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A calendar house is a house that symbolically contains architectural elements in quantities that represent the respective numbers of days in a year, weeks in a year, months in a year and days in a week.^[1] For example, Avon Tyrrell House in Hampshire was built with 365 windows, 52 rooms, 12 chimneys, 7 external doors, and 4 wings (representing the seasons).^[2] This style was developed during the Elizabethan era^[1] and was also prevalent during the Victorian period.^[3]

Examples

Examples of the calendar house are very rare and are most often found in European buildings of the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Notable examples in Great Britain include Cairness House in Aberdeenshire and Holme Eden Hall^[4] in Cumbria. Knole House in Kent has often been said to be a calendar house^[5] although as this is a medieval house that grew organically over centuries there has never been any evidence to suggest that it is a calendar house. United Kingdom's National Trust stated that Knole is a large and rambling estate and that it is impossible to determine the exact number of rooms and other architectural features.^[6]

Bedstone Court, now the home of Bedstone College, is a flamboyant black-and-white mansion, built between 1882 and 1884, designed by Thomas Harris for Henry Ripley, MP and is a calendar house reputed to have 365 windows, 52 rooms (on the first two floors) 12 chimneys and seven external doors. The central hall has a magnificent 52 panelled stained-glass window depicting the months of the year, signs of the zodiac, birds associated with the month and the agricultural activity of the month. The building was heavily damaged by a fire in 1996 but was fully restored.

Adare Manor in County Limerick, Ireland is an example of a calendar house, having 365 stained-glass windows and 52 chimneys.^[7] It was designed by the architects James Pain and Philip Hardwick. Much of the interior was designed by E.W. Pugin. There is also Balfour Castle in Scotland, which was constructed in the mid-19th century. It has seven turrets, twelve exterior doors, 52 rooms, and 365 window panes.^[3]

Abbey Cwmhir Hall in mid Wales is a notable example of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture, with 52 rooms and 365 windows. Built in 1834 by Thomas Wilson, in the 21st century it is owned by Paul and Victoria Humpherston. It has notable collections and embodies interesting interior design ideas. All 52 rooms are accessible on tours, and everything can be touched.

Europe

The architectural programme of Schloss Eggenberg in Graz, Austria is based on strict number symbolism.^[8] The calendar theme was extremely topical: Schloss Eggenberg was built during the period of the great calendar dispute, which had started at the beginning of the Gregorian calendar reform in 1582 and not yet come to an end. The architecture of the palace is an expression of the values of the time. There are 365 outside windows, which correspond to the days of the year. Each floor consists of 31 rooms, which correspond to the days of the longest months. The 24 hours of the day correspond to the circle of 24 state rooms, 12 on each side of the symmetrical axis, which separates the palace into two corresponding halves, 12 hours for the day and 12 hours for the night. The 24 rooms have a total of 52 windows for the weeks or the amount of Sundays in the year. Adding the 8 windows in the Planetary Room, gives the number 60 which stands for the number of seconds or minutes. There are even 52 doors in the Bel Étage. In the Planetary Room itself, there are the 7 days of the week and the 12 months of the year. And even the park wall has 12 doors opening towards the outside, seven of which face towards the city.^[9]

Grad Castle in the north-western Goričko region of Slovenia, with its 365 rooms, is a Central European example of a calendar house.

Other countries

The large country estate Mona Vale in Tasmania, Australia, built in the 1880s, had 365 windows, 52 rooms, 12 chimneys, and 7 entrances, and is known as the Calendar House.^[10]

Non-house examples

A possible Mesoamerican example is El Castillo, Chichen Itza, which is a Mesoamerican step pyramid with 91 steps on each of its four sides. Taking these steps, and adding the temple platform on top as the final "step", produces a total of 365 steps.^[11]

The Grand Hotel in Scarborough, England, was designed around a year motif with 4 towers representing the seasons, 12 floors representing the months, 52 chimneys representing the weeks, and 365 bedrooms representing the days.^[12] A more modern example is the Millennium Dome (now The O2) in London, where the dome is 365 m in diameter, 52 m high, and has 12 support towers (representing either the hours on a clock face, months of the year, or the signs of the zodiac).^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b Beckett, Matthew (2013-01-02). "The Calendar House: A history". Country Life. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
^ Long, David (2015-06-04). Bizarre England: Discover the Country's Secrets and Surprises. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-78243-377-4.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Tom; Jex, Chris (2007). The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland Sea Kayaking. Wales, UK: Pesda Press. p. 108. ISBN 9781906095000.
^ "Holme Eden Hall, Warwick Bridge, Cumbria, 1872". Artware Fine Art. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
^ Nicolson, Juliet (2016-06-14). A House Full of Daughters: A Memoir of Seven Generations. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 74. ISBN 9780374172459.
^ "A brief history of Knole". National Trust. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
^ The Adare Manor Story Archived 2011-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Adare Manor Promotional Booklet, p.2. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.
^ Schloss Eggenberg. By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006. ISBN 978-3-902510-80-8 (English Edition) or ISBN 978-3-902510-96-9 (German Edition) and Schloss Eggenberg. Architecture and Furnishings, by Barbara Kaiser, Paul Schuster, Graz 2016. ISBN 978-3-90209-581-7 (available through the Universalmuseum Joanneum)
^ Schloss Eggenberg, official Website
^ Stone, Walter (1980). Treasury of Australian Folklore. Rigby. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7270-1266-1.
^ "Chichen Itza -- World Heritage Site". National Geographic. 2010-11-15. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
^ "The Grand Scarborough Hotel History | Britannia Hotels". www.britanniahotels.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
^ "Millennium Dome". Buro Happold. Retrieved 2021-04-12.

External links

Article on British calendar houses - on The Country Seat blog

[:0-1] Beckett, Matthew (2013-01-02). "The Calendar House: A history". Country Life. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31. Retrieved 2019-11-29.

[2] Long, David (2015-06-04). Bizarre England: Discover the Country's Secrets and Surprises. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-78243-377-4.

[:1-3] Smith, Tom; Jex, Chris (2007). The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland Sea Kayaking. Wales, UK: Pesda Press. p. 108. ISBN 9781906095000.

[4] "Holme Eden Hall, Warwick Bridge, Cumbria, 1872". Artware Fine Art. Retrieved 12 October 2021.

[5] Nicolson, Juliet (2016-06-14). A House Full of Daughters: A Memoir of Seven Generations. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 74. ISBN 9780374172459.

[6] "A brief history of Knole". National Trust. Retrieved 2019-11-29.

[7] The Adare Manor Story Archived 2011-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Adare Manor Promotional Booklet, p.2. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.

[8] Schloss Eggenberg. By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006. ISBN 978-3-902510-80-8 (English Edition) or ISBN 978-3-902510-96-9 (German Edition) and Schloss Eggenberg. Architecture and Furnishings, by Barbara Kaiser, Paul Schuster, Graz 2016. ISBN 978-3-90209-581-7 (available through the Universalmuseum Joanneum)

[9] Schloss Eggenberg, official Website

[10] Stone, Walter (1980). Treasury of Australian Folklore. Rigby. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7270-1266-1.

[11] "Chichen Itza -- World Heritage Site". National Geographic. 2010-11-15. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-12.

[12] "The Grand Scarborough Hotel History | Britannia Hotels". www.britanniahotels.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2021-04-12.

[13] "Millennium Dome". Buro Happold. Retrieved 2021-04-12.

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+{{Short description|Type of manor house}}
 {{Distinguish|text=[[Callendar House]], a mansion in Falkirk, Scotland}}
-A '''calendar house''' is a house that symbolically contains architectural elements in quantities that represent the respective numbers of days in a year, weeks in a year, months in a year and days in a week.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/country-houses-for-sale-and-property-news/the-calendar-house-a-history-9428|title=The Calendar House: A history|last=Beckett|first=Matthew|date=2013-01-02|website=Country Life|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> For example, [[Avon Tyrrell|Avon Tyrrell House]] in [[Hampshire]]  was built with 365 windows, 52 rooms, 12 chimneys, 7 external doors, and 4 wings (representing the seasons).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9bJCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT90&dq=%22calendar+house%22+Avon+Tyrrell+House#v=onepage&q=%22calendar%20house%22%20Avon%20Tyrrell%20House&f=false|title=Bizarre England: Discover the Country's Secrets and Surprises|last=Long|first=David|date=2015-06-04|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|isbn=978-1-78243-377-4|language=en}}</ref> This style was developed during the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] era<ref name=":0" /> and was also prevalent during the [[Victorian era|Victorian period]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland Sea Kayaking|last1=Smith|first1=Tom|last2=Jex|first2=Chris|date=2007|publisher=Pesda Press|isbn=9781906095000|location=Wales, UK|pages=108}}</ref>
+A '''calendar house''' is a house that symbolically contains architectural elements in quantities that represent the respective numbers of days in a year, weeks in a year, months in a year and days in a week.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/country-houses-for-sale-and-property-news/the-calendar-house-a-history-9428|title=The Calendar House: A history|last=Beckett|first=Matthew|date=2013-01-02|website=Country Life|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131152758/http://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/country-houses-for-sale-and-property-news/the-calendar-house-a-history-9428 |archive-date=2016-01-31 |access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> For example, [[Avon Tyrrell|Avon Tyrrell House]] in [[Hampshire]]  was built with 365 windows, 52 rooms, 12 chimneys, 7 external doors, and 4 wings (representing the seasons).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9bJCQAAQBAJ&q=%22calendar+house%22+Avon+Tyrrell+House&pg=PT90|title=Bizarre England: Discover the Country's Secrets and Surprises|last=Long|first=David|date=2015-06-04|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|isbn=978-1-78243-377-4|language=en}}</ref> This style was developed during the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] era<ref name=":0" /> and was also prevalent during the [[Victorian era|Victorian period]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland Sea Kayaking|last1=Smith|first1=Tom|last2=Jex|first2=Chris|date=2007|publisher=Pesda Press|isbn=9781906095000|location=Wales, UK|pages=108}}</ref>
 == Examples ==
 Examples of the calendar house are very rare and are most often found in European buildings of the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
 === United Kingdom and Ireland ===
-Notable examples in Great Britain include [[Cairness House]] in [[Aberdeenshire]] and Holme Eden Hall in Cumbria. [[Knole House]] in [[Kent]] has often been said to be a calendar house<ref>{{Cite book|title=A House Full of Daughters: A Memoir of Seven Generations|last=Nicolson|first=Juliet|date=2016-06-14|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374172459|location=New York|pages=74}}</ref> although as this is a medieval house that grew organically over centuries there has never been any evidence to suggest that it is a calendar house. United Kingdom's [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] stated that Knole is a large and rambling estate and that it is impossible to determine the exact number of rooms and other architectural features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/knole/features/a-brief-history-of-knole|title=A brief history of Knole|website=National Trust|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>
+Notable examples in Great Britain include [[Cairness House]] in [[Aberdeenshire]] and Holme Eden Hall<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artwarefineart.com/gallery/holme-eden-hall-warwick-bridge-cumbria-1872|accessdate=12 October 2021|title=Holme Eden Hall, Warwick Bridge, Cumbria, 1872 | website=Artware Fine Art}}</ref> in Cumbria. [[Knole House]] in [[Kent]] has often been said to be a calendar house<ref>{{Cite book|title=A House Full of Daughters: A Memoir of Seven Generations|last=Nicolson|first=Juliet|date=2016-06-14|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=9780374172459|location=New York|pages=74}}</ref> although as this is a medieval house that grew organically over centuries there has never been any evidence to suggest that it is a calendar house. United Kingdom's [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] stated that Knole is a large and rambling estate and that it is impossible to determine the exact number of rooms and other architectural features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/knole/features/a-brief-history-of-knole|title=A brief history of Knole|website=National Trust|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>
 [[File:Adare Manor IMG 1017.jpg|thumb|[[Adare Manor]] in [[Adare]], [[County Limerick]], Ireland]]
 [[Bedstone Court]], now the home of Bedstone College, is a flamboyant black-and-white mansion, built between 1882 and 1884, designed by Thomas Harris for Henry Ripley, MP and is a calendar house reputed to have 365 windows, 52 rooms (on the first two floors) 12 chimneys and seven external doors. The central hall has a magnificent 52 panelled stained-glass window depicting the months of the year, signs of the zodiac, birds associated with the month and the agricultural activity of the month. The building was heavily damaged by a fire in 1996 but was fully restored.
-[[Adare Manor]] in [[County Limerick]], Ireland is an example of a calendar house, having 365 stained-glass windows and 52 chimneys.<ref>[http://www.adaremanor.com/upload/docs/adare-manor-story.pdf ''The Adare Manor Story''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409151513/http://www.adaremanor.com/upload/docs/adare-manor-story.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}, Adare Manor Promotional Booklet, p.2. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref> It was designed by the architects [[James Pain]] and [[Philip Hardwick]]. Much of the interior was designed by [[E.W. Pugin]]. There is also Balfour Castle in [[Scotland]], which was constructed in the mid-19th century. It has external doors, 52 rooms, and 365 window panes.<ref name=":1" />
+[[Adare Manor]] in [[County Limerick]], Ireland is an example of a calendar house, having 365 stained-glass windows and 52 chimneys.<ref>[http://www.adaremanor.com/upload/docs/adare-manor-story.pdf ''The Adare Manor Story''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409151513/http://www.adaremanor.com/upload/docs/adare-manor-story.pdf |date=2011-04-09 }}, Adare Manor Promotional Booklet, p.2. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.</ref> It was designed by the architects [[James Pain]] and [[Philip Hardwick]]. Much of the interior was designed by [[E.W. Pugin]]. There is also Balfour Castle in [[Scotland]], which was constructed in the mid-19th century. It has seven turrets, twelve exterior doors, 52 rooms, and 365 window panes.<ref name=":1" />
 [[Abbey Cwmhir Hall]] in mid Wales is a notable example of Victorian [[Gothic Revival architecture]], with 52 rooms and 365 windows. Built in 1834 by Thomas Wilson, in the 21st century it is owned by Paul and Victoria Humpherston. It has notable collections and embodies interesting interior design ideas. All 52 rooms are accessible on tours, and everything can be touched.
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 === Europe ===
 [[File:17-10-26-Graz-Schloß-Eggenberg RR79497.jpg|thumb|left|[[Eggenberg Palace, Graz]], Austria]]
-The architectural programme of [[Schloss Eggenberg]] in [[Graz]], [[Austria]] is based on strict number symbolism.<ref>Schloss Eggenberg. By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006. {{ISBN|978-3-902510-80-8}} (English Edition) or {{ISBN|978-3-902510-96-9}} (German Edition) and Schloss Eggenberg. Architecture and Furnishings, by Barbara Kaiser, Paul Schuster, Graz 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-90209-581-7}} (available through the [[Universalmuseum Joanneum]]) </ref> The calendar theme was extremely topical: Schloss Eggenberg was built during the period of the great calendar dispute, which had started at the beginning of the [[Gregorian calendar]] reform in 1582 and not yet come to an end. The architecture of the palace is an expression of the values of the time. There are 365 outside windows, which correspond to the days of the year. Each floor consists of 31 rooms, which correspond to the days of the longest months. The 24 hours of the day correspond to the circle of 24 [[state room]]s, 12 on each side of the symmetrical axis, which separates the palace into two corresponding halves, 12 hours for the day and 12 hours for the night. The 24 rooms have a total of 52 windows for the weeks or the amount of Sundays in the year. Adding the 8 windows in the Planetary Room, gives the number 60 which stands for the number of seconds or minutes. There are even 52 doors in the Bel Étage. In the Planetary Room itself, there are the 7 days of the week and the 12 months of the year. And even the park wall has 12 doors opening towards the outside, seven of which face towards the city.<ref>[https://www.museum-joanneum.at/en/palace-and-gardens-schloss-eggenberg/princely-residence/programme ''Schloss Eggenberg, official Website'']</ref>
+The architectural programme of [[Schloss Eggenberg]] in [[Graz]], [[Austria]] is based on strict number symbolism.<ref>Schloss Eggenberg. By Barbara Kaiser. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006. {{ISBN|978-3-902510-80-8}} (English Edition) or {{ISBN|978-3-902510-96-9}} (German Edition) and Schloss Eggenberg. Architecture and Furnishings, by Barbara Kaiser, Paul Schuster, Graz 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-90209-581-7}} (available through the [[Universalmuseum Joanneum]])</ref> The calendar theme was extremely topical: Schloss Eggenberg was built during the period of the great calendar dispute, which had started at the beginning of the [[Gregorian calendar]] reform in 1582 and not yet come to an end. The architecture of the palace is an expression of the values of the time. There are 365 outside windows, which correspond to the days of the year. Each floor consists of 31 rooms, which correspond to the days of the longest months. The 24 hours of the day correspond to the circle of 24 [[state room]]s, 12 on each side of the symmetrical axis, which separates the palace into two corresponding halves, 12 hours for the day and 12 hours for the night. The 24 rooms have a total of 52 windows for the weeks or the amount of Sundays in the year. Adding the 8 windows in the Planetary Room, gives the number 60 which stands for the number of seconds or minutes. There are even 52 doors in the Bel Étage. In the Planetary Room itself, there are the 7 days of the week and the 12 months of the year. And even the park wall has 12 doors opening towards the outside, seven of which face towards the city.<ref>[https://www.museum-joanneum.at/en/palace-and-gardens-schloss-eggenberg/princely-residence/programme ''Schloss Eggenberg, official Website'']</ref>
 [[Grad, Grad#Grad Castle|Grad Castle]] in the north-western Goričko region of Slovenia, with its 365 rooms, is a Central European example of a calendar house.
 === Other countries ===
-[[Rose Hall, Montego Bay|Rose Hall Great House]] is a calendar house located east of [[Montego Bay, Jamaica]], that was owned by Annie Palmer.
-The large country estate [[Mona Vale, Tasmania|Mona Vale]] in [[Tasmania, Australia]], built in the 1880s, is said to have been designed as a calendar house.
+The large country estate [[Mona Vale, Tasmania|Mona Vale]] in [[Tasmania, Australia]], built in the 1880s, had 365 windows, 52 rooms, 12 chimneys, and 7 entrances, and is known as the Calendar House.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22calendar+house|title=Treasury of Australian Folklore|publisher=Rigby|year=1980|isbn=978-0-7270-1266-1|pages=114|language=en}}</ref>
+== Non-house examples ==
-A possible Mesoamerican example is [[El Castillo, Chichen Itza]], which is a [[Mesoamerican pyramids|Mesoamerican step pyramid]] with 91 steps on each of its four sides. Taking these steps, and adding the temple platform on top as the final "step", produces a total of 365 steps.
+A possible Mesoamerican example is [[El Castillo, Chichen Itza]], which is a [[Mesoamerican pyramids|Mesoamerican step pyramid]] with 91 steps on each of its four sides. Taking these steps, and adding the temple platform on top as the final "step", produces a total of 365 steps.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-15|title=Chichen Itza -- World Heritage Site|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/article/chichen-itza|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-04-12|website=National Geographic|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311043253/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/world-heritage/article/chichen-itza |archive-date=2021-03-11 }}</ref>
+The [[Grand Hotel, Scarborough|Grand Hotel]] in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], England, was designed around a year motif with 4 towers representing the seasons, 12 floors representing the months, 52 chimneys representing the weeks, and 365 bedrooms representing the days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Grand Scarborough Hotel History {{!}} Britannia Hotels|url=https://www.britanniahotels.com/hotels/the-grand-scarborough-hotel/history|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.britanniahotels.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811184434/https://www.britanniahotels.com/hotels/the-grand-scarborough-hotel/history |archive-date=2020-08-11 }}</ref> A more modern example is the [[Millennium Dome]] (now [[The O2]]) in London, where the dome is 365&nbsp;m in diameter, 52&nbsp;m high, and has 12 support towers (representing either the hours on a clock face, months of the year, or the signs of the zodiac).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millennium Dome|url=https://www.burohappold.com/projects/millennium-dome/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Buro Happold|language=en-US}}</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 [[Category:Houses]]
-[[Category:Calendars]]
+[[Category:Calendars|House]]
-{{architecture-stub}}