1818: Difference between revisions

1818 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1818; MDCCCXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2571
Armenian calendar	1267; ԹՎ ՌՄԿԷ
Assyrian calendar	6568
Balinese saka calendar	1739–1740
Bengali calendar	1224–1225
Berber calendar	2768
British Regnal year	58 Geo. 3 – 59 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar	2362
Burmese calendar	1180
Byzantine calendar	7326–7327
Chinese calendar	丁丑年 (Fire Ox); 4515 or 4308; — to —; 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger); 4516 or 4309
Coptic calendar	1534–1535
Discordian calendar	2984
Ethiopian calendar	1810–1811
Hebrew calendar	5578–5579
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1874–1875
- Shaka Samvat	1739–1740
- Kali Yuga	4918–4919
Holocene calendar	11818
Igbo calendar	818–819
Iranian calendar	1196–1197
Islamic calendar	1233–1234
Japanese calendar	Bunka 15 / Bunsei 1; (文政元年)
Javanese calendar	1745–1746
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4151
Minguo calendar	94 before ROC; 民前94年
Nanakshahi calendar	350
Thai solar calendar	2360–2361
Tibetan calendar	阴火牛年; (female Fire-Ox); 1944 or 1563 or 791; — to —; 阳土虎年; (male Earth-Tiger); 1945 or 1564 or 792

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century; 19th century ; 20th century;
Decades:	1790s; 1800s; 1810s ; 1820s; 1830s;
Years:	1815; 1816; 1817; 1818 ; 1819; 1820; 1821;

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January 3 (21:52 UTC): Venus occults Jupiter for the last planetary occultation until 2065.

1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1818th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 818th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1818, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

Original *Laufmaschine* of 1817 made to measure.

January–March

January 1
- Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire.
- English author Mary Shelley published the novel Frankenstein.
January 3 (21:52 UTC) – Venus occults Jupiter. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before November 22, 2065.
January 6 – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.
January 12 – The Dandy horse (Laufmaschine bicycle) is patented by Karl Drais in Mannheim.^[1]
February 3 – Jeremiah Chubb is granted a British patent for the Chubb detector lock.^[2]
February 4 – Sir Walter Scott finds the Honours of Scotland in Edinburgh Castle.
February 5 – Upon his death, King Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son Charles XIV/III John, starting the Royal House of Bernadotte.
February 11 – Marie André Cantillon attempts to assassinate the Duke of Wellington in Paris.
February 12 – Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain is proclaimed in Chile.
March 15 – First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.^{[citation needed]}
March 22 – Easter Sunday in Western Christianity falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until 2285.

April–June

April 1 – First Seminole War – Battle of Miccosukee, Florida: General Andrew Jackson defeats chief Kinhagee.
April 4 – The United States Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
April 5 – Chilean War of Independence – Battle of Maipú: Patriot rebels, led by José de San Martín, decisively defeat the Spanish Royalists.
April 7 – Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later South Street Seaport stands.
April 14–August 9 – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.
April 18 – John Ross sets sail on his ship, the Isabella, in search of the Northwest Passage.^[3]
May 11
- Charles XIV of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
- The Old Vic Theatre is founded (as the Royal Coburg Hall) in London.
- The Westmorland Gazette is first published at Kendal in the Lake District of England; in July, Thomas De Quincey will begin a 16-month term as editor.
June 3 – Baji Rao II, Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, surrenders to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company, bringing an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day India.^[4]
June 10 – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new elections are scheduled for August 4 for the House of Commons.^[5]
June 11 – Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen.^[6]
June 18 – At least 34 people are killed in Switzerland, when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of Lac de Mauvoisin, sending the waters of the lake and the Dranse River into the valley of Bagnes.^[7]
June – Battle of Kafir Qala: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.^{[citation needed]}

July–September

July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.^[8]
July 3 – English poet Lord Byron, resident in Italy, begins work on his satirical epic Don Juan. Although he completes the first canto by September 19, he will die in 1824 before he can finish the poem, after completing 16 cantos and working on the 17th.^[9]
July 11 – The Bank of the United States reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the Panic of 1819.^[10]
July 15 – U.S. President James Monroe convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion and conquest of Spanish Florida should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.^[11]
July 29 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the Diffraction of Light" to the French Academy of Sciences, precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of light.
July 31 – The first newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.^[12] Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register.^[13]
August 1 – A separate Topographical Bureau of the United States Department of War is established.
August 4 – 1818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.^[5]
September 7 – Carl III of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
September 23 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.
September – Sir Stamford Raffles sets out to visit Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).

October–December

October 5 – Claudine Thévenet (known as Mary of St. Ignatius) founds the Roman Catholic order Religieuses de Jésus-Marie ("Religious of Jesus And Mary") in Lyon, France.
October 20 – A treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.
November 11 – Anglo-Chinese College is founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca (later renamed Ying Wa College).
November 16 – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes Saint Louis University, is founded by Reverend Louis William Valentine Dubourg in the United States.
December 3 – Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
December 13 – Cyril VI of Constantinople quits his place as an Ecumenical Patriarch.
December 24 – The Christmas carol "Silent Night" (Stille Nacht), with words by the priest Josef Mohr, set to music by organist Franz Xaver Gruber, is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Austria.

Date unknown

Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo.
The first edition of the Farmers' Almanac is published in the United States.
The first Serbian dictionary is published by Vuk Karadžić.
Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester in the north of England, by this date.
The Barakzai brothers expel Mahmud Shah and the Sadozais out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.
Akure–Benin War, Benin invasion of Akure

Births

January–June

January 1 – J. P. C. Emmons, American attorney and politician (d. 1877)
January 30 – Artúr Görgey, Hungarian military general, politician (d. 1916)
February 4 – Emperor Norton, San Francisco eccentric and visionary (d. 1880)
February 13 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (d. 1877)
February 14 – Frederick Douglass (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. 1895)
February 18 – Pedro Figueredo, Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. 1870)
March 11 – Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville, French chemist (d. 1881)
March 22 – John Ainsworth Horrocks, English-born explorer of South Australia (d. 1846)
March 24 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (d. 1888)
March 28 – Wade Hampton III, Confederate soldier and South Carolinian politician (d. 1902)
April 4 – Thomas Mayne Reid, Irish-American novelist (d. 1883)
April 6 – Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, Norwegian journalist and poet (d. 1870)
April 8 –
- King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
- August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
April 17 – Emperor Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881)
April 19 – Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet, English writer, Liberal Party politician (d. 1883)
May 5 – Karl Marx, German political philosopher, co-author of The Communist Manifesto (d. 1883)
May 27 – Amelia Bloomer, American dress reformer, women's rights activist (d. 1894)
June 3 – Louis Faidherbe, French general and colonial administrator (d. 1889)
June 17
- Sophie of Württemberg, Dutch queen (d. 1877)
- Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)
June 18 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1878)

July–December

July 1 – Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. 1865)
July 18 – Louis Gerhard De Geer, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1896)
July 22 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (d. 1891)
July 27 – Agostino Roscelli, Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. 1902)
July 30
- Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)^[14]
- Jan Heemskerk, 2-time prime minister of the Netherlands (d. 1897)
August 11 – Méry von Bruiningk, Estonian democrat (d. 1853)
August 25 – Shiv Dayal Singh, Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. 1878)
September 1 – José María Castro Madriz, first President of Costa Rica, founder of the republic (d. 1892)
September 12 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor, gunsmith (d. 1903)
September 27 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884)
October 8 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905)
October 12 – Maximilian Cercha, Polish painter and drawer (d. 1907)
October 15 – Irvin McDowell, American general (d. 1885)
October 18 – Francis Dutton, Germany-born Premier of South Australia (d. 1877)
November 5 – Benjamin Franklin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (d. 1893)
November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) – Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
November 23 – József Szlávy, 6th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1900)
November 29 – George Brown, Canadian politician (d. 1880)
December 13 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
December 18 – Max Joseph von Pettenkofer, German chemist and hygienist (d. 1901)
December 24 – James Prescott Joule, English physicist (d. 1889)^[15]
December 27 – J. Lawrence Smith, American chemist (d. 1883)

Date unknown

Dimitrie Brătianu, 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1892)

Deaths

January–June

January 2 – Martha Christina Tiahahu, Moluccan freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. 1800)^[16]
January 11 – Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (b. 1743)
February 5 – Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1748)
February 13 – George Rogers Clark, American Revolutionary leader (b. 1752)
February 15 – Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746)
February 21 – David Humphreys, American diplomat (b. 1752)
March 24 – Humphry Repton, English garden designer (b. 1752)^[17]
April 16 – Nikolaus von Krufft, Austrian composer and civil servant (b. 1779)
May 2 – Herman Willem Daendels, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1762)
May 10 – Paul Revere, American patriot, silversmith (b. 1735)
May 13 – Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (b. 1736)
May 18 – Maddalena Laura Sirmen, Italian musician and composer (b. 1745)^[18]
May 26 – Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian military commander (b. 1761)
June 12 – Egwale Seyon, Emperor of Ethiopia
June 20 – Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of Sweden and Norway (b. 1759)^[19]
June 24 – Alexander Kurakin, Russian diplomat (b. 1752)

July–December

July 28 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (b. 1746)
August 4 – Tom Molineaux, African-American boxer (b. 1784)
August 5 – Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet of Great Britain (b. 1752)
August 11 – Robert Carr Brackenbury, English Methodist preacher (b. 1752)
August 12 – Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer (b. 1744)
August 22 – Warren Hastings, English Governor-General of India (b. 1732)
August 31 – Arthur St. Clair, American soldier, politician (b. 1737)
September 1 – Robert Calder, British naval officer (b. 1745)
September 9 – Seymour Fleming, British noblewoman (b. 1758)
October 28 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
October 28 – Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke, duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. 1765)
November 17 – Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744)
December 25 – Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, Marshal of France (b. 1754)

Date unknown

Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah, Saudi Arabian war heroine

References

^ "Patent for Drais' "Laufmaschine", the ancestor of all bicycle". Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
^ "A Brief History of Chubb 1818–1990s". Chubb Archive. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
^ Robert Huish, The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N. to the Arctic Regions (J. Saunders, 1835) p77
^ Duff, James Grant (1921), Stephen Meredyth Edwardes (ed.), A History of the Mahrattas, vol. 2, London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, p. 513, OCLC 61585379
^ ^a ^b John Styles, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning, Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273
^ John Burke, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii
^ Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44
^ The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature April 1826. p. 150.
^ Jump, John D. (2016). Byron. London: Routledge. p. 103.
^ "Congressional Register", Niles Weekly Register July 3, 1824. p. 251.
^ Pyle, Christopher H.; Pious, Richard M. (1984). The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics. Simon and Schuster. p. 294.
^ Robison, W. Scott (1887). History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress. Robison & Cockett. p. 28.
^ Rich, Bob (2013). A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years. Gray & Company. p. 43.
^ "Emily Bronte | Biography, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
^ Glazebrook, Richard Tetley (1892). "Joule, James Prescott" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Alaidrus, Syarivah (April 27, 2010). "Martha Christina Si Pemberani dari Timur" [Martha Christina, the Brave One from the East]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Jakarta. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Courtney, William Prideaux (1896). "Repton, Humphry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Blom, Eric ed.; Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954.
^ "Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta, drottning". SKBL. Retrieved January 28, 2024.

[1] "Patent for Drais' "Laufmaschine", the ancestor of all bicycle". Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. Retrieved June 26, 2021.

[2] "A Brief History of Chubb 1818–1990s". Chubb Archive. Retrieved December 16, 2018.

[3] Robert Huish, The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N. to the Arctic Regions (J. Saunders, 1835) p77

[4] Duff, James Grant (1921), Stephen Meredyth Edwardes (ed.), A History of the Mahrattas, vol. 2, London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, p. 513, OCLC 61585379

[Styles-5] John Styles, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning, Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273

[6] John Burke, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii

[7] Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44

[8] The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature April 1826. p. 150.

[9] Jump, John D. (2016). Byron. London: Routledge. p. 103.

[10] "Congressional Register", Niles Weekly Register July 3, 1824. p. 251.

[11] Pyle, Christopher H.; Pious, Richard M. (1984). The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics. Simon and Schuster. p. 294.

[12] Robison, W. Scott (1887). History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress. Robison & Cockett. p. 28.

[13] Rich, Bob (2013). A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years. Gray & Company. p. 43.

[14] "Emily Bronte | Biography, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 17, 2019.

[15] Glazebrook, Richard Tetley (1892). "Joule, James Prescott" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

[16] Alaidrus, Syarivah (April 27, 2010). "Martha Christina Si Pemberani dari Timur" [Martha Christina, the Brave One from the East]. Kompas (in Indonesian). Jakarta. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.

[17] Courtney, William Prideaux (1896). "Repton, Humphry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

[18] Blom, Eric ed.; Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954.

[19] "Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta, drottning". SKBL. Retrieved January 28, 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
-{{Year dab|1818|the film|1818 (film)|the area code that extends across the San Fernando Valley|Area codes 747 and 818}}
 {{Year nav|1818}}
+[[File:Surrender of the Peishwa Bajirao II.jpg|250px|thumb|[[June 3]]: The Peshwar [[Baji Rao II]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] surrenders [[India]] to [[John Malcolm]] of the [[British East India Company]].]]
 {{C19 year in topic}}
-[[File:VtransitsJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 3]] (21:52 UTC): [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]].]]
+[[File:VtransitsJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 3]] (21:52 UTC): [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]] for the last planetary occultation until [[2065]].]]
 {{Year article header|1818}}
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 [[Image:Draisine1817.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Original ''Laufmaschine'' of 1817 made to measure.]]
 === January–March ===
 * [[January 1]]
-** [[Battle of Koregaon]]: Troops of the [[British East India Company]] score a decisive victory over the [[Maratha Empire]].
+** [[Battle of Koregaon]]: Troops of the [[British East India Company]] score a decisive victory over the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]].
-** [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'' is published anonymously in London.
+** English author [[Mary Shelley]] published the novel [[Frankenstein]].
-* [[January 2]] - The British [[Institution of Civil Engineers]] is founded.
 * [[January 3]] (21:52 UTC) – [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]]. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before [[November 22]], [[2065]].
 * [[January 6]] – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], ending the dominance of [[Maratha]]s, and enhancing the power of the [[British East India Company]], which controls territory occupied by 180&nbsp;million [[Demographics of India|Indians]].
+* [[January 12]] – The [[Dandy horse]] (''Laufmaschine'' bicycle) is patented by [[Karl Drais]] in [[Mannheim]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent for Drais' "Laufmaschine", the ancestor of all bicycle|url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/news/milestones/200jahrepatentfuerdasur-fahrrad/index.html|website=Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt|accessdate=2021-06-26}}</ref>
-* [[January 11]] – [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s ''[[Ozymandias]]'' is published pseudonymously in London.
+* [[February 3]] – Jeremiah Chubb is granted a British patent for the [[Chubb detector lock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chubbarchive.co.uk/page5.html|work=Chubb Archive|title=A Brief History of Chubb 1818–1990s|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
-* [[January 12]] - The [[Dandy horse]] (Laufmaschine bicycle) was invented by [[Karl Drais]] in [[Mannheim]].<ref>{{cite web |title=DPMA {{!}} The ancestor of all bicycle |url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/news/milestones/200jahrepatentfuerdasur-fahrrad/index.html |website=Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt |language=de}}</ref>
+* [[February 4]] – [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott]] finds the [[Honours of Scotland]] in [[Edinburgh Castle]].
-* [[February 3]] – Jeremiah Chubb was granted a patent for his Detector Lock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chubbarchive.co.uk/page5.html|work=Chubb Archive|title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHUBB 1818 - 1990s|accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref>
 * [[February 5]] – Upon his death, King [[Charles XIII of Sweden]] (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles XIV/III John]], starting the Royal [[House of Bernadotte]].
-* [[February 12]] – [[Chile]] [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|proclaims its independence]] from Spain.
+* [[February 11]] – [[Marie André Cantillon]] attempts to assassinate the [[Duke of Wellington]] in Paris.
+* [[February 12]] – [[Chilean Declaration of Independence]] from Spain is proclaimed in [[Chile]].
-* [[March 15]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] and his American army invade [[Florida]].
+* [[March 15]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] and his American army invade [[Florida]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}
 * [[March 22]] – [[Easter Sunday]] in [[Western Christianity]] falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until [[2285]].
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 ** ''[[The Old Vic]] Theatre'' is founded (as the ''Royal Coburg Hall'') in London.
 ** ''[[The Westmorland Gazette]]'' is first published at [[Kendal]] in the [[Lake District]] of England; in July, [[Thomas De Quincey]] will begin a 16-month term as editor.
+* [[June 3]] – [[Baji Rao II]], [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], surrenders to Sir [[John Malcolm]] of the [[British East India Company]], bringing an end to the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day [[India]].<ref>{{Citation|title=A History of the Mahrattas|first=James Grant|last=Duff|volume=2|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|location=London|oclc=61585379|year=1921|editor=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&q=A+history+of+the+Mahrattas,+Volume+2&pg=PA1|page=513}}</ref>
 * [[June 10]] – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new [[1818 United Kingdom general election|elections are scheduled for August 4]] for the House of Commons.<ref name=Styles>John Styles, ''Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning'', Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273</ref>
 * [[June 11]] – [[William IV of the United Kingdom|Prince William]], [[Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]], third oldest son of King George III and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]].<ref>John Burke, ''A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire'' (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii</ref>
 * [[June 18]] – At least 34 people are killed in [[Switzerland]], when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of [[Lac de Mauvoisin]], sending the waters of the lake and the [[Dranse (Haute-Savoie)|Dranse River]] into the valley of [[Bagnes]].<ref>Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., ''Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon'' (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44</ref>
+* June – [[Battle of Kafir Qala]]: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
 === July–September ===
 * [[July 1]] – After a war that began on [[November 5]], [[1817]], the forces of the [[East India Company]] defeat [[Baji Rao II]] in battle and acquire control over the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>''The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature'' April 1826. p. 150.</ref>
-* [[July 3]] – [[Lord Byron]] begins work on his epic poem, [[Don Juan (Byron)|''Don Juan'']]. He dies in [[1824]] before he can finish the poem, after finishing 16 [[canto]]s and working on the 17th.<ref>{{cite book|first=John D.|last=Jump|title=Byron|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|page=103}}</ref>
+* [[July 3]] – English poet [[Lord Byron]], resident in Italy, begins work on his satirical epic ''[[Don Juan (Byron)|Don Juan]]''. Although he completes the first [[canto]] by September 19, he will die in [[1824]] before he can finish the poem, after completing 16 [[canto]]s and working on the 17th.<ref>{{cite book|first=John D.|last=Jump|title=Byron|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|page=103}}</ref>
 * [[July 11]] – The [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the [[Panic of 1819]].<ref>"Congressional Register", ''Niles Weekly Register'' July 3, 1824. p. 251.</ref>
 * [[July 15]] – U.S. President [[James Monroe]] convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General [[Andrew Jackson]]'s unauthorized invasion and conquest of [[Spanish Florida]] should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State [[John Quincy Adams]] persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Christopher H.|last1=Pyle|first2=Richard M.|last2=Pious|title=The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1984|page=294}}</ref>
 * [[July 29]] – French physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the [[Diffraction]] of Light" to the [[French Academy of Sciences]], precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of [[light]].
 * [[July 31]] – The first newspaper in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.<ref>{{cite book|first=W. Scott|last=Robison|title=History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00robi_0|publisher=Robison & Cockett|year=1887|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00robi_0/page/n39 28]}}</ref> Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper ''The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bob|last=Rich|title=A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years|publisher=Gray & Company|year=2013|page=43}}</ref>
-* [[August 1]] – A separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War]] established.
+* [[August 1]] – A separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War]] is established.
-* [[August 4]] – [[1818 United Kingdom general election]] for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister [[Robert Jenkinson]], retains its control of the government but loses some seats.<ref name=Styles/>
+* [[August 4]] – [[1818 United Kingdom general election]] for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Robert Jenkinson]], retains its control of the government but loses some seats.<ref name=Styles/>
+* [[September 7]] – [[Charles III John of Norway|Carl III]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Norway]], in [[Trondheim]].
-* [[September]] – Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] sets out to visit [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], [[Governor-General of India]], to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (modern-day [[Singapore]]).
-* [[September 7]] – [[Carl III]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Norway]], in [[Trondheim]].
 * [[September 23]] – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of [[Moresnet]].
+* [[September]] – Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] sets out to visit [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], [[Governor-General of India]], to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (modern-day [[Singapore]]).
 === October–December ===
@@ Line 56: / Line 58: @@
 * [[October 20]] – A [[Treaty of 1818|treaty]] between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and [[British North America]] as the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]], from the [[Lake of the Woods]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], also creating the [[Northwest Angle]].
 * [[November 11]] – [[Ying Wa College|Anglo-Chinese College]] is founded by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] in [[Malacca]] (later renamed Ying Wa College).
-* [[November 16]] – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes [[Saint Louis University]], is founded by Reverend [[Louis William Valentine Dubourg]].
+* [[November 16]] – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes [[Saint Louis University]], is founded by Reverend [[Louis William Valentine Dubourg]] in the United States.
 * [[December 3]] – [[Illinois]] is admitted as the 21st [[U.S. state]].
 * [[December 13]] – [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] quits his place as an [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]].
@@ Line 62: / Line 64: @@
 === Date unknown ===
+* [[Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo (1818)|Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo]].
-* [[Battle of Kafir Qala]]: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.
-* [[Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo (1818)|Catholic–Orthodox clash]] in [[Aleppo]]
 * The first edition of the ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' is published in the United States.
 * The first Serbian dictionary is published by [[Vuk Karadžić]].
-* ''[[Besses o' th' Barn Band|Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band]]'' is formed in [[Whitefield, Greater Manchester|Whitefield]], near [[Manchester]], by this date.
+* [[Besses o' th' Barn Band|Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band]] is formed in [[Whitefield, Greater Manchester|Whitefield]], near [[Manchester]] in the north of England, by this date.
+*The [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai brothers]] expel [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]] and the [[Durrani dynasty|Sadozais]] out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.
+*[[Akure–Benin War]], [[Benin Kingdom|Benin]] invasion of [[Akure Kingdom|Akure]]
 == Births ==
 === January–June ===
 [[File:Karl Marx_001.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl Marx]]]]
 [[File:Alexander II of Russia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexander II of Russia]]]]
 [[File:Koningin Sophie Württemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Sophie of Württemberg]]]]
+* [[January 1]] – [[J. P. C. Emmons]], American attorney and politician (d. [[1877]])
 * [[January 30]] – [[Artúr Görgey]], Hungarian military general, politician (d. [[1916]])
 * [[February 4]] – [[Emperor Norton]], San Francisco eccentric and visionary (d. [[1880]])
 * [[February 13]] – [[Angelica Singleton Van Buren]], Acting [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1877]])
 * [[February 14]] – [[Frederick Douglass]] (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. [[1895]])
-* [[February 18]] – [[Pedro Figueredo]], Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. [[1870]])
+* [[February 18]] – [[Perucho Figueredo|Pedro Figueredo]], Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. [[1870]])
 * [[March 11]] – [[Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville]], French chemist (d. [[1881]])
-* [[March 15]] – [[Mariano Álvarez]], Filipino general (d. [[1924]])
 * [[March 22]] – [[John Ainsworth Horrocks]], English-born explorer of [[South Australia]] (d. [[1846]])
 * [[March 24]] – [[William E. Le Roy]], American admiral (d. [[1888]])
@@ Line 99: / Line 102: @@
 === July–December ===
+[[File:Emily Brontë by Patrick Branwell Brontë restored.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Emily Brontë]]]]
 [[File:Hermann Kolbe2.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]]]]
 [[File:Joule James sitting.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[James Prescott Joule]]]]
 * [[July 1]] – [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. [[1865]])
+* [[July 18]] – [[Louis Gerhard De Geer]], 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1896]])
-* [[July 18]]
-** [[Celadon Leeds Daboll]], American merchant, inventor (d. [[1866]])
-** [[Louis Gerhard De Geer]], 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1896]])
 * [[July 22]] – [[J. Gregory Smith]], Vermont governor (d. [[1891]])
 * [[July 27]] – [[Agostino Roscelli]], Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. [[1902]])
 * [[July 30]]
-** [[Emily Brontë]], British novelist (d. [[1848]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Emily Bronte {{!}} Biography, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Bronte |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=17 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
+** [[Emily Brontë]], British novelist (d. [[1848]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Emily Bronte {{!}} Biography, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Bronte |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
-** [[Jan Heemskerk]], 2-time Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. [[1897]])
+** [[Jan Heemskerk]], 2-time prime minister of the Netherlands (d. [[1897]])
 * [[August 11]] – [[Méry von Bruiningk]], Estonian democrat (d. [[1853]])
-* [[August 24]] – [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. [[1878]])
+* [[August 25]] – [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. [[1878]])
 * [[September 1]] – [[José María Castro Madriz]], first [[President of Costa Rica]], founder of the republic (d. [[1892]])
 * [[September 12]] – [[Richard Jordan Gatling]], American inventor, gunsmith (d. [[1903]])
@@ Line 118: / Line 120: @@
 * [[October 12]] – [[Maximilian Cercha]], Polish painter and drawer (d. [[1907]])
 * [[October 15]] – [[Irvin McDowell]], American general (d. [[1885]])
-* [[October 18]] – [[Edward Ord]], U.S. Army officer (d. [[1883]])
+* [[October 18]] – [[Francis Dutton]], Germany-born [[Premier of South Australia]] (d. [[1877]])
 * [[November 5]] – [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]], American lawyer, politician, and general (d. [[1893]])
 * [[November 9]] ([[October 28]] (O.S.)) – [[Ivan Turgenev]], Russian writer (d. [[1883]])
@@ Line 125: / Line 127: @@
 * [[December 13]] – [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1882]])
 * [[December 18]] – [[Max Joseph von Pettenkofer]], German chemist and hygienist (d. [[1901]])
-* [[December 24]] – [[James Prescott Joule]], English physicist (d. [[1889]])
+* [[December 24]] – [[James Prescott Joule]], English physicist (d. [[1889]])<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Joule, James Prescott|first=Richard Tetley |last=Glazebrook|volume=30}}</ref>
-* [[December 27]] – [[J. Lawrence Smith]], American chemist (d. [[1883]])
+* [[December 27]] – [[J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)|J. Lawrence Smith]], American chemist (d. [[1883]])
-===Date Unknown===
+===Date unknown===
 * [[Dimitrie Brătianu]], 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1892]])
-* [[Francis Dutton]], Germany-born [[Premier of South Australia]] (d. [[1877]])
 == Deaths ==
 === January–June ===
 [[File:Charles XIII of Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Charles XIII of Sweden]]]]
+[[File:Charlotte of Sweden & Norway c 1809.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp]]]]
-* [[January 2]] – [[Martha Christina Tiahahu]], [[Moluccas|Moluccan]] freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. [[1800]])
+* [[January 2]] – [[Martha Christina Tiahahu]], [[Moluccas|Moluccan]] freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. [[1800]])<ref>{{cite web
+ |url=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/08/18/06024133/Martha.Christina.Si.Pemberani.dari.Timur  |title=Martha Christina Si Pemberani dari Timur  |trans-title=Martha Christina, the Brave One from the East |language=id |last=Alaidrus  |first=Syarivah  |location=Jakarta  |work=Kompas  |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422044804/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/08/18/06024133/Martha.Christina.Si.Pemberani.dari.Timur}}</ref>
 * [[January 11]] – [[Johann David Wyss]], Swiss author (b. [[1743]])
 * [[February 5]] – [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII/Charles II]], King of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1748]])
@@ Line 141: / Line 144: @@
 * [[February 15]] – [[Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]], Prussian general (b. [[1746]])
 * [[February 21]] – [[David Humphreys (soldier)|David Humphreys]], American diplomat (b. [[1752]])
-* [[March 24]] – [[Humphry Repton]], English garden designer (b. [[1752]])
+* [[March 24]] – [[Humphry Repton]], English garden designer (b. [[1752]])<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle =Repton, Humphry|first =William Prideaux |last = Courtney |author-link =William Prideaux Courtney|volume=48}}</ref>
 * [[April 16]] – [[Nikolaus von Krufft]], Austrian composer and civil servant (b. [[1779]])
 * [[May 2]] – [[Herman Willem Daendels]], [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1762]])
 * [[May 10]] – [[Paul Revere]], American patriot, silversmith (b. [[1735]])
 * [[May 13]] – [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1736]])
+* [[May 18]] – [[Maddalena Laura Sirmen]], Italian musician and composer (b. [[1745]])<ref>[[Eric Blom|Blom, Eric]] ed.; ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', 5th edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954.</ref>
 * [[May 26]] – [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]], Russian military commander (b. [[1761]])
 * [[June 12]] – [[Egwale Seyon]], Emperor of Ethiopia
+* [[June 20]] – [[Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp]], queen consort of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1759]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/HedvigElisabetCharlottadrottning|title=Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta, drottning|website=SKBL|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>
 * [[June 24]] – [[Alexander Kurakin]], Russian diplomat (b. [[1752]])
 === July–December ===
+[[File:Abigail_Adams_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Abigail Adams]]]]
 [[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]]]
+* [[July 28]] – [[Gaspard Monge]], French mathematician and geometer (b. [[1746]])
 * [[August 4]] – [[Tom Molineaux]], African-American boxer (b. [[1784]])
 * [[August 5]] – [[Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet]] of Great Britain (b. [[1752]])
@@ Line 157: / Line 164: @@
 * [[August 12]] – [[Nikolay Novikov]], Russian writer (b. [[1744]])
 * [[August 22]] – [[Warren Hastings]], English [[Governor-General of India]] (b. [[1732]])
-* [[August 24]]
-** [[James Carr (Massachusetts politician)]], U.S. Congressman (b. [[1777]])
-** [[George Thicknesse, 19th Baron Audley]] (b. [[1758]])
 * [[August 31]] – [[Arthur St. Clair]], American soldier, politician (b. [[1737]])
 * [[September 1]] – [[Robert Calder]], British naval officer (b. [[1745]])
 * [[September 9]] – [[Seymour Fleming]], British noblewoman (b. [[1758]])
-* [[October 5]] – [[Nancy Hanks]], mother of [[Abraham Lincoln]] (b. [[1784]])
 * [[October 28]] – [[Abigail Adams]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1744]])
 * [[October 28]] – [[Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke]], duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. [[1765]])
 * [[November 17]] – [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], queen of [[George III of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1744]])
 * [[December 25]] – [[Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon]], [[Marshal of France]] (b. [[1754]])
-* Date unknown – [[Ghaliyya al-Wahhabiyya]], Saudi Arabian war heroine
+=== Date unknown ===
+* [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]], Saudi Arabian war heroine
 == References ==