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The nats (နတ်; MLCTS: nat; IPA: [naʔ]) are god-like spirits venerated in Myanmar and neighbouring countries in conjunction with Buddhism. They are divided between the 37 Great Nats who were designated that status by King Anawrahta when he formalized the official list of nats. Most of the 37 Great Nats were human beings who met violent deaths.

There are two types of nats in Burmese Belief: nat sein (နတ်စိမ်း) which are humans that were deified after their deaths and all the other nats which are spirits of nature (spirits of water, trees etc.).

Much like sainthood, nats can be designated for a variety of reasons, including those only known in certain regions in Burma. Nat worship is less common in urban areas than in rural areas and is practised among ethnic minorities of Myanmar as well as in mainstream Bamar society. However, it is among the Theravada Buddhist Bamar that the most highly developed form of ceremony and ritual is seen.^[1]

Every Burmese village has a nat kun (နတ်ကွန်း) or nat sin (နတ်စင်) which essentially serves as a shrine to the village guardian nat called the ywa saung nat (ရွာစောင့်နတ်). Individual houses also have a shrine to a nat, usually a coconut is hung on a corner of the house or property, surrounded by perfume as an offering. One may inherit a certain member or in some instances two of the 37 Great Nats as mi hsaing hpa hsaing (မိဆိုင်ဖဆိုင်; lit. 'mother's side, father's side') from one or both parents' side to worship depending on where their families originally come from. One also has a personal guardian deity called ko saung nat (ကိုယ်စောင့်နတ်).^[2]

Nat worship and Buddhism

Academic opinions vary as to whether Burmese Buddhism and Burmese spirit worship are two separate entities, or merged into a single religion.^{[citation needed]} As with a rise of globalization, the importance of the nat religion on modern Myanmar and its people has been diminished. The formalizing of the official 37 Great Nats by King Anawrahta (1044–1077) of Bagan, has been interpreted as Burmanisation and establishment of Bamar supremacy in the Irrawaddy valley after the unification of the country and founding of the First Burmese Empire.^[1] Worship of nats predates Buddhism in Burma. With the arrival of Buddhism, however, the nats were syncretically merged with Buddhism.^{[citation needed]}

Nat worship and ecology

The widespread traditional belief among rural communities that there are forest guardian spirits called taw saung nats (တောစောင့်နတ်) and mountain guardian spirits called taung saung nats (တောင်စောင့်နတ်) appears to act as a deterrent against environmental destruction, up to a point. Indiscriminate felling, particularly of large trees, is generally eschewed owing to the belief that they are dwellings of tree spirits called Yokkaso (ရုက္ခစိုး; tree spirit) and that such an act would bring the wrath of the nat upon the perpetrator.^[3]

Popular nat festivals

The most important nat pilgrimage site in Burma is Mount Popa, an extinct volcano with numerous temples and relic sites atop a 1300 metre-tall mountain located near Bagan in central Burma. The annual festival is held on the full moon of the month of Natdaw (December) of the Burmese calendar.^[4] Taungbyone, north of Mandalay in Madaya Township, is another major site with the festival held each year starting on the eleventh waxing day and including the full moon in the month Wagaung (August).^[5] Yadanagu at Amarapura, held a week later in honour of Popa Medaw ("Mother of Popa"), who was the mother of the Taungbyone Min Nyinaung ("Brother Lords"), is also a popular nat festival.^[2]

Nats are ascribed human characteristics, wants, and needs; they are flawed, having desires considered derogatory and immoral in mainstream Buddhism. During a nat pwè, which is a festival during which nats are propitiated, nat kadaws (နတ်ကတော် "wife of the spirit",^[6] i.e. "medium, shaman") dance and embody the nats. Historically, the nat kadaw profession was hereditary and passed from mother to daughter. Until the 1980s, few nat gadaws were male. Since the 1980s, persons identified by outsiders as trans women have increasingly performed these roles.^[6]

Music, often accompanied by a hsaing waing ("orchestra"), adds much to the mood of the nat pwè, and many are entranced. People come from far to take part in the festivities in various shrines called nat kun or nat naan, get drunk on palm wine and dance wildly in fits of ecstasy to the wild beat of the Hsaing waing music, possessed by the nats.^[4]

Whereas nat pwès are annual events celebrating a particular member of the 37 Great Nats regarded as the tutelary spirit in a local region within a local community, with familial custodians of the place and tradition and with royal sponsorship in ancient times, hence evocative of royal rituals, there are also nat kannah pwès where individuals would have a pavilion set up in a neighbourhood and the ritual is generally linked to the entire pantheon of nats. The nat kadaws as an independent profession made their appearance in the latter half of the 19th century as spirit mediums, and nat kannahs are more of an urban phenomenon which evolved to satisfy the need of people who had migrated from the countryside to towns and cities but who wished to carry on their traditions or yo-ya of supplicating the mi hsaing hpa hsaing tutelary deities of their native place.^[1]

List of official nats

King Anawrahta of Bagan (1044–1077) designated an official pantheon of 37 Great Nats after he had failed to enforce a ban on nat worship. His stratagem of incorporation eventually succeeded by bringing nats to Shwezigon Pagoda portrayed worshipping Gautama Buddha and by enlisting Śakra, a Buddhist protective deity, to head the pantheon above the Mahagiri nats as Thagyamin.^[4]^[7] Seven out of the 37 Great Nats appear to be directly associated with the life and times of Anawrahta.^[7]

The official pantheon is made up predominantly of those from the royal houses of Burmese history, but also contains nats of Thai (Yun Bayin) and Shan (Maung Po Tu) descent; illustrations of them show them in Burmese royal dress. Listed in proper order, they are:

Thagyamin (သိကြားမင်း)
Min Mahagiri (မင်းမဟာဂီရိ)
Hnamadawgyi (နှမတော်ကြီး)
Shwe Nabay (ရွှေနံဘေး)
Thonbanhla (သုံးပန်လှ)
Taungoo Mingaung (တောင်ငူမင်းခေါင်)
Mintara (မင်းတရား)
Thandawgan (သံတော်ခံ)
Shwe Nawrahta (ရွှေနော်ရထာ)
Aungzwamagyi (အောင်စွာမကြီး)
Ngazi Shin (ငါးစီးရှင်)
Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin (အောင်ပင်လယ်ဆင်ဖြူရှင်)
Taungmagyi (တောင်မကြီး)
Maungminshin (မောင်မင်းရှင်)
Shindaw (ရှင်တော်)
Nyaunggyin (ညောင်ချင်း)
Tabinshwehti (တပင်‌ရွှေထီး)
Minye Aungdin (မင်းရဲအောင်တင်)
Shwe Sitthin (ရွှေစစ်သင်)
Medaw Shwezaga (မယ်တော်ရွှေစကား)
Maung Po Tu (မောင်ဘိုးတူ)
Yun Bayin (ယွန်းဘုရင်)
Maung Minbyu (မောင်မင်းဖြူ)
Mandalay Bodaw (မန္တလေးဘိုးတော်)
Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw (ရွှေဖျင်း နောင်တော်‌)
Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw (ရွှေဖျင်း ညီတော်)
Mintha Maungshin (မင်းသား မောင်ရှင်)
Htibyuhsaung (ထီးဖြူဆောင်း)
Htibyuhsaung Medaw (ထီးဖြူဆောင်း မယ်တော်)
Pareinma Shin Mingaung (ပရိမ္မရှင် မင်းခေါင်)
Min Sithu (မင်းစည်သူ)
Min Kyawzwa (မင်းကျော်စွာ)
Myaukhpet Shinma (မြောက်ဘက်ရှင်မ)
Anauk Mibaya (အနောက် မိဘုရား)
Shingon (ရှင်ကုန်း)
Shingwa (ရှင်ကွ)
Shin Nemi (ရှင်နဲမိ)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Brac de la Perriere, Benedicte. "The Spirit-possession Cult in the Burmese Religion" (PDF). dhammaweb.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
^ ^a ^b Spiro, Melford (1996). Burmese Supernaturalism. Transaction Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4128-1901-5.
^ Dr Sein Tu. "Traditional Myanmar Folk Beliefs and Forest and Wildlife Conservation". Perspective (January 1999). Retrieved 2008-09-13.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c Maung Htin Aung (February 1958). "Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ Shwe Mann Maung. "The Taung Byone Nat Festival". Perspective (August 1997). Archived from the original on 2004-07-17. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ ^a ^b Ho, Tamara C.; Discourse (Fall 2009). "Transgender, Transgression, and Translation: A Cartography of Nat Kadaws". Discourse. 31 (3): 273–317. doi:10.1353/dis.2009.a402310.
^ ^a ^b DeCaroli, Robert (2004). Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-516838-9. Retrieved 2008-09-13.

'King Mae Ku: From Lan Na Monarch to Burmese Nat', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
Salek, Kira (May 2006). "Myanmar's River of Spirits". National Geographic Magazine. pp. 136–157.
U Kyaw Tun; et al. (2005-01-15). "Nat in My Classroom!". Tun Institute of Learning. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
Temple, R.C. (1906). The Thirty-seven Nats-A Phase of Spirit-Worship prevailing in Burma.
Hla Tha Mein

External links

"Images of the 37 nats". NYPL Digital Gallery.
Nat belief and Buddhism Photo essay by Claudia Wiens
The Nats - Online Burma/Myanmar Library
Friends in High Places Preview of a documentary film by Lindsey Merrison
Nat Dance YouTube
Mintha Theater Dance theater in Mandalay, Burma.
Spirit of Burma 2006
Nat Pwè recordings
The Nat Spirits and Burmese Animism Windows on Asia, Michigan State University
Myanmar Cyclone Brings Rise in Centuries-Old 'Nat' Worship The Wall Street Journal, June 30, 2008, video and photo slideshows
Festival brings noise and colour to Taungbyone Zaw Win Than, The Myanmar Times Vol. 22 No. 430, August 4–10, 2008
Myanmar Nat Pwe in Bago Flickr photos by Boonlong1
My House Nat Can Whip Your House Nat Ethan Todras-Whitehill, Student Traveler, 2006-11-24
An account of the Taungbyone 2010 nat pwe spirit festival at Arcane Candy Part 1 and Part 2
Myanmar's River of Spirits Kira Salak, National Geographic. May 2006
The Thirty Seven Nats. A Phase of Spirit-Worship prevailing in Burma | Southeast Asia Digital Library
Counting to 37 Sir Richard Carnac Temple and the Thirty Eighth Nat By Sally Bamford 2019.

[BBP-1] Brac de la Perriere, Benedicte. "The Spirit-possession Cult in the Burmese Religion" (PDF). dhammaweb.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-14.

[MES-2] Spiro, Melford (1996). Burmese Supernaturalism. Transaction Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4128-1901-5.

[3] Dr Sein Tu. "Traditional Myanmar Folk Beliefs and Forest and Wildlife Conservation". Perspective (January 1999). Retrieved 2008-09-13.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[mha-4] Maung Htin Aung (February 1958). "Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism". The Atlantic Monthly. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-11.

[smm-5] Shwe Mann Maung. "The Taung Byone Nat Festival". Perspective (August 1997). Archived from the original on 2004-07-17. Retrieved 2008-09-11.

[Ho-6] Ho, Tamara C.; Discourse (Fall 2009). "Transgender, Transgression, and Translation: A Cartography of Nat Kadaws". Discourse. 31 (3): 273–317. doi:10.1353/dis.2009.a402310.

[RDeC-7] DeCaroli, Robert (2004). Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-516838-9. Retrieved 2008-09-13.

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@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==Nat worship and ecology==
 [[File:Distant Popa.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Popa]] from [[Kyaukpadaung]] road, the smaller precipice ''Taung Kalat'' with its ''nat'' shrines atop to left of picture ]]
-The widespread traditional belief among rural folks that there are forest guardian spirits called ''taw saung nat''s ({{lang|my|တောစောင့်နတ်}}) and mountain guardian spirits called ''taung saung nat''s ({{lang|my|တောင်စောင့်နတ်}}) appears to act as a deterrent against environmental destruction up to a point. Indiscriminate felling particularly of large trees is generally eschewed owing to the belief that they are dwellings of tree spirits called ''yokkazo'' ({{lang|my|ရုက္ခစိုး}}; tree spirit) and that such an act would bring the wrath of the ''nat'' upon the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1999/1-99/tra.htm|title=Traditional Myanmar Folk Beliefs and Forest and Wildlife Conservation|author=Dr Sein Tu|publisher=Perspective (January 1999)|access-date=2008-09-13}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
+The widespread traditional belief among rural communities that there are forest guardian spirits called ''taw saung nat''s ({{lang|my|တောစောင့်နတ်}}) and mountain guardian spirits called ''taung saung nat''s ({{lang|my|တောင်စောင့်နတ်}}) appears to act as a deterrent against environmental destruction, up to a point. Indiscriminate felling, particularly of large trees, is generally eschewed owing to the belief that they are dwellings of tree spirits called ''Yokkaso'' ({{lang|my|ရုက္ခစိုး}}; tree spirit) and that such an act would bring the wrath of the ''nat'' upon the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1999/1-99/tra.htm|title=Traditional Myanmar Folk Beliefs and Forest and Wildlife Conservation|author=Dr Sein Tu|publisher=Perspective (January 1999)|access-date=2008-09-13}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 ==Popular nat festivals==
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 [[File:Mount Popa.JPG|thumb|Mount Popa and ''Taung Kalat'' to left of picture seen from a distance across a dry riverbed]]
 [[File:Offerings of alcohol to Burmese nat.jpg|thumb|Offerings of alcohol and liquor to [[Min Kyawzwa]] at a ''nat pwe'' in Amarapura]]
-The most important ''nat'' pilgrimage site in Burma is [[Mount Popa]], an extinct volcano with numerous temples and relic sites atop a mountain 1300 metres tall located near [[Bagan]] in central Burma. The annual festival is held on the full moon of the month of ''Natdaw'' (December) of the [[Burmese calendar]].<ref name="mha">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/195802/burma-folk-religion|title=Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism|author=Maung Htin Aung|date=February 1958|magazine=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]|access-date=2008-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906170440/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/195802/burma-folk-religion|archive-date=2008-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Taungbyone, north of [[Mandalay]] in [[Madaya Township]], is another major site with the festival held each year starting on the eleventh waxing day and including the full moon in the month ''Wagaung'' (August).<ref name="smm">{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/8-97/nat8-97.htm|title=The Taung Byone Nat Festival|author=Shwe Mann Maung|publisher=Perspective (August 1997)|access-date=2008-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717075934/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/8-97/nat8-97.htm|archive-date=2004-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yadanagu at [[Amarapura]], held a week later in honour of Popa Medaw ("Mother of Popa"), who was the mother of the Taungbyone Min Nyinaung ("Brother Lords"), is also a popular nat festival.<ref name="MES"/>
+The most important ''nat'' pilgrimage site in Burma is [[Mount Popa]], an extinct volcano with numerous temples and relic sites atop a 1300 metre-tall mountain located near [[Bagan]] in central Burma. The annual festival is held on the full moon of the month of ''Natdaw'' (December) of the [[Burmese calendar]].<ref name="mha">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/195802/burma-folk-religion|title=Folk-Elements in Burmese Buddhism|author=Maung Htin Aung|date=February 1958|magazine=[[The Atlantic Monthly]]|access-date=2008-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906170440/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/195802/burma-folk-religion|archive-date=2008-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> Taungbyone, north of [[Mandalay]] in [[Madaya Township]], is another major site with the festival held each year starting on the eleventh waxing day and including the full moon in the month ''Wagaung'' (August).<ref name="smm">{{cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/8-97/nat8-97.htm|title=The Taung Byone Nat Festival|author=Shwe Mann Maung|publisher=Perspective (August 1997)|access-date=2008-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717075934/http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/8-97/nat8-97.htm|archive-date=2004-07-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yadanagu at [[Amarapura]], held a week later in honour of Popa Medaw ("Mother of Popa"), who was the mother of the Taungbyone Min Nyinaung ("Brother Lords"), is also a popular nat festival.<ref name="MES"/>
-''Nats'' are ascribed human characteristics, wants, and needs; they are flawed, having desires considered derogatory and immoral in mainstream Buddhism. During a ''nat pwè'', which is a festival during which ''nats'' are propitiated, ''nat kadaw''s ({{lang|my|နတ်ကတော်}} "wife of the spirit",<ref name="Ho">{{cite journal|last=Ho|first=Tamara C.|author2=Discourse|date=Fall 2009|title=Transgender, Transgression, and Translation: A Cartography of Nat Kadaws|journal=Discourse |volume=31|issue=3|pages=273–317 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/discourse/v031/31.3.ho.html}}</ref> i.e. "[[mediumship|medium]], [[shamanism|shaman]]") dance and embody the ''nats''. Historically, the ''nat kadaw'' profession was hereditary and passed from mother to daughter. Until the 1980s, few ''nat gadaw''s were male. Since the 1980s, persons identified by outsiders as [[trans woman|trans women]] have increasingly performed these roles.<ref name="Ho" />
+''Nats'' are ascribed human characteristics, wants, and needs; they are flawed, having desires considered derogatory and immoral in mainstream Buddhism. During a ''nat pwè'', which is a festival during which ''nats'' are propitiated, ''nat kadaw''s ({{lang|my|နတ်ကတော်}} "wife of the spirit",<ref name="Ho">{{cite journal|last=Ho|first=Tamara C.|author2=Discourse|date=Fall 2009|title=Transgender, Transgression, and Translation: A Cartography of Nat Kadaws|journal=Discourse |volume=31|issue=3|pages=273–317 |doi=10.1353/dis.2009.a402310 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/discourse/v031/31.3.ho.html}}</ref> i.e. "[[mediumship|medium]], [[shamanism|shaman]]") dance and embody the ''nats''. Historically, the ''nat kadaw'' profession was hereditary and passed from mother to daughter. Until the 1980s, few ''nat gadaw''s were male. Since the 1980s, persons identified by outsiders as [[trans woman|trans women]] have increasingly performed these roles.<ref name="Ho" />
 Music, often accompanied by a [[hsaing waing]] ("orchestra"), adds much to the mood of the ''nat pwè'', and many are entranced. People come from far to take part in the festivities in various
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 * [[Hungry ghost]]
 * [[Lên đồng]]
-* [[Preta]]
 * {{portal-inline|Myanmar}}
+* [[Preta]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 ==External links==
+{{Commons}}
 * {{NYPL Digital Gallery keyword|thirty-seven nats|Images of the 37 nats}}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090126061103/http://claudiawiens.com/englisch/vorlage_e.html Nat belief and Buddhism] Photo essay by Claudia Wiens
@@ Line 110: / Line 111: @@
 * [http://www.studenttraveler.com/mod-Pagesetter-viewpub-tid-10002-pid-292.html My House Nat Can Whip Your House Nat] Ethan Todras-Whitehill, ''Student Traveler'', 2006-11-24
 * An account of the Taungbyone 2010 nat pwe spirit festival at Arcane Candy [http://arcanecandy.com/2010/08/20/tropical-punch-tour-myanmar-part-10/ Part 1] and [http://arcanecandy.com/2010/08/21/tropical-punch-tour-myanmar-part-11/ Part 2]
-* [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature5/ Myanmar's River of Spirits] Kira Salak, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''. May 2006
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080312184351/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature5/ Myanmar's River of Spirits] Kira Salak, ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''. May 2006
 * [https://sea.lib.niu.edu/seadl/islandora/object/SEAImages%3Anatcollection#page/1/mode/1up The Thirty Seven Nats. A Phase of Spirit-Worship prevailing in Burma | Southeast Asia Digital Library]
+* [https://www.academia.edu/41718491/%20Counting%20to%2037%20Sir%20Richard%20Carnac%20Temple%20and%20the%20Thirty%20Eighth%20Nat%20?auto=download&email%20work%20card=download-paper Counting to 37 Sir Richard Carnac Temple and the Thirty Eighth Nat] By Sally Bamford 2019.
 {{Religion in Myanmar}}
 {{Burmese nats}}