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{{Short description|Russian biological research satellite}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Bion 11
| name = Bion 11
| image =
| names_list =
| image_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px


| mission_type = Bioscience
| mission_type = [[List of life sciences|Bioscience]]
| operator = [[Institute of Biomedical Problems]]
| operator = [[Institute of Biomedical Problems]]
| COSPAR_ID = 1996-073A
| COSPAR_ID = 1996-073A
| SATCAT = 24701
| SATCAT = 24701
| mission_duration = 14 days
| website =
| mission_duration = 14 days (achieved)


| spacecraft_bus = [[Spacebus|Zenit]]
| spacecraft = Bion 11
| spacecraft_type = [[Bion (satellite)|Bion]]
| spacecraft_type = [[Bion (satellite)|Bion]]
| manufacturer = [[TsSKB Progress]]
| spacecraft_bus = [[Zenit (satellite)|Zenit]]
| manufacturer = [[Progress Rocket Space Centre|TsSKB Progress]]
⚫
| dry_mass =
| launch_mass = {{convert|5400|kg|lb}}<ref>Mark Wade. [http://www.astronautix.com/craft/bion.htm Bion] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/67kTJy6hV?url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/bion.htm |date=18 May 2012 }} ''Encyclopedia Astronautica''. Retrieved 2016-06-17.</ref>
| launch_mass = {{cvt|5400|kg}}<ref>Mark Wade [http://www.astronautix.com/craft/bion.htm Bion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602211811/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/bion.htm |date=2 June 2012}} ''Encyclopedia Astronautica'' Retrieved 2016-06-17</ref>
| power =
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
⚫
| power =


| launch_date = {{start-date|24 December 1996, 13:50:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_date = 24 December 1996,<br/>13:50:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-U|Soyuz 11A511U]]
| launch_rocket = [[Soyuz-U|Soyuz 11A511U]] (s/n V15000-050)
| launch_site = [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]] [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|43/4]]
| launch_site = [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome|Plesetsk]], [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43|Site 43/4]]
| launch_contractor =
| launch_contractor = [[Progress Rocket Space Centre|TsSKB Progress]]


| recovery_by = [[Russian Space Forces]]
| landing_date = {{end-date|7 January 1997, 05:02|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site = [[Kazakhstan]]
| landing_date = 7 January 1997, 05:02 UTC
| landing_site = [[Kustani]], [[Kazakhstan]]


| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1996-073A|title=Trajectory: Bion 11 1996-073A |publisher=NASA|date=13 April 2021|access-date=24 April 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
⚫
| orbit_periapsis = {{cvt|225.4|km}}
⚫
| orbit_semimajor =
⚫
| orbit_apoapsis = {{cvt|401.1|km}}
| orbit_eccentricity = 0.0115737<ref>Chris Peat. [http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=24701 BION 11]. Heavens Above. Retrieved 2016-06-18.</ref>
⚫
| orbit_inclination = 62.80°
⚫
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|217|km|mi}}
| orbit_period = 90.50 minutes
⚫
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|372|km|mi}}
⚫
| orbit_rev_number = 214
⚫
| orbit_inclination = 62.8º
| orbit_period = 90.5 minutes
| apsis = gee

| orbit_RAAN = 198.8518 degrees
| programme = [[Bion (satellite)|Bion/Bion-M programme]]
| orbit_arg_periapsis = 109.1102 degrees
| previous_mission = [[Kosmos 2229|Bion 10]]
| orbit_mean_anomaly = 252.3079 degrees
| orbit_mean_motion = 15.92753966
| next_mission = [[Bion-M No.1]]
| orbit_repeat = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch = 7 January 1997, 00:06:55 UTC<!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
⚫
| orbit_rev_number = 214
| apsis = gee
}}
}}


'''Bion 11''' was a Russian biological research satellite that was part of the [[Bion (space flights)|Bion programme]]. Scientists from France, Russia and United States conducted the experiments. Bion 11 was launched from the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]] aboard a [[Soyuz-U]] [[launch vehicle]]. It carried two monkeys named Lalik and Multik. The spacecraft type was based on the [[Zenit (satellite)|Zenit]] [[reconnaissance satellite]] and launches of Bion satellites began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90&nbsp;kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.<ref name="Display">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-073A|title=Display: Bion 11 1996-073A|publisher=NASA|date=13 April 2021|access-date=24 April 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
'''Bion 11''' was a [[Russia]]n space mission that was part of the [[Bion (space flights)|Bion series]] of [[space flight]]s. Scientists from [[France]], [[Russia]] and [[United States]] conducted the experiments.


== Mission ==
== Mission ==
It carried [[Iberian Ribbed Newt|newts]], [[snail]]s, [[Drosophila]] flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (''[[Macaca mulatta]]''), '''Lapik''' and '''Multik'''. Both monkeys were safe at landing but Multik died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] during medical tests under general anaesthetic on 8 January 1997.
It carried [[Iberian Ribbed Newt|newts]], [[snail]]s, [[Drosophila]] flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (''[[Macaca mulatta]]''), '''Lapik''' and '''Multik'''. Both monkeys were safe at landing but Multik died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] during medical tests under general anaesthetic on 8 January 1997.


The '''Magee-8''' scientific equipment was designed to study the basic features of electrostatic modular protection system. Other equipment was used to maintain the temperature and humidity within the specified range, the atmospheric regeneration, physiological parameters of the monkeys were recorded and transferred them to the ground in [[Televison|TV]] picture.
The '''Magee-8''' scientific equipment was designed to study the basic features of electrostatic modular protection system. Other equipment was used to maintain the temperature and humidity within the specified range, the atmospheric regeneration, physiological parameters of the monkeys were recorded and transferred them to the ground in [[television|TV]] picture.


== Bion 12 ==
A similar mission "Bion-12" was scheduled for December 1998 but did not take place due to cessation of participation of the [[United States]].
A similar mission "Bion-12" was scheduled for December 1998 but did not take place due to cessation of participation of the United States.

==Details==
* Launch date: 24 December 1996.
* Launch Site: [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]], [[Russia]].
* Launch Vehicle: [[Soyuz 11A511U]].
* Perigee: {{convert|225|km|mi}}.
* Apogee: {{convert|401|km|mi}}
* Inclination: 62.8 deg.
* Duration: 14.00 days.
* Propulsion: 11D82M

{{Clear}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 73: Line 63:
* [[Animals in space]]
* [[Animals in space]]


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== References ==
{{Clear}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929234419/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/Chapter5_Post_1995_Payloads/Biosatellite_Post95/Bion_Biosat_Exp_Profiles.html Bion Experiment Profile, Payload profile: Bion 11]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929234419/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/Chapter5_Post_1995_Payloads/Biosatellite_Post95/Bion_Biosat_Exp_Profiles.html Bion Experiment Profile, Payload profile: Bion 11]

⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}


{{Bion satellites}}
{{Bion satellites}}
{{Orbital launches in 1996}}
{{Orbital launches in 1996}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bion 11}}
[[Category:Bion satellites]]
[[Category:Bion satellites]]
[[Category:Kosmos satellites]]
[[Category:Kosmos satellites]]

Latest revision as of 12:27, 29 November 2024

Bion 11
Mission typeBioscience
OperatorInstitute of Biomedical Problems
COSPAR ID1996-073A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.24701
Mission duration14 days (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftBion 11
Spacecraft typeBion
BusZenit
ManufacturerTsSKB Progress
Launch mass5,400 kg (11,900 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date24 December 1996,
13:50:00 UTC
RocketSoyuz 11A511U (s/n V15000-050)
Launch sitePlesetsk, Site 43/4
ContractorTsSKB Progress
End of mission
Recovered byRussian Space Forces
Landing date7 January 1997, 05:02 UTC
Landing siteKustani, Kazakhstan
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[2]
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude225.4 km (140.1 mi)
Apogee altitude401.1 km (249.2 mi)
Inclination62.80°
Period90.50 minutes
Revolution no.214

Bion 11 was a Russian biological research satellite that was part of the Bion programme. Scientists from France, Russia and United States conducted the experiments. Bion 11 was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome aboard a Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It carried two monkeys named Lalik and Multik. The spacecraft type was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches of Bion satellites began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.[3]

Mission

[edit]

It carried newts, snails, Drosophila flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Lapik and Multik. Both monkeys were safe at landing but Multik died of a heart attack during medical tests under general anaesthetic on 8 January 1997.

The Magee-8 scientific equipment was designed to study the basic features of electrostatic modular protection system. Other equipment was used to maintain the temperature and humidity within the specified range, the atmospheric regeneration, physiological parameters of the monkeys were recorded and transferred them to the ground in TV picture.

Bion 12

[edit]

A similar mission "Bion-12" was scheduled for December 1998 but did not take place due to cessation of participation of the United States.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mark Wade Bion Archived 2 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia Astronautica Retrieved 2016-06-17
  2. ^ "Trajectory: Bion 11 1996-073A". NASA. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ "Display: Bion 11 1996-073A". NASA. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
[edit]


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