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The Bangalore disturbances of 1928, also known as Ganapati Galabhe and Hindu-Muslim Gharshane, were a series of Hindu-Muslim clashes which took place in the city of Bengaluru in June – July 1928 over construction of a niche on a Ganesha idol in a school premises. These were the first major communal disturbances of Bengaluru.^[1]

Causes

In June 1928, the students of Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School, Sultanpet, Bengaluru, requested the contractor who was undertaking repair work to the school building, to construct a small shrine or niche over an existing Ganesha idol in the premises of the Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School. The Ganesha idol was stowed away in a passage of the school.^[2] The Director of Public Instructions, who controls schools, inspected and ordered the school to shift the Ganesha idol into a room pending further instructions.^[3] The students were fond of the Ganesha idol, who is the deity of education and also remover of all obstructions, and students demanded the restoration of the Ganesha idol to its original place. The students of neighbouring schools of the city joined the protest. This act had the support of an editorial in a newspaper Veerakesari run by Sitarama Sastri, a Hindu leader,^[4] and also from other newspapers in general.

Events

Indian National Congress leaders Ramlal Tiwari, Jamkandi Bhima Rao and H. V. Subramanyam entered the fray, supporting the students' demand of restoring the idol to its original place.

The idol dispute soon evolved into a general protest by Hindus over Muslim dominance and bias in the administration and bureaucracy. They raised the slogan Melaturukkaru, Kelageturukkaru (Muslims above, Muslims below), referring to the monopolization by Muslims of the upper as well as lower levels of the state bureaucracy.^[4]

Tiwari, Subrahmanyam and Bhima Rao were arrested on 27 July 1928. A procession of students made its way to Central Jail, Bengaluru where the arrested leaders were kept and were lathi-charged by the state police. The idol was restored to its original place on 29 July^[5] and worship at the Ganapati shrine was renewed by over 5,000 Hindus, which prompted the Muslims to attack them with shouts of "Deen, Deen". This led to protests from the Muslims which were led by municipal president and Muslim community leader Abbas Khan, who lived opposite the school.^[6] Muslims fired from a roof of a nearby cycle shop and also reportedly from the upper floor of the house of Abbas Khan and at least one boy was hit by a bullet.^[7] 123 Hindus and 11 Muslims were injured before the government brought the situation under control.^[8] Only four cases of injuries of civilians were serious, of which one was a bullet wound.^[9] There was an attempt by disgruntled sections of society to spread a rumour that one boy named Satyanarayana was killed by the fire from the housetop of Abbas Khan (in reality the boy died of dysentery), to the extent that this rumour was reported to the Resident as well as to the Governor General.^[10] The instigators were punished and the editor of Veerakesari was severely reprimanded. This was the first communal disturbance of Bangalore city and first major communal disturbance of Mysore State.^[11]

Effects

The Diwan, Sir Mirza Ismail, advised the Maharaja of Mysore, who was residing at Mysuru, "not to come from Mysore to Bangalore till after (the) arrested leaders have been tried".^[12] The Diwan was worried and thought that his position had become shaky due to the disturbances.^[12]

Enquiry

The Maharaja of Mysore constituted a committee headed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya to enquire into the disturbances, and the committee observed that law and order was completely broken down during the disturbances and the government favoured one side in the incident.^[13] The members of the committee were Justice D. K. Rama Rao, H. G. Basavappa, Gulam Ahmed Kalami, V. Manickavelu Mudaliyar, B. Nagappa Bar-at-Law, and Ralph Nye.^[14] The report of the committee had a "qualifying note" by one of the members, Gulam Ahmed Kalami, who did not fully agree with the findings of the committee.^[15]

References

Notes

Citations

^ Nair, Janaki. "When did Bengaluru turn 'Communal'?". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 40
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 113
^ ^a ^b Janaki Nair
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 43
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 9
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 45,46
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p.46
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 46
^ S.Chandrasekhar p. 138
^ S.Chandrasekhar p. 134
^ ^a ^b S.Chandrasekhar p. 137
^ Aji Mehu, Sowmya. "At 99, Nittur still breathes fire and optimism". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p.i
^ M.Visvesvaraya and others p.92

Bibliography

Nair, Janaki (2005). The promise of the metropolis: Bangalore's twentieth century. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–73. ISBN 0195667255.
Sir M.Visvesvaraya; et al. (26 January 1929). "Report of the Bangalore Disturbances Enquiry Committee" (PDF). Bangalore: General and Revenue Department, Government of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore. Retrieved 26 October 2012.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
S, Chandrasekhar (2005) [1985]. Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918-40. APH Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 9780836414714.

[1] Nair, Janaki. "When did Bengaluru turn 'Communal'?". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

[report-2] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 40

[3] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 113

[nair-4] Janaki Nair

[5] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 43

[6] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 9

[7] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 45,46

[8] M.Visvesvaraya and others p.46

[9] M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 46

[10] S.Chandrasekhar p. 138

[11] S.Chandrasekhar p. 134

[S.Chandrasekhar_p._137-12] S.Chandrasekhar p. 137

[nittoor-13] Aji Mehu, Sowmya. "At 99, Nittur still breathes fire and optimism". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

[14] M.Visvesvaraya and others p.i

[15] M.Visvesvaraya and others p.92

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

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[15]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
-'''Bangalore disturbances - 1928''', also known as '''Ganapati Galabhe''' and '''Hindu-Muslim Gharshane''' are a series of Hindu-Muslim clashes which took place in the city of [[Bangalore]] in June – July 1928 over construction of niche on a Ganesh idol in a school premises. This was the first major communal disturbances of Bangalore.
+{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
+The '''Bangalore disturbances of 1928''', also known as '''Ganapati Galabhe''' and '''Hindu-Muslim Gharshane''', were a series of Hindu-Muslim clashes which took place in the city of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] in June – July 1928 over construction of a niche on a [[Ganesha]] idol in a school premises. These were the first major communal disturbances of Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Janaki |title=When did Bengaluru turn ‘Communal’? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/when-did-bengaluru-turn-communal-879848.html |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
 == Causes ==
-In June 1928, the students of Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School, [[Sultanpet]], Bangalore, requested the Contractor who was undertaking repairs works to school building, to construct a small shrine or niche over an existing Ganesha idol in the premises of the Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School and the Ganesha Idol was stowed away in a passage of the school<ref name="report">M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 40</ref> The Director of Public Instructions, who controls schools, inspected and ordered to shift the Ganesha idol into a room until further instructions.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 113</ref> The students were fond of Ganesha idol, who is the deity of education and also remover of all obstructions and students demanded restoration of Ganesha idol to its original place. The students of neighbouring schools of the city joined the protest. This act had the support of an editorial in a newspaper ''Veerakesari'' run by Sitarama Sastri, a Hindu leader<ref name="nair">Janaki Nair</ref> and also from other newspapers in general.
+In June 1928, the students of Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School, Sultanpet, Bengaluru, requested the contractor who was undertaking repair work to the school building, to construct a small shrine or niche over an existing Ganesha idol in the premises of the Hindu Anglo-Vernacular School. The Ganesha idol was stowed away in a passage of the school.<ref name="report">M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 40</ref> The Director of Public Instructions, who controls schools, inspected and ordered the school to shift the Ganesha idol into a room pending further instructions.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 113</ref> The students were fond of the Ganesha idol, who is the deity of education and also remover of all obstructions, and students demanded the restoration of the Ganesha idol to its original place. The students of neighbouring schools of the city joined the protest. This act had the support of an editorial in a newspaper ''Veerakesari'' run by Sitarama Sastri, a Hindu leader,<ref name="nair">Janaki Nair</ref> and also from other newspapers in general.
 == Events ==
-Indian National Congress leaders Ramlal Tiwari, Jamkandi Bhima Rao and H. V. Subramanyam entered the fray supporting the student's demand of restoring the idol to its original place. On 27 June 1928, rumors were spread that Abbas Khan and the Muslim mobs received the tacit support of [[Sir Mirza Ismail]], the then [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of the [[Mysore kingdom]]. The idol dispute soon evolved into a general protest by upper-caste Hindus over Muslim dominance in the administration and bureaucracy. They raised the slogan ''Melaturukkaru, Kelageturukkaru'' (Muslims above, Muslims below) referring to the monopolization by Muslims of the upper as well as lower levels of the state bureaucracy.<ref name="nair">Janaki Nair</ref>
+Indian National Congress leaders Ramlal Tiwari, Jamkandi Bhima Rao and H. V. Subramanyam entered the fray, supporting the students' demand of restoring the idol to its original place.
+The idol dispute soon evolved into a general protest by Hindus over Muslim dominance and bias in the administration and bureaucracy. They raised the slogan ''Melaturukkaru, Kelageturukkaru'' (Muslims above, Muslims below), referring to the monopolization by Muslims of the upper as well as lower levels of the state bureaucracy.<ref name="nair">Janaki Nair</ref>
-Tiwari, Subrahmanyam and Bhima Rao were arrested on 27 July 1928. A procession of students made their way to Central Jail, Bangalore where the arrested leaders were kept and were lathi-charged by the state police. The Ganapathi idol was restored to its original place on 29 July<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 43</ref> and worship at the Ganapati shrine was renewed by over 5,000 Hindus prompted Muslims to attack them with shouts of "Deen, Deen". This led to protests from Muslims of the area as they had to walk past the Ganesha shrine and its worshippers on their way to a local mosque for prayers. The protests were led by municipal president and Muslim community leader, Abbas Khan who lived opposite to the school.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 9</ref> Muslims fired from a roof of a nearby cycle shop and also reportedly from upstairs of the house of Abbas Khan (totally less than ten rounds) and at least one boy was hit by bullet.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 45,46</ref> 123 Hindus and 11 Muslims were injured before the government brought the situation under control.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.46</ref> Only four cases of injuries of civilians were serious of which one was a bullet wound.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 46</ref> There was attempt by disgruntled section of society to spread roumer that one boy named Satyanarayana was killed by the firing from the house top of Abbas Khan, (the boy died of desentery) to the extent that the same was reported to Resident as well as to Governor General.<ref>S.Chandrasekhar p. 138</ref> The instigators were punished and the editor of ''Veerakesari'' was severely reprimanded. This was the first communal disturbance of Bangalore city and first major communal disturbance of Mysore State.<ref>S.Chandrasekhar p. 134</ref>
+Tiwari, Subrahmanyam and Bhima Rao were arrested on 27 July 1928. A procession of students made its way to Central Jail, Bengaluru where the arrested leaders were kept and were lathi-charged by the state police. The idol was restored to its original place on 29 July<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 43</ref> and worship at the Ganapati shrine was renewed by over 5,000 Hindus, which prompted the Muslims to attack them with shouts of "Deen, Deen". This led to protests from the Muslims which were led by municipal president and Muslim community leader Abbas Khan, who lived opposite the school.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 9</ref> Muslims fired from a roof of a nearby cycle shop and also reportedly from the upper floor of the house of Abbas Khan and at least one boy was hit by a bullet.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 45,46</ref> 123 Hindus and 11 Muslims were injured before the government brought the situation under control.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.46</ref> Only four cases of injuries of civilians were serious, of which one was a bullet wound.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p. 46</ref> There was an attempt by disgruntled sections of society to spread a rumour that one boy named Satyanarayana was killed by the fire from the housetop of Abbas Khan (in reality the boy died of dysentery), to the extent that this rumour was reported to the Resident as well as to the Governor General.<ref>S.Chandrasekhar p. 138</ref> The instigators were punished and the editor of ''Veerakesari'' was severely reprimanded. This was the first communal disturbance of Bangalore city and first major communal disturbance of Mysore State.<ref>S.Chandrasekhar p. 134</ref>
 ===Effects===
-The Diwan, Sir Mirza Ismail advised the Maharaja of Mysore, who was residing at Mysore, "not to come from Mysore to Bangalore till after (the) arrested leaders have been tried".<ref name="S.Chandrasekhar p. 137">S.Chandrasekhar p. 137</ref> The Diwan was worried and thought that his position had become shaky due to the disturbances.<ref name="S.Chandrasekhar p. 137"/>
+The Diwan, Sir Mirza Ismail, advised the Maharaja of Mysore, who was residing at Mysuru, "not to come from Mysore to Bangalore till after (the) arrested leaders have been tried".<ref name="S.Chandrasekhar p. 137">S.Chandrasekhar p. 137</ref> The Diwan was worried and thought that his position had become shaky due to the disturbances.<ref name="S.Chandrasekhar p. 137"/>
 ==Enquiry==
-The Maharaja of Mysore constituted a committee headed by Sir M.[[Visvesvaraya]] to enquire the disturbances and the committee observed that the law and order was completely broken during the disturbances and the government favoured one side in the incident.<ref name=nittoor>{{cite news|last=Aji Mehu|first=Sowmya|title=At 99, Nittur still breathes fire and optimism|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-17/bangalore/27296503_1_ganesha-martial-law-procession|accessdate=27 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
+The Maharaja of Mysore constituted a committee headed by Sir M. [[Visvesvaraya]] to enquire into the disturbances, and the committee observed that law and order was completely broken down during the disturbances and the government favoured one side in the incident.<ref name=nittoor>{{cite news|last=Aji Mehu|first=Sowmya|title=At 99, Nittur still breathes fire and optimism|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/At-99-Nittur-still-breathes-fire-and-optimism/articleshow/19394353.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103145926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-17/bangalore/27296503_1_ganesha-martial-law-procession|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>
-The members of the committee were Justice D.K.Rama Rao, H.G.Basavappa, Gulam Ahmed Kalami, V.Manickavelu Mudaliyar, B.Nagappa Bar-at-Law, Ralph Nye.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.i</ref> The report of the committee had "qualifying note" by one of the members, Gulam Ahmed Kalami who did not fully agree with the findings of the committee.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.92</ref>
+The members of the committee were Justice D. K. Rama Rao, H. G. Basavappa, Gulam Ahmed Kalami, V. Manickavelu Mudaliyar, B. Nagappa Bar-at-Law, and Ralph Nye.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.i</ref> The report of the committee had a "qualifying note" by one of the members, Gulam Ahmed Kalami, who did not fully agree with the findings of the committee.<ref>M.Visvesvaraya and others p.92</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 24: / Line 28: @@
 '''Citations'''
-{{reflist|colwidth=24em}}
+{{reflist}}
 '''Bibliography'''
-* {{cite book|title=The promise of the metropolis: Bangalore's twentieth century|first=Janaki|last=Nair|publisher=Oxford University Press|id=ISBN 0195667255, ISBN 9780195667257|pages=70–73|year=2005}}
+* {{cite book|title=The promise of the metropolis: Bangalore's twentieth century|first=Janaki|last=Nair|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=70–73|year=2005|isbn=0195667255}}
-* {{cite web |author=Sir M.Visvesvaraya and others|publisher=General and Revenue Department, Government of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore|location=Bangalore |date=26 January 1929 |title=Report of the Bangalore Disturbances Enquiry Committee |url=http://203.200.22.249:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/558/1/Report_of_the_committee_of_enquiry_appointed_by_the_Government_of_his_highness.pdf |accessdate=26 October 2012}}
+* {{cite web|author=Sir M.Visvesvaraya|publisher=General and Revenue Department, Government of His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore|location=Bangalore|date=26 January 1929|title=Report of the Bangalore Disturbances Enquiry Committee|url=http://203.200.22.249:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/558/1/Report_of_the_committee_of_enquiry_appointed_by_the_Government_of_his_highness.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2012|display-authors=etal}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-*{{cite book|title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918-40|first=Chandrasekhar|last=S|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Zqz9SbueWk4C&pg=PA144&lpg=PA144&dq=bangalore+disturbances+1928+the+hindu&source=bl&ots=q5k8cVI8me&sig=bA3jOQ_ofkX82U0_bkohBrFMemU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uKWPUMKfCMaIrAeo94CoBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=bangalore%20disturbances&f=false|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1985|isbn=9780836414714|year=2005}}
+*{{cite book|title=Dimensions of Socio-Political Change in Mysore, 1918-40|first=Chandrasekhar|last=S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqz9SbueWk4C&dq=bangalore+disturbances&pg=PA144|publisher=APH Publishing|origyear=1985|isbn=9780836414714|year=2005|page=144}}
 [[Category:1928 in India]]
+[[Category:Conflicts in 1928]]
 [[Category:Riots and civil disorder in India]]
-[[Category:History of Bangalore]]
+[[Category:History of Bengaluru]]
 [[Category:History of Karnataka]]
 [[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]