Southern pygmy perch: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of fish}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} |
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| name = Southern pygmy perch |
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{{use Australian English|date=September 2023}} |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| image = Nannoperca-australisWPNP.jpg |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| status = NT |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| familia = [[Percichthyidae]] |
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| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pearce, L. |author2=Bice, C. |author3=Whiterod, N. |author4=Raadik, T. |date=2019 |title=''Nannoperca australis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T123358579A123382811 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T123358579A123382811.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> |
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| genus = ''[[Nannoperca]]'' |
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| taxon = Nannoperca australis |
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| ⚫ | |||
| binomial = ''Nannoperca australis'' |
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| synonyms = *''Paradules leetus'' <small>[[Carl Benjamin Klunzinger|Klunzinger]], 1872</small> |
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| ⚫ | |||
*''Nannoperca riverinae'' <small>[[William John Macleay|Macleay]], 1881</small> |
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*''Microperca tasmaniae'' [[Robery Mackenzie Johnston|Johnston]], 1883 |
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*''Nannoperca australis flindersi'' <small>[[Eric Oswald Gale Scott|E.O.G. Scott]], 1971</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase/> |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''southern pygmy perch''' (''Nannoperca australis''), also known as the '''Tasmanian pygmy perch''', is a freshwater fish native to southeastern Australia.<ref name="MV">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1828#summary |title=Southern Pygmy Perch, ''Nannoperca australis'' Günther 1861|last=Bray|first=Dianne J. |date=2011|work=Fishes of Australia|publisher=Museum Victoria |accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref> |
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The '''southern pygmy perch''' ('''''Nannoperca australis'''''), also known as the '''Tasmanian pygmy perch''', is a species of freshwater [[ray-finned fish]], a [[temperate perch]] from the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Percichthyidae]] which is native to south-eastern Australia and [[Tasmania]]. |
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==Description== |
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The southern pygmy perch has an oblong and moderately compressed body with a convex dorsal profile and a straight ventral profile. It has a large head the top of which bulges slightly and a blunt snout. It has a slightly oblique, terminal mouth which is protractile with the [[maxilla]] reaching to a level near the centre of the eye. There are thin bands of villiform teeth on the jaws and the roof of the mouth. There is a [[lateral line]] made up of an irregular series of pored scales. The dorsal fin has 7-9 spines in its front part, separated from the rear part by a deep notch, the rear part contains 7-10 soft rays. The [[anal fin]] is similar in shape to the soft part of the [[dorsal fin]] and has 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays. The large [[caudal fin]] is rounded.<ref name = FofA>{{cite web | author1 = Bray, D.J. | author2 = Thompson, V.J. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2019 | title = ''Nannoperca australis'' | work = Fishes of Australia | access-date = 15 May 2020 | url = http://136.154.202.208/home/species/1828}}</ref> |
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They are variable in colour, the colour apparently being determined by their environment and can be pale cream through to greenish-brown, with paler underparts. They can also show irregular markings on the flanks such as dark spotting or horizontal stripes. In the breeding season the males are brighter as their dorsal, anal and caudal fins develop a red colour and have black margins and the [[pelvic fin]]s and the area around the anus become black.<ref name = Littlebetta>{{cite web | url = http://littlebetta.net.au/Southern-Pygmy-Perch.php | title = Southern Pygmy Perch | access-date = 15 May 2020 | publisher = Betta Trading}}</ref> These fish attain a maximum [[fish measurement|total length]] of {{convert|8|cm|in}} but are more commonly recorded at standard lengths of around {{convert|6|cm|in}}.<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Nannoperca|australis|month=December|year=2019}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
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Southern pygmy perch are [[endemism|endemic]] to temperate rivers systems in southeastern Australia, especially the [[Murray River|Murray]]-[[Murrumbidgee River|Murrumbidgee]] river system from Brinagagee near [[Darlington Point]] in [[New South Wales]], in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], west to [[Ewens Ponds]] in [[South Australia]]. They also occur on [[Flinders Island]] and on [[King Island (Tasmania)|King Island]] in the [[Bass Strait]] and in the northward draining rivers in Tasmania.<ref name = FofA/> |
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==Habitat and biology== |
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Southern pygmy perch are found in a wide variety of [[freshwater ecosystem|freshwater habitat]]s so long as they have [[aquatic vegetation]]. They can be found in both still or slow flowing waters and they have been recorded in low current streams, lakes, [[billabong]]s, ditches, impoundments, [[swamp]]s and [[ephemeral]] [[wetland]]s. In all of these habitat they prefer the vegetated marginal areas.<ref name = FofA/> |
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It is a mainly [[carnivory|carnivorous]] species with its diet mostly consisting of small [[invertebrate]]s such as [[mosquito larva]]e and other [[aquatic insect]]s, as well as ''[[Daphnia]]'' and other [[crustacean]]s. As they mature they prey on larger insects including [[mayfly|mayflies]] but their small mouth means that they do not consume many other fishes.<ref name = Littlebetta/> |
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Southern pygmy perch attain [[sexual maturity]] during the first year after hatching, mature males are mature at about {{convert|30|mm|in}} and females at around {{convert|33|mm|in}}. The breeding season runs from the late winter into the early spring once the water temperatures rise above {{convert|16|°C|F}}. Breeding males are [[territoriality|territorial]] and defend a small area of water from other males. The female lays small clutches of eggs in the aquatic vegetation or onto the riverbed within the male's territory. These hatch into larvae of 3-4mm in length 2-4 days after fertilisation.<ref name = FofA/> |
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==Conservation== |
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===Status=== |
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The Southern pygmy perch was formerly widespread in New South Wales, but has now largely been [[local extinction |extirpated]] from the state. {{As of|2007}} there were only three known locations where it was still found: in the [[Lachlan River]] catchment, north of [[Yass, New South Wales|Yass]]; as near [[Holbrook, New South Wales|Holbrook]], and [[Albury, New South Wales|Albury]]<ref name = factsheet/> ([[Tumbarumba]]?). In 2021 a fourth population was found in the Ooolong Creek in the town of [[Dalton, New South Wales|Dalton]], by two teenagers.<ref name=fookes2023>{{cite web | last=Fookes | first=Tim | title=Southern pygmy perch released into Oolong Creek at Dalton years after chance discovery | website=[[ABC News (Australia)]]| date=11 September 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-11/southern-pygmy-perch-released-into-creek-near-dalton/102830628 | access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Oolong Creek, Dalton | website=NSW Landcare | url=https://landcare.nsw.gov.au/groups/gunning-district-landcare/projects/oolong-creek-dalton/ | access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Oolong Creek, Dalton | website=NSW Landcare Gateway | date=3 September 2017 | url=https://landcare.nsw.gov.au/groups/gunning-district-landcare/projects/oolong-creek-dalton/ | access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> |
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As of 2007 the fish was still common in coastal Victoria, but rare in the [[Murray River]] catchment of that state, and rare and threatened in South Australia.<ref name = factsheet>{{Cite book|author=Lintermans, M. | url = https://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/mdbc-NFS-reports/2203_factsheet_native_southern_pygmy_perch.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153438/https://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/mdbc-NFS-reports/2203_factsheet_native_southern_pygmy_perch.pdf| archive-date=14 April 2021| title = Southern pygmy perch (Swamp perch) | access-date = 15 May 2020 | publisher = [[Murray-Darling Basin Commission]] |ISBN= 1 921257 20 2|series= Native Fishes; MDBC Publication No. 10/07 | year=2017|quote=This fish fact sheet is an extract derived from the report: Lintermans, M. 2007, "Fishes of the Murray-Darling Basin: An introductory guide".}}</ref> In Tasmania it remains relatively common.<ref name = Humphries>{{cite journal | author = Paul Humphries | year = 1995 | title = Life history, food and habitat of Southern Pygmy Perch, Nannoperca australis, in the Macquarie River, Tasmania | doi = 10.1071/MF9951159 | journal = Marine and Freshwater Research | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 1159–1169}}</ref> |
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The reasons for the decline and continuing threats to this species includes [[invasive species|invasive]] alien fish species such as [[eastern mosquitofish]], [[brown trout]],<ref name = factsheet/> [[European carp]], [[redfin]],<ref name=fookes2023/> and [[European perch]], as well as [[thermal pollution|cold water pollution]], and [[habitat fragmentation]] and [[habitat destruction|destruction]].<ref name = factsheet/> |
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The [[IUCN]] assessed the conservation status of this species as [[Near Threatened]] in 2019.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> |
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===Measures=== |
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The [[Department of Primary Industries (New South Wales)|Department of Primary Industries]] in New South Wales has undertaken a [[captive breeding]] programme for this species.<ref name = FofA/> |
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In August 2023, a group of volunteers working with OzFish Unlimited and the local council undertook the [[species translocation |translocation]] of 200 fish to Oolong Creek, to boost the population there.<ref name=fookes2023/> |
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==Taxonomy== |
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The Southern pygmy perch was first formally [[Species description|described]] in 1861 by Albert Günther with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the Murray River.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record |spid=20370 |title=''Nannoperca australis''|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Molecular studies have shown that there are two cryptic species within ''Nannoperca australis'' one from the eastern coastal streams and the other from the [[Murray–Darling basin]] and the western coastal streams.<ref name = FofA/> |
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==Aquarium== |
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The Southern pygmy perch is in the [[Fish keeping|aquarium]] trade within Australia, where it is kept in cold water aquaria and in ponds.<ref name = Littlebetta/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200308090301/https://littlebetta.net.au/Southern-Pygmy-Perch.php Southern Pygmy Perch] |
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* [http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1828 Fishes of Australia : ''Nannoperca australis''] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q5747401}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5747401}} |
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[[Category:Nannoperca]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:perch, pygmy, southern}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Australia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Fish described in 1861]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]] |
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[[Category:Fish described in 1861|southern pygmy perch]] |
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{{Perciformes-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 10:13, 29 November 2024
| Southern pygmy perch | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Centrarchiformes |
| Family: | Percichthyidae |
| Genus: | Nannoperca |
| Species: | N. australis
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| Binomial name | |
| Nannoperca australis Günther, 1861
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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The southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis), also known as the Tasmanian pygmy perch, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a temperate perch from the family Percichthyidae which is native to south-eastern Australia and Tasmania.
Description
[edit]The southern pygmy perch has an oblong and moderately compressed body with a convex dorsal profile and a straight ventral profile. It has a large head the top of which bulges slightly and a blunt snout. It has a slightly oblique, terminal mouth which is protractile with the maxilla reaching to a level near the centre of the eye. There are thin bands of villiform teeth on the jaws and the roof of the mouth. There is a lateral line made up of an irregular series of pored scales. The dorsal fin has 7-9 spines in its front part, separated from the rear part by a deep notch, the rear part contains 7-10 soft rays. The anal fin is similar in shape to the soft part of the dorsal fin and has 3 spines and 7-8 soft rays. The large caudal fin is rounded.[3]
They are variable in colour, the colour apparently being determined by their environment and can be pale cream through to greenish-brown, with paler underparts. They can also show irregular markings on the flanks such as dark spotting or horizontal stripes. In the breeding season the males are brighter as their dorsal, anal and caudal fins develop a red colour and have black margins and the pelvic fins and the area around the anus become black.[4] These fish attain a maximum total length of 8 centimetres (3.1 in) but are more commonly recorded at standard lengths of around 6 centimetres (2.4 in).[2]
Distribution
[edit]Southern pygmy perch are endemic to temperate rivers systems in southeastern Australia, especially the Murray-Murrumbidgee river system from Brinagagee near Darlington Point in New South Wales, in Victoria, west to Ewens Ponds in South Australia. They also occur on Flinders Island and on King Island in the Bass Strait and in the northward draining rivers in Tasmania.[3]
Habitat and biology
[edit]Southern pygmy perch are found in a wide variety of freshwater habitats so long as they have aquatic vegetation. They can be found in both still or slow flowing waters and they have been recorded in low current streams, lakes, billabongs, ditches, impoundments, swamps and ephemeral wetlands. In all of these habitat they prefer the vegetated marginal areas.[3]
It is a mainly carnivorous species with its diet mostly consisting of small invertebrates such as mosquito larvae and other aquatic insects, as well as Daphnia and other crustaceans. As they mature they prey on larger insects including mayflies but their small mouth means that they do not consume many other fishes.[4]
Southern pygmy perch attain sexual maturity during the first year after hatching, mature males are mature at about 30 millimetres (1.2 in) and females at around 33 millimetres (1.3 in). The breeding season runs from the late winter into the early spring once the water temperatures rise above 16 °C (61 °F). Breeding males are territorial and defend a small area of water from other males. The female lays small clutches of eggs in the aquatic vegetation or onto the riverbed within the male's territory. These hatch into larvae of 3-4mm in length 2-4 days after fertilisation.[3]
Conservation
[edit]Status
[edit]The Southern pygmy perch was formerly widespread in New South Wales, but has now largely been extirpated from the state. As of 2007[update] there were only three known locations where it was still found: in the Lachlan River catchment, north of Yass; as near Holbrook, and Albury[5] (Tumbarumba?). In 2021 a fourth population was found in the Ooolong Creek in the town of Dalton, by two teenagers.[6][7][8]
As of 2007 the fish was still common in coastal Victoria, but rare in the Murray River catchment of that state, and rare and threatened in South Australia.[5] In Tasmania it remains relatively common.[9]
The reasons for the decline and continuing threats to this species includes invasive alien fish species such as eastern mosquitofish, brown trout,[5] European carp, redfin,[6] and European perch, as well as cold water pollution, and habitat fragmentation and destruction.[5]
The IUCN assessed the conservation status of this species as Near Threatened in 2019.[1]
Measures
[edit]The Department of Primary Industries in New South Wales has undertaken a captive breeding programme for this species.[3]
In August 2023, a group of volunteers working with OzFish Unlimited and the local council undertook the translocation of 200 fish to Oolong Creek, to boost the population there.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]The Southern pygmy perch was first formally described in 1861 by Albert Günther with the type locality given as the Murray River.[10] Molecular studies have shown that there are two cryptic species within Nannoperca australis one from the eastern coastal streams and the other from the Murray–Darling basin and the western coastal streams.[3]
Aquarium
[edit]The Southern pygmy perch is in the aquarium trade within Australia, where it is kept in cold water aquaria and in ponds.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Pearce, L.; Bice, C.; Whiterod, N.; Raadik, T. (2019). "Nannoperca australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T123358579A123382811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T123358579A123382811.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Nannoperca australis". FishBase. December 2019 version.
- ^ a b c d e f Bray, D.J. & Thompson, V.J. (2019). "Nannoperca australis". Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Southern Pygmy Perch". Betta Trading. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d Lintermans, M. (2017). Southern pygmy perch (Swamp perch) (PDF). Native Fishes; MDBC Publication No. 10/07. Murray-Darling Basin Commission. ISBN 1 921257 20 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
This fish fact sheet is an extract derived from the report: Lintermans, M. 2007, "Fishes of the Murray-Darling Basin: An introductory guide".
- ^ a b c Fookes, Tim (11 September 2023). "Southern pygmy perch released into Oolong Creek at Dalton years after chance discovery". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Oolong Creek, Dalton". NSW Landcare. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Oolong Creek, Dalton". NSW Landcare Gateway. 3 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
- ^ Paul Humphries (1995). "Life history, food and habitat of Southern Pygmy Perch, Nannoperca australis, in the Macquarie River, Tasmania". Marine and Freshwater Research. 46 (8): 1159–1169. doi:10.1071/MF9951159.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Nannoperca australis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 May 2020.