Foshay Tower: Difference between revisions

	Foshay Tower
	U.S. National Register of Historic Places
	Minneapolis Landmark
	The Foshay Tower, looking east.
Location	Minneapolis, Minnesota
Coordinates	44°58′28″N 93°16′17.5″W / 44.97444°N 93.271528°W
Built	August 30, 1929; 95 years ago
Architect	Léon Eugène Arnal, Magney & Tusler, Inc.
Architectural style	Art Deco
NRHP reference No.	78001538
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 20, 1978
Designated MPLSL	1984

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The Foshay Tower, now the W Minneapolis – The Foshay hotel, is a skyscraper in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Modeled after the Washington Monument, the building was completed in 1929, months before the stock market crash in October of that year. It has 32 floors and stands 447 feet (136 m) high, which made it one of the tallest buildings in the Midwest for 48 years. The antenna mast extends the total height of the structure to 607 feet (185 m). The building, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, is an example of Art Deco architecture. Its address is 821 Marquette Avenue, although it is set well back from the street and is actually closer to 9th Street than Marquette.

Early skyscraper

The Foshay Tower marked a significant landmark locally in the push skyward, as the tower was the first in the city to surpass the height of Minneapolis City Hall, completed in 1906. It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until the IDS Center surpassed it in 1972.

Elevators served the 32-floor tower and the observation deck.^[2] The elevators were converted to automatic in 1957.^[2] The fee to ride the elevator was 50 cents from its opening in 1929 until the late 1960s.^[2] The current fee is $15.00

Structure and interior

As the building was designed to echo the Washington Monument, the sides of the building slope slightly inward, and each floor of the Foshay Tower is slightly smaller than the one below it. It is also unusual in that the tower is set back from the street, with a two-story structure surrounding it on the Marquette Avenue and 9th Street sides. The other two sides of the building, facing 8th Street and 2nd Avenue, are now surrounded by 121 South Eighth, which rises to 17 stories on the 2nd Avenue side and entirely obscures the views from the windows of the first seven stories of the Foshay Tower on the 2nd Avenue and 8th Street sides. Internally the building uses steel and reinforced concrete. The exterior is faced with Indiana limestone, while the interior features African mahogany, Italian marble, terrazzo, gold-plated doorknobs, a silver and gold plated ceiling, beautiful ornamental bronze entrances and work throughout the building (made by Crown Iron Works Company of Minneapolis), hand wrought iron and three commissioned busts of George Washington. It cost US$3.75 million to build. From the Marquette Avenue side of the structure, the name, "Foshay," is visible in concrete four times on the exterior of the building (once on the top and three times on the street level).

Dedication

Foshay Tower was the lifelong dream and namesake of Wilbur Foshay, an art student turned businessman who amassed his fortune by building up three utility company empires (operating as the W. B. Foshay Company). Foshay had built it as homage to the Washington Monument. At the time the tower was being built, he had sold his previous two empires in turn and was building up his third (which was eventually to stretch from Alaska to Nicaragua). He planned to locate his business and residence on the 27th and 28th floors where a three-bedroom, three-bath suite was built, with a fireplace and library, Italian Siena marble walls and glass-paneled ceilings.^[3]^[4]

Foshay invited 25,000 guests to the dedication ceremony and provided all-expenses paid trips to many including cabinet members, senators, and congressmen. Half-nude dancers entertained. Each guest received a gold pocket watch. The military gave 19-gun salutes. John Philip Sousa conducted music, including the "Foshay Tower–Washington Memorial March," a march he wrote for the occasion. Foshay presented Sousa with a check for US$20,000.^[3]

The march was only played once during Foshay's lifetime. Six weeks after the building's opening on November 2, 1929, Foshay's corporate empire was thrown into receivership at the onset of the Great Depression. Ignominiously, Foshay's check to Sousa bounced, and in retaliation, Sousa prohibited the playing of the march so long as Foshay's debt to him remained outstanding. Foshay never lived in his new home, which also went into receivership. It wasn't until 1988 when a group of Minnesota investors repaid Foshay's debt to Sousa's estate that the march was permitted to be played in public again.

Magney & Tusler

The Foshay was designed by Léon Eugène Arnal (1881–1963),^[5] chief designer for the architects Magney & Tusler, later known as Setter, Leach & Lindstrom, which was acquired by Leo A. Daly in 2003.^[6]

The building has the name "FOSHAY" in 10 foot (3 m) lighted letters on all four sides just below the top. A U.S. patent for this display technique was filed in 1929 by Gottlieb R. Magney, Wilbur Tusler and Arnal and granted in 1931, assigned to the W. B. Foshay Co.^[7]

Later use

The tower was headquarters for Citizens Utilities, the successor to Foshay's company.

In January 1981, the building was wrapped in a huge yellow ribbon during the final days of the Iran hostage crisis. Once the hostages returned to the United States, the ribbon was moved to the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul so that people could sign it. The ribbon is now in the Minnesota Historical Society.

The antenna on the roof has been used by various broadcasters, including television stations WTCN (now KARE), WCCO and KMSP. Radio station KFAI has been broadcasting from the tower since 1984, but moved their transmission tower to the IDS Center in March 2007, due to the W Hotel renovation. Around 1980, when the Foshay was still one of the tallest buildings in Minneapolis, the pyramidal top was covered with numerous pieces of radio transmitting equipment.

The structure's street level establishments once included Cafe Un Deux Trois, notable for having Andrew Zimmern as Executive Chef for its first 41⁄2-years,^[8] and Peter's Grill, Minneapolis's oldest restaurant, was located across the street.

The Norwegian consulate was located in the tower until 2007, when it moved to the AT&T Tower across the street.

Conversion to W Hotel

On September 4, 2006, it was reported that developers Ralph W. Burnet and Minneapolis-based Ryan Companies would spend as much as $90 million to convert the 32-story office tower into a 230-room W Hotel. All tenants with the exception of Keys Café on the first floor moved out.^[9]

A unique finding occurred at the tower when workers were replacing the ceiling in the hotel's lobby. When the lobby ceiling was removed, they discovered the room's original ceiling, complete with intricate engravings and embossed with various logos. However, due to past renovation work and age, the ceiling had deteriorated and was badly damaged. It has been reported that workers are currently^[when?] in the process of restoring the original ceiling at the behest of the National Register of Historic Places, a process which will take a total of four months alone.^[10]^{[needs update]}

The renovated W Minneapolis – The Foshay opened on August 13, 2008. The hotel retains the 30th floor observation deck and converted Wilbur Foshay's former boardroom on the 27th floor into the Prohibition Sky Bar.

References

^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.
^ ^a ^b ^c Flanagan, Barbara (October 26, 1964). "Woman Spent 35 Ear-Popping Years as Elevator Operator". Minneapolis Morning Tribune.
^ ^a ^b Douglas, George H. (2004). Skyscrapers: A Social History Of The Very Tall Building In America. McFarland & Company. pp. 236–238. ISBN 0-7864-2030-8. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
^ Buzenberg, Bill (February 1, 2000). "Mr. Foshay's Legend". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
^ "Arnal, Leon Eugene, 1881–1963. – Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org.
^ "Leon Arnal Papers". Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota. Retrieved December 2, 2012. and "Magney & Tusler". Emporis. and "Setter, Leach & Lindstrom". Emporis. and "Famous Architects Active Locally: Magney & Tusler". Consolidated Diversions. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007. and "Minneapolis". Leo A Daly. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
^ Magney, Gottlieb R.; Tusler, Wilbur H.; Arnal, Leon E. "Display Device for Buildings (US patent 1806634)". granted May 26, 1931, filed February 1, 1929. assigned to W. B. Foshay Co., of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
^ Rick Nelson, Cafe Un Deux Trois closes its doors, Star Tribune, April 7, 2003, Accessed December 8, 2010.
^ Brunch, Michelle (September 4, 2006). "Building a new future for the Foshay".
^ Feyder, Susan (February 17, 2008). "Foshay's Rebirth". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009.

Bill Buzenberg (February 1, 2000). Mr. Foshay's Legend. Minnesota Public Radio.
"Foshay Tower". SkyscraperPage.
Foshay Tower. Minnesota Historical Society.
NY Times article: "Foshay Companies Fail for $20,000,000" New York Times, November 2, 1929

External links

Foshay Tower, Minneapolis in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia Archived April 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
Official website
Foshay Tower March by John Philip Sousa

Photos at the Hennepin County Library

Foshay Tower^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Portrait of Wilbur Foshay^{[permanent dead link‍]}
John Philip Sousa at dedication of Foshay Tower^{[permanent dead link‍]}

Photos at the Minnesota Historical Society

Foshay Tower

Preceded by Plummer Building	Tallest building in Minnesota 1929—1973 447 feet (136 m)	Succeeded by IDS Tower

[nris-1] "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.

[mmt1964-2] Flanagan, Barbara (October 26, 1964). "Woman Spent 35 Ear-Popping Years as Elevator Operator". Minneapolis Morning Tribune.

[Douglas-3] Douglas, George H. (2004). Skyscrapers: A Social History Of The Very Tall Building In America. McFarland & Company. pp. 236–238. ISBN 0-7864-2030-8. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

[4] Buzenberg, Bill (February 1, 2000). "Mr. Foshay's Legend". Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

[5] "Arnal, Leon Eugene, 1881–1963. – Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org.

[6] "Leon Arnal Papers". Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota. Retrieved December 2, 2012. and "Magney & Tusler". Emporis. and "Setter, Leach & Lindstrom". Emporis. and "Famous Architects Active Locally: Magney & Tusler". Consolidated Diversions. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007. and "Minneapolis". Leo A Daly. Retrieved July 22, 2007.

[7] Magney, Gottlieb R.; Tusler, Wilbur H.; Arnal, Leon E. "Display Device for Buildings (US patent 1806634)". granted May 26, 1931, filed February 1, 1929. assigned to W. B. Foshay Co., of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Retrieved August 15, 2007.

[ST040703-8] Rick Nelson, Cafe Un Deux Trois closes its doors, Star Tribune, April 7, 2003, Accessed December 8, 2010.

[9] Brunch, Michelle (September 4, 2006). "Building a new future for the Foshay".

[10] Feyder, Susan (February 17, 2008). "Foshay's Rebirth". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009.

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@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 }}
 [[Image:Foshay elevator doors-Minneapolis-20050927.jpg|thumb|Elevator doors]]
-The '''Foshay Tower''' is a [[Early skyscrapers|skyscraper]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]] that is 32-[[Storey|stories]], {{Convert|447|ft|m}} tall. Completed in 1929, the Foshay Tower was built in the [[Art Deco|art deco]] style and modeled after the [[Washington Monument]]. For 43 years, from 1929 until 1972, it was the [[List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis|tallest building in Minneapolis]] and the [[List of tallest buildings in Minnesota|tallest building in Minnesota]]. When it was built, it was also the tallest building between [[Chicago]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Foshay Tower {{!}} MNopedia |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/structure/foshay-tower |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.mnopedia.org}}</ref> The historic building is still one of the most prominent buildings in Minneapolis; it houses the city's only observation deck which has views of the city and the surrounding area.
+The '''Foshay Tower''', now the '''W Minneapolis – The Foshay''' hotel, is a [[Early skyscrapers|skyscraper]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]. Modeled after the [[Washington Monument]], the building was completed in 1929, months before the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|stock market crash]] in October of that year. It has 32 floors and stands {{Convert|447|ft|m}} high, which made it one of the tallest buildings in the Midwest for 48 years. The antenna mast extends the total height of the structure to {{Convert|607|ft|m}}. The building, which was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1978, is an example of [[Art Deco]] [[architecture]]. Its address is 821 Marquette Avenue, although it is set well back from the street and is actually closer to 9th Street than Marquette.
+==Early skyscraper==
-The Foshay Tower was built by local utilities magnate [[Wilbur Foshay]] to house the headquarters of his corporation, the W.B. Foshay Company, and serve as a symbol of his wealth. The building is designed with expensive materials, including gold-platted fixtures and [[Italy|Italian]] [[marble]]. Its dedication ceremony was a major civic event in the city with parades and a march composed by [[John Philip Sousa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foshay Tower {{!}} MNopedia |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/structure/foshay-tower |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=www.mnopedia.org}}</ref> However, a few moths later in October of 1929, the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|stock market crashed]] decimating Foshay's fortune and sending him into bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1929-11-11 |title=Business: Foshay's Fall |language=en-US |work=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,737995,00.html |access-date=2022-06-30 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> It was succeeded in height by the [[IDS Center]] in 1972. which is still the tallest building in the city and state. The building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1978 and is now home to a hotel, the '''W Minneapolis – The Foshay'''.
+The Foshay Tower marked a significant landmark locally in the push skyward, as the tower was the first in the city to surpass the height of [[Minneapolis City Hall]], completed in 1906.  It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until the [[IDS Center]] surpassed it in 1972.
+Elevators served the 32-floor tower and the observation deck.<ref name="mmt1964">{{Cite news |last=Flanagan |first=Barbara |date=26 October 1964 |title=Woman Spent 35 Ear-Popping Years as Elevator Operator |work=Minneapolis Morning Tribune}}</ref> The elevators were converted to automatic in 1957.<ref name="mmt1964"/> The fee to ride the elevator was 50 cents from its opening in 1929 until the late 1960s.<ref name="mmt1964"/>  The current fee is $15.00
-The side of the top of the landmark building is styled with a historic 10-foot tall lighted sign displaying "FOSHAY". The top of the building has a {{Convert|160|ft|m}} [[Radio masts and towers|communication antenna]] and the roof the building once home to more communication equipment for [[radio]] and [[television]] broadcasts.
+[[File:Foshay Tower Museum.jpg|thumb|Foshay Tower Museum Below the Observation Platform]]
-==Early skyscraper==
-The Foshay Tower marked a significant landmark locally in the push skyward, as the tower was the first in the city to surpass the height of [[Minneapolis City Hall]], completed in 1906. For 43 years (1929 until 1972), it was the [[List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis|tallest building in Minneapolis]], the [[List of tallest buildings in Minnesota|tallest building in Minnesota]], and, when it was built, it was also the tallest building between [[Chicago]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name=":0" /> It remained the tallest building in Minneapolis until the [[IDS Center]] surpassed it in 1972.
 ==Structure and interior==
+As the building was designed to echo the Washington Monument, the sides of the building slope slightly inward, and each floor of the Foshay Tower is slightly smaller than the one below it. It is also unusual in that the tower is set back from the street, with a two-story structure surrounding it on the Marquette Avenue and 9th Street sides. The other two sides of the building, facing 8th Street and 2nd Avenue, are now surrounded by 121 South Eighth, which rises to 17 stories on the 2nd Avenue side and entirely obscures the views from the windows of the first seven stories of the Foshay Tower on the 2nd Avenue and 8th Street sides. Internally the building uses [[steel]] and [[reinforced concrete]]. The exterior is faced with [[Indiana limestone]], while the interior features [[Khaya|African mahogany]], [[Italy|Italian]] [[marble]], [[terrazzo]], gold-plated doorknobs, a silver and gold plated ceiling, beautiful ornamental [[bronze]] entrances and work throughout the building (made by Crown Iron Works Company of Minneapolis), hand [[wrought iron]] and three commissioned busts of George Washington. It cost [[United States dollar|US$]]3.75 million to build. From the Marquette Avenue side of the structure, the name, "Foshay," is visible in concrete four times on the exterior of the building (once on the top and three times on the street level).
-The building was designed to echo the Washington Monument, as Foshay had promised his father when he visited when he was a child.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batinich |first=Hollie |title=Foshay Tower |url=https://minneapolishistorical.org/items/show/107 |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Minneapolis Historical |language=en}}</ref>
-The sides of the building slope slightly inward, and each floor of the Foshay Tower is slightly smaller than the one below it. It is also unusual in that the tower is set back from the street, with a two-story structure surrounding it on the Marquette Avenue and 9th Street sides. The other two sides of the building, facing 8th Street and 2nd Avenue, are now surrounded by the TCF Tower, which rises to 17 stories on the 2nd Avenue side and entirely obscures the views from the windows of the first seven stories of the Foshay Tower on the 2nd Avenue and 8th Street sides. Internally the building uses [[steel]] and [[reinforced concrete]]. The exterior is faced with [[Indiana limestone]], while the interior features [[Khaya|African Mahogany]], [[Italy|Italian]] [[marble]], [[terrazzo]], gold-plated doorknobs, a silver and gold plated ceiling, beautiful ornamental [[bronze]] entrances and work throughout the building (made by Crown Iron Works Company of Minneapolis), hand [[wrought iron]] and three commissioned busts of George Washington. It cost [[United States dollar|US$]] 3.75 million (around $600 million in 2022) to build. From the Marquette Avenue side of the structure, the name, "Foshay," is visible in concrete four times on the exterior of the building (once on the top and three times on the street level).
-Some of the buildings original features were restored during the early 2000s remodel.
 ==Dedication==
-Foshay Tower was the lifelong dream and namesake of [[Wilbur Foshay]], an art student turned businessman who amassed his fortune by building up three [[utility company]] empires (operating as the W. B. Foshay Company). At the time the tower was being built, he had sold his previous two empires in turn and was building up his third (which was eventually to stretch from Alaska to Nicaragua). He planned to locate his business and residence on the 27th and 28th floors where a three-bedroom, three-bath suite was built, with a fireplace and library, Italian Siena marble walls and glass-paneled ceilings.<ref name=Douglas>{{cite book|author=Douglas, George H.|title=Skyscrapers: A Social History Of The Very Tall Building In America|pages=236–238|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2004|isbn= 0-7864-2030-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxDUUqut-XkC|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Buzenberg, Bill|title=Mr. Foshay's Legend|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|date=February 1, 2000|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200001/31_buzenbergb_foshay/ |access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref>
+Foshay Tower was the lifelong dream and namesake of [[Wilbur Foshay]], an art student turned businessman who amassed his fortune by building up three [[utility company]] empires (operating as the W. B. Foshay Company). Foshay had built it as homage to the [[Washington Monument]]. At the time the tower was being built, he had sold his previous two empires in turn and was building up his third (which was eventually to stretch from Alaska to Nicaragua). He planned to locate his business and residence on the 27th and 28th floors where a three-bedroom, three-bath suite was built, with a fireplace and library, Italian Siena marble walls and glass-paneled ceilings.<ref name=Douglas>{{cite book|author=Douglas, George H.|title=Skyscrapers: A Social History Of The Very Tall Building In America|pages=236–238|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2004|isbn= 0-7864-2030-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxDUUqut-XkC|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Buzenberg, Bill|title=Mr. Foshay's Legend|publisher=Minnesota Public Radio|date=February 1, 2000|url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200001/31_buzenbergb_foshay/ |access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref>
-Foshay invited 25,000 guests to the dedication ceremony and provided all-expenses paid trips to many who included cabinet members, senators and congressmen. Half-nude dancers entertained. Each guest received a gold pocketwatch. The military gave 19-gun salutes. [[John Philip Sousa]] conducted music, including the "Foshay Tower–Washington Memorial March," a [[March (music)|march]] he wrote for the occasion. Foshay presented Sousa with a check for [[United States dollar|US$]]20,000.<ref name=Douglas />
+Foshay invited 25,000 guests to the dedication ceremony and provided all-expenses paid trips to many including cabinet members, senators, and congressmen. Half-nude dancers entertained. Each guest received a gold pocket watch. The military gave 19-gun salutes. [[John Philip Sousa]] conducted music, including the "Foshay Tower–Washington Memorial March," a [[March (music)|march]] he wrote for the occasion. Foshay presented Sousa with a check for [[United States dollar|US$]]20,000.<ref name=Douglas />
 The march was only played once during Foshay's lifetime. Six weeks after the building's opening on November 2, 1929, Foshay's corporate empire was thrown into [[receivership]] at the onset of the [[Great Depression]]. Ignominiously, Foshay's check to Sousa bounced, and in retaliation, Sousa prohibited the playing of the march so long as Foshay's debt to him remained outstanding. Foshay never lived in his new home, which also went into receivership. It wasn't until 1988 when a group of Minnesota investors repaid Foshay's debt to Sousa's estate that the march was permitted to be played in public again.
@@ Line 45: / Line 41: @@
 The Foshay was designed by Léon Eugène Arnal (1881–1963),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tj318x|title=Arnal, Leon Eugene, 1881–1963. – Social Networks and Archival Context|website=snaccooperative.org}}</ref> chief designer for the architects [[Magney & Tusler]], later known as Setter, Leach & Lindstrom, which was acquired by [[Leo A. Daly]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leon Arnal Papers|publisher=Northwest Architectural Archives, [[University of Minnesota]]|url=http://special.lib.umn.edu/findaid/xml/naa112.xml|access-date=December 2, 2012}}  and {{cite web | title= Magney & Tusler | url= http://www.emporis.com/en/cd/cm/?id=100877 | publisher= Emporis }} and {{cite web | title= Setter, Leach & Lindstrom | url= http://www.emporis.com/en/cd/cm/?id=setter,leachlindstrom-minneapolis-mn-usa | publisher= Emporis }} and {{cite web| url= http://www.tholt.com/arch.html#mag| title= Famous Architects Active Locally: Magney & Tusler| publisher= Consolidated Diversions| access-date= August 15, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070814122344/http://www.tholt.com/arch.html#mag| archive-date= August 14, 2007| url-status= dead}} and {{cite web|title=Minneapolis|url=http://www.leoadaly.com/locations.aspx?wpage=locations&loc=LAD&sec=Minneapolis|publisher=Leo A Daly|access-date=July 22, 2007}}</ref>
-The building has the name "FOSHAY" in 10&nbsp;foot (3&nbsp;m) lighted letters on all four sides just below the top.  A [[United States patent law|U.S. patent]] for this display technique was filed in 1929 by Gottlieb R. Magney, Wilbur Tusler and Arnal and granted in 1931, assigned to the W. B. Foshay Co.<ref>{{cite web |title= Display Device for Buildings (US patent 1806634) |version= granted May 26, 1931, filed February 1, 1929| first= Gottlieb R. |last=Magney |first2=Wilbur H. |last2=Tusler |first3=Leon E. |last3=Arnal |publisher=assigned to W. B. Foshay Co., of Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=HtJtAAAAEBAJ|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref>
+The building has the name "FOSHAY" in 10&nbsp;foot (3&nbsp;m) lighted letters on all four sides just below the top.  A [[United States patent law|U.S. patent]] for this display technique was filed in 1929 by Gottlieb R. Magney, Wilbur Tusler and Arnal and granted in 1931, assigned to the W. B. Foshay Co.<ref>{{cite web |title= Display Device for Buildings (US patent 1806634) |version= granted May 26, 1931, filed February 1, 1929| first= Gottlieb R. |last=Magney |first2=Wilbur H. |last2=Tusler |first3=Leon E. |last3=Arnal |publisher=assigned to W. B. Foshay Co., of Minneapolis, Minnesota |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1806634|access-date=August 15, 2007}}</ref>
 ==Later use==
@@ Line 53: / Line 49: @@
 In January 1981, the building was wrapped in a huge [[yellow ribbon]] during the final days of the [[Iran hostage crisis]].  Once the hostages returned to the [[United States]], the ribbon was moved to the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] in [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] so that people could sign it.  The ribbon is now in the [[Minnesota Historical Society]].
-The antenna on the roof has been used by various broadcasters, including [[television station]]s WTCN (now [[KARE (TV)|KARE]]), [[WCCO-TV|WCCO]] and [[KMSP-TV|KMSP]]. [[Radio station]] [[KFAI]] has been broadcasting from the tower since 1984, but moved their transmission tower to the [[IDS Center]] in March 2007, due to the W Hotel renovation. Around 1980, when the Foshay was still one of the tallest buildings in Minneapolis, the pyramidal top was covered with numerous pieces of radio transmitting equipment.
+The antenna on the roof has been used by various broadcasters, including [[television station]]s WTCN (now [[KARE (TV)|KARE]]), [[WCCO-TV|WCCO]] and [[KMSP-TV|KMSP]]. [[Radio station]] [[KFAI]] has been broadcasting from the tower since 1984, but moved their transmission tower to the [[IDS Center]] in March 2007, due to the W Hotel renovation.  Around 1980, when the Foshay was still one of the tallest buildings in Minneapolis, the pyramidal top was covered with numerous pieces of radio transmitting equipment.
 The structure's street level establishments once included Cafe Un Deux Trois, notable for having [[Andrew Zimmern]] as Executive Chef for its first 4{{fraction|1|2}}-years,<ref name=ST040703>Rick Nelson, [http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/taste/11419286.html Cafe Un Deux Trois closes its doors], ''Star Tribune'', April 7, 2003, Accessed December 8, 2010.</ref> and Peter's Grill, Minneapolis's oldest restaurant, was located across the street.
@@ Line 79: / Line 75: @@
 ==External links==
 {{Commons category}}
-*[http://www.mnopedia.org/structure/foshay-tower-minneapolis Foshay Tower, Minneapolis in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia]
+*[http://www.mnopedia.org/structure/foshay-tower-minneapolis Foshay Tower, Minneapolis in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423025155/http://www.mnopedia.org/structure/foshay-tower-minneapolis |date=April 23, 2016 }}
 *{{Official website|https://www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/mspwh-w-minneapolis-the-foshay/}}
 *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHxf-VjgxtU Foshay Tower March by John Philip Sousa]
 '''Photos at the Hennepin County Library'''
-*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosaction.cfm?subject=Foshay%20Tower Foshay Tower]
+*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosaction.cfm?subject=Foshay%20Tower Foshay Tower]{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosAction.cfm?mName=Foshay%2C%20W%2EB%2E Portrait of Wilbur Foshay]
+*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosAction.cfm?mName=Foshay%2C%20W%2EB%2E Portrait of Wilbur Foshay]{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosaction.cfm?mName=Moody%2C%20Marjorie John Philip Sousa at dedication of Foshay Tower]
+*[http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/mplsphotos/mphotosaction.cfm?mName=Moody%2C%20Marjorie John Philip Sousa at dedication of Foshay Tower]{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 '''Photos at the Minnesota Historical Society'''
 *[http://greatriversnetwork.org/index.php?imagesonly=yes&q=Foshay+&websites=no&brand=cms&count=25&displaymode=list&facetorder=count&field=q&historicgroup=all&sort=desc Foshay Tower]

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