎後五甲寅, 1914),<ref>首爾大學奎章閣所藏《天臺續游錄》（編號奎古565-1）。</ref> etc. This is known as the "Chongzhen Era" (崇禎紀元).

⚫
==Other regime era names that existed during the same period==
* China
* China
** ''Tiancong'' (天聰, 1627–1636): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] — era name of [[Hong Taiji]]
** ''Tiancong'' (天聰, 1627–1636): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]— era name of [[Hong Taiji]]
** ''Chongde'' (崇德, 1636–1643): [[Qing dynasty]] — era name of Hong Taiji
** ''Chongde'' (崇德, 1636–1643): [[Qing dynasty]]—era name of Hong Taiji
** ''Shunzhi'' (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty — era name of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
** ''Shunzhi'' (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty—era name of the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]
** ''Ruiying'' (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period — era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
** ''Ruiying'' (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period—era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
** ''Yongxing'' (永興, 1628): Ming period — era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
** ''Yongxing'' (永興, 1628): Ming period—era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
** ''Tianyun'' (天運, 1637): Ming period — era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
** ''Tianyun'' (天運, 1637): Ming period—era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
** ''Tianding'' (天定, 1644): Ming period — era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
** ''Tianding'' (天定, 1644): Ming period—era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
** ''Chongxing'' (重興, 1644): Ming period — era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
** ''Chongxing'' (重興, 1644): Ming period—era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
** ''Xingwu'' (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period — era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
** ''Xingwu'' (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period—era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
** ''Yongchang'' (永昌, 1644–1645): [[Shun dynasty]] — era name of [[Li Zicheng]]
** ''Yongchang'' (永昌, 1644–1645): [[Shun dynasty]]—era name of [[Li Zicheng]]
** ''Yiwu'' (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty — era name of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]
** ''Yiwu'' (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty—era name of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]
** ''Dashun'' (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty — era name of Zhang Xianzhong
** ''Dashun'' (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
* Vietnam
* Vietnam
** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]] — era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]]
** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]]—era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]]
** ''Đức Long'' (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
** ''Đức Long'' (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
** ''Dương Hòa'' (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thần Tông
** ''Dương Hòa'' (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
** ''Phúc Thái'' (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty — era name of [[Lê Chân Tông]]
** ''Phúc Thái'' (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty—era name of [[Lê Chân Tông]]
** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): [[Mạc dynasty]] — era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]]
** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): [[Mạc dynasty]]—era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]]
** ''Thuận Đức'' (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Kính Vũ]]
** ''Thuận Đức'' (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty—era name of [[Mạc Kính Vũ]]
* Japan
* Japan
** ''[[Kan'ei]]'' (寛永, 1624–1644): era name of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], [[Empress Meishō]] and [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]
** ''[[Kan'ei]]'' (寛永, 1624–1644): era name of [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], [[Empress Meishō]] and [[Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]
Line 79: Line 67:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author=Li Chongzhi (李崇智)|title=Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao (中國歷代年號考)|format=|url=|date=2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Co. (中華書局)|location=Beijing (北京)|isbn=7101025129}}
* {{cite book|first=Chongzhi|last=Li|title=中國歷代年號考|trans-title=Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao|language=Chinese|date=December 2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Co.|location=Beijing|isbn=7101025129}}
*{{Cite book|author=Deng Hongbo (鄧洪波)|title=Chronology of East Asian history (東亞歷史年表)|format=pdf|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|date=2005|publisher=National Taiwan University, Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures (國立臺灣大學東亞經典與文化研究計劃)|location=Taipei (臺北)|isbn=9789860005189|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=2007-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm}}
* {{cite book|first=Hongbo|last=Deng|title=東亞歷史年表|trans-title=Chronology of East Asian History|language=Chinese|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|date=March 2005|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|publisher=National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures|location=Taipei|isbn=9789860005189}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
{{succession box
| before = [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]] {{nobold|(天啓)}}
| before = [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]]
| title = Ming dynasty [[Chinese era name|Era or ''nianhao'']]<br>Chongzhen {{nobold|(崇禎)}}
| title = [[Ming dynasty]] [[Chinese era name|era name]]
| years = 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644
| years = 1628–1644
| after = [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] {{nobold|(順治)}}<br>([[Qing dynasty]])<br>[[Hongguang]] {{nobold|(弘光)}}<br>([[Southern Ming]])
| after = [[Qing dynasty]]: [[Shunzhi]]<br>[[Southern Ming]]: [[Hongguang]]
}}
}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}
Line 94: Line 82:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chongzhen}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chongzhen}}
[[Category:Ming dynasty eras]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty eras]]
[[Category:17th-century neologisms]]

Latest revision as of 07:29, 29 November 2024

Han Chinese costume during the Chongzhen period
"Chongzhen Tongbao" (崇禎通寶) issued during the Chongzhen era

Chongzhen (simplified Chinese: 崇祯; traditional Chinese: 崇禎; pinyin: Chóngzhēn; Wade–Giles: Ch'ung-chen; lit. 'honorable and auspicious'; 5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644) was the era name (nianhao) of the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming dynasty. It was also the final era of the Ming, lasting for 17 years.

In 1622 (Tianqi 2), Zhu Youjian was created the Prince of Xin (信王) by his elder brother, the Tianqi Emperor. In 1627 (Tianqi 7), the Tianqi Emperor died, and Zhu Youjian ascended to the throne. The Grand Secretariat proposed four era names—"Qiansheng" (乾聖), "Xingfu" (興福), "Xianjia" (咸嘉), and "Chongzhen" (崇貞)—for Zhu Youjian to choose from. He ultimately chose "Chongzhen" (崇貞).[1] Another account states that the four proposed era names were "Yongchang" (永昌), "Shaoqing" (紹慶), "Xianning" (咸寧) and "Chongzhen" (崇貞), and Zhu Youjian chose "Chongzhen" and changed the character "貞" to "禎".[2] The following year (1628), the era was changed to Chongzhen.

In February 1644 (Chongzhen 17, 2nd month), Li Zicheng established the Shun dynasty in Xi'an, Shaanxi, with the era name "Yongchang" (永昌). On 25 April 1644 (19th day of the 3rd month), the Shun army captured Beijing, the capital of the Ming dynasty. The Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide by hanging himself on the Coal Hill in Beijing (present-day Jingshan, Beijing), leading to the downfall of the Ming. After hearing the news, Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu, ascended the throne in Nanjing, the temporary capital, on 19 June of the same year (15th day of the 5th month), as the Hongguang Emperor, and established the Southern Ming regime. He continued to use the Chongzhen era name until the end of the year on New Year's Eve of Chongzhen 17, and the following year, the era was changed to Hongguang.[3]

After the fall of the Ming dynasty, the Korean Yi dynasty aristocrats, out of anti-Qing sentiment and Little China ideology, still used the Chongzhen era name in their country, which was known as the "Chongzhen jiyuan" or "Sungjeong giwon" (崇禎紀元).[4]

Change of era

[edit]
  • 5 February 1628 (Tianqi 8, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Chongzhen 1 (崇禎元年, "the first year of Chongzhen").
  • 28 January 1645 (Chongzhen 18, 1st day of the 1st month): The era was changed to Hongguang 1 (弘光元年, " the first year of Hongguang").

Comparison table

[edit]
Chongzhen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AD 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637
Sexagenary cycle Wùchén (戊辰) Jǐsì (己巳) Gēngwǔ (庚午) Xīnwèi (辛未) Rénshēn (壬申) Guǐyǒu (癸酉) Jiǎxū (甲戌) Yǐhài (乙亥) Bǐngzǐ (丙子) Dīngchǒu (丁丑)
Chongzhen 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
AD 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644
Sexagenary cycle Wùyín (戊寅) Jǐmǎo (己卯) Gēngchén (庚辰) Xīnsì (辛巳) Rénwǔ (壬午) Guǐwèi (癸未) Jiǎshēn (甲申)

Other regimes' era names that existed during the same period

[edit]
  • China
    • Tiancong (天聰, 1627–1636): Later Jin— era name of Hong Taiji
    • Chongde (崇德, 1636–1643): Qing dynasty—era name of Hong Taiji
    • Shunzhi (順治, 1644–1661): Qing dynasty—era name of the Shunzhi Emperor
    • Ruiying (瑞應, 1621–1629): Ming period—era name of She Chongming (奢崇明)
    • Yongxing (永興, 1628): Ming period—era name of Zhang Weiyuan (張惟元)
    • Tianyun (天運, 1637): Ming period—era name of Zhang Puwei (張普徽)
    • Tianding (天定, 1644): Ming period—era name of Liu Shoufen (劉守分)
    • Chongxing (重興, 1644): Ming period—era name of Qin Shangxing (秦尚行)
    • Xingwu (興武, 1635–1636): Ming period—era name of Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥)
    • Yongchang (永昌, 1644–1645): Shun dynasty—era name of Li Zicheng
    • Yiwu (義武, 1643–1644): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
    • Dashun (大順, 1644–1646): Xi dynasty—era name of Zhang Xianzhong
  • Vietnam
    • Vĩnh Tộ (永祚, 1619–1629): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
    • Đức Long (德隆, 1629–1635): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
    • Dương Hòa (陽和, 1635–1643): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Thần Tông
    • Phúc Thái (福泰, 1643–1649): Later Lê dynasty—era name of Lê Chân Tông
    • Long Thái (隆泰, 1618–1625): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Khoan
    • Thuận Đức (順德, 1638–1677): Mạc dynasty—era name of Mạc Kính Vũ
  • Japan

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sun Chengze (孫承澤). Siling dianli ji (思陵典禮記)
  2. ^ Wen Bing (文秉). Lie huang xiao shi (烈皇小識)
  3. ^ Qian Haiyue (錢海岳). History of Southern Ming, Volume 1:〔崇禎十七年五月〕壬寅，王即皇帝位於武英殿。詔曰：『……以其明年為弘光元年，與民更始，大赦天下。……』
  4. ^ "小史 使用了二百多年的年號-崇禎". 15 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2020-03-20.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Li, Chongzhi (December 2004). 中國歷代年號考 [Zhongguo Lidai Nianhao Kao] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Co. ISBN 7101025129.
  • Deng, Hongbo (March 2005). 東亞歷史年表 [Chronology of East Asian History] (in Chinese). Taipei: National Taiwan University Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures. ISBN 9789860005189. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Preceded by Ming dynasty era name
1628–1644 		Succeeded by
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