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| name=EMD F59PH and F59PHI
| name=EMD F59PH and F59PHI
| powertype=[[Diesel-electric]]
| powertype=[[Diesel-electric]]
| image=[[File:City of High Point with the Piedmont at Salisbury, August 2016 (cropped).jpg|300px|frameless]]<br>[[File:Capitol Corridor train crossing Alameda Creek, April 2024.JPG|300px|frameless]]
| image=GO Transit F59PH 554 Oakville.JPG
| caption=Top: F59PH operated by [[Amtrak]] on the ''[[Piedmont (train)|Piedmont]]''<br>Bottom: F59PHI operated by Amtrak on the ''[[Capitol Corridor]]''
| caption=Two F59PH locomotives owned by [[GO Transit]] at [[Oakville GO Station|Oakville station]] in 2008
| builder=[[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD)
| builder=[[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD)
| builddate = 1988 to 1994 (F59PH)<br />1994 to 2001 (F59PHI)
| builddate = {{Unbulleted list
| F59PH: 1988–1994
| totalproduction=72 (F59PH); 83 (F59PHI)<ref name="McDonnell-2015-208" />
| F59PHI: 1994–2001
}}
| totalproduction = {{Unbulleted list
| F59PH: 72
| F59PHI: 83<ref name="McDonnell-2015-208" />
}}
| gauge={{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| gauge={{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| aarwheels = B-B
| aarwheels = B-B
| uicclass = Bo'Bo'
| uicclass = Bo'Bo'
| length = {{Unbulleted list
| length = F59PH: {{convert|58|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on}}<br />F59PHI: {{convert|58|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marre |first1=Louis A. |last2=Withers |first2=Paul K. |year=2000 |title=The Contemporary Diesel Spotter's Guide |publisher=Withers Publishing |location=Halifax, Pennsylvania |isbn=1-881411-25-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781881411253/page/112 112–114] |lccn=99069543 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781881411253/page/112 }}</ref>
| F59PH: {{convert|58|ft|2|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
| primemover = [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[EMD 710|12-710G3A]] (F59PH)<ref>{{cite magazine |issn=0829-3023 |magazine=Canadian Trackside Guide |publisher=Bytown Railway Society |page=1-99 |title=Canadian Trackside Guide |year=2019}}</ref><br />[[EMD 710|EMD 12-710G3C-EC]] (F59PHI)<ref name=cascadesfleet />
| F59PHI: {{convert|58|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marre |first1=Louis A. |last2=Withers |first2=Paul K. |year=2000 |title=The Contemporary Diesel Spotter's Guide |publisher=Withers Publishing |location=Halifax, Pennsylvania |isbn=1-881411-25-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781881411253/page/112 112–114] |lccn=99069543 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781881411253/page/112 }}</ref>
}}
| primemover = {{Unbulleted list
| F59PH: [[EMD 710|EMD 12-710G3A]]<ref>{{cite magazine |issn=0829-3023 |magazine=Canadian Trackside Guide |publisher=Bytown Railway Society |page=1-99 |title=Canadian Trackside Guide |year=2019}}</ref>
| F59PHI: [[EMD 710|EMD 12-710G3C-EC]]<ref name=cascadesfleet />
}}
| enginetype =
| enginetype =
| cylindercount = 12
| cylindercount = 12
| poweroutput = F59PH: {{convert|3000|hp|MW|2|abbr=on}}<br />F59PHI: {{convert|3200|hp|MW|1|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| poweroutput = {{Unbulleted list
| F59PH: {{convert|3000|hp|MW|2|abbr=on|lk=in}}
| F59PHI: {{convert|3200|hp|MW|1|abbr=on}}
}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|110|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (F59PHI)<ref name=cascadesfleet />
| maxspeed = F59PHI: {{convert|110|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=cascadesfleet />
<!-- F59PHI stats. Commented out until source is found.| tractiveeffort = Starting: {{convert|290|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}},<br />Continuous: {{convert|170|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|16|mph|km/h|1|abbr=on}}
<!-- F59PHI stats. Commented out until source is found.| tractiveeffort = Starting: {{convert|290|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}},<br />Continuous: {{convert|170|kN|lbf|0|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|16|mph|km/h|1|abbr=on}}
-->
-->
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url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/research/apr/past/a032-169&92-917a.pdf |title=Controlling Locomotive Emissions in California: Technology, Cost-Effectiveness, and Regulatory Strategy |date=March 1995 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |first1=Christopher S. |last1=Weaver |first2=Douglas B. |last2=McGregor |page=27}}</ref>
url=https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/research/apr/past/a032-169&92-917a.pdf |title=Controlling Locomotive Emissions in California: Technology, Cost-Effectiveness, and Regulatory Strategy |date=March 1995 |publisher=California Air Resources Board |first1=Christopher S. |last1=Weaver |first2=Douglas B. |last2=McGregor |page=27}}</ref>


GO Transit began retiring its F59PH locomotives in 2008 in favor of newer [[MPI MPXpress]] locomotives.<ref name="Solomon-2011-159" /> Most were purchased by other operators including [[Exo (public transit)|Exo]] (10 locomotives),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/locomotives/siemens-mobility-chargers-for-montreal/ |newspaper=Railway Age |title=Siemens Mobility Chargers for Montreal |date=January 31, 2022 |first=William C. |last=Vantuono}}</ref> [[Metra]] (3),<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Metra |url=https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/metra-buy-three-used-locomotives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125000412/https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/metra-buy-three-used-locomotives |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |date=November 9, 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Metra to buy three used locomotives}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/09-metra/ |title=Metra's first F59PH is now in service |newspaper=Trains Newswire |first=Tom |last=Danneman |date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> [[North Carolina Department of Transportation|NCDOT]] (11) for use on the ''[[Piedmont (train)|Piedmont]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://on-track-on-line.com/amtk-roster-engines.shtml#NCDOT |title=Amtrak Motive Power Roster: North Carolina DOT Equipment |date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320030325/http://on-track-on-line.com/amtk-roster-engines.shtml |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |website=On Track On Line |first1=David |last1=Warner |first2=Harry |last2=Sutton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/04-ncdot-adds-two-refurbished-locomotives-to-passenger-fleet/ |title=NCDOT adds two refurbished locomotives to passenger fleet |newspaper=Trains Newswire |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> and [[Trinity Railway Express]] (7).<ref name=DART /><!--needs RS: leasing company RB Railway Group (12)--> Five of the NCDOT units<!--101 to 105--> were rebuilt into [[cab car|cab control units]] without prime movers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://edocs.deq.nc.gov/WasteManagement/ElectronicFile.aspx?dbid=0&docid=256994& |chapter=Attachment 3E: Statement of Work (February 2014) |title=Brownfields Property Application: Charlotte Locomotive & Railcar Maintenance Facility |page=2 |date=September 9, 2014 |publisher=North Carolina Department of Transportation}}</ref>
GO Transit began retiring its F59PH locomotives in 2008 in favor of newer [[MPI MPXpress]] locomotives.<ref name="Solomon-2011-159" /> Most were purchased by other operators including [[Exo commuter rail|Exo]] (10 locomotives),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/locomotives/siemens-mobility-chargers-for-montreal/ |newspaper=Railway Age |title=Siemens Mobility Chargers for Montreal |date=January 31, 2022 |first=William C. |last=Vantuono}}</ref> [[Metra]] (3),<ref>{{Cite press release |publisher=Metra |url=https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/metra-buy-three-used-locomotives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125000412/https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/metra-buy-three-used-locomotives |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |date=November 9, 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Metra to buy three used locomotives}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/09-metra/ |title=Metra's first F59PH is now in service |newspaper=Trains Newswire |first=Tom |last=Danneman |date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> [[North Carolina Department of Transportation|NCDOT]] (11) for use on the ''[[Piedmont (train)|Piedmont]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://on-track-on-line.com/amtk-roster-engines.shtml#NCDOT |title=Amtrak Motive Power Roster: North Carolina DOT Equipment |date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320030325/http://on-track-on-line.com/amtk-roster-engines.shtml |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |website=On Track On Line |first1=David |last1=Warner |first2=Harry |last2=Sutton}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/04-ncdot-adds-two-refurbished-locomotives-to-passenger-fleet/ |title=NCDOT adds two refurbished locomotives to passenger fleet |newspaper=Trains Newswire |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> and [[Trinity Railway Express]] (7).<ref name=DART /><!--needs RS: leasing company RB Railway Group (12)--> Five of the NCDOT units<!--101 to 105--> were rebuilt into [[cab car|cab control units]] without prime movers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://edocs.deq.nc.gov/WasteManagement/ElectronicFile.aspx?dbid=0&docid=256994& |chapter=Attachment 3E: Statement of Work (February 2014) |title=Brownfields Property Application: Charlotte Locomotive & Railcar Maintenance Facility |page=2 |date=September 9, 2014 |publisher=North Carolina Department of Transportation}}</ref>


Seven Metrolink units were rebuilt as '''F59PHR'''. The non-rebuilt Metrolink locomotives were retired by 2020.<ref name=metrolink2020>{{cite book |url=https://metrolinktrains.com/globalassets/about/agency/rail-fleet-management-plan/metrolink-rail-fleet-management-plan-update---full-report.pdf |year=2020 |title=Metrolink Rail Fleet Management Report FY2020 – FY2040 |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority |chapter=Part 2: Existing Fleet and Facilities |pages=32–35}}</ref> Five of those were purchased by NCDOT in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://metrolink.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=metrolink_e779591bb378feaa1920d45825a58f59.pdf&view=1 |title=Board of Directors Meeting Minutes – December 14, 2018 |page=4 |date=January 4, 2019 |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority}}</ref>
Seven Metrolink units were rebuilt as '''F59PHR'''. The non-rebuilt Metrolink locomotives were retired by 2020.<ref name=metrolink2020>{{cite book |url=https://metrolinktrains.com/globalassets/about/agency/rail-fleet-management-plan/metrolink-rail-fleet-management-plan-update---full-report.pdf |year=2020 |title=Metrolink Rail Fleet Management Report FY2020 – FY2040 |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority |chapter=Part 2: Existing Fleet and Facilities |pages=32–35}}</ref> Five of those were purchased by NCDOT in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://metrolink.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=metrolink_e779591bb378feaa1920d45825a58f59.pdf&view=1 |title=Board of Directors Meeting Minutes – December 14, 2018 |page=4 |date=January 4, 2019 |publisher=Southern California Regional Rail Authority}}</ref>
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==F59PHI==
==F59PHI==
[[File:Amtrak Capitol Corridor train at Rodeo, January 2010.jpg|thumb|left|A Caltrans-owned F59PHI locomotive on an Amtrak ''Capitol Corridor'' train in 2010]]
The F59PHI is a variant with a fully enclosed streamlined [[Cab unit|carbody]]. The first nine units were purchased by [[Caltrans]] for use on [[Amtrak California]] services and entered service in 1994.<ref name="age94">{{cite magazine |title=F59PHI debuts in California|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15991684.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142642/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15991684.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |magazine=[[Railway Age]] |date=December 1, 1994}}</ref> Like the F59PH, the F59PHI is equipped with a secondary electrical generator – rated between {{convert|500|and|750|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} – for HEP.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Gerald L. |title=A field guide to trains of North America |date=1996 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-70112-0 |page=94}}</ref> A total of 83 locomotives were built, most for commuter rail and Amtrak corridor services on the West Coast.<ref name=classic/>
The F59PHI is a variant with a fully enclosed streamlined [[Cab unit|carbody]]. The first nine units were purchased by [[Caltrans]] for use on [[Amtrak California]] services and entered service in 1994.<ref name="age94">{{cite magazine |title=F59PHI debuts in California|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15991684.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142642/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15991684.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |magazine=[[Railway Age]] |date=December 1, 1994}}</ref> Like the F59PH, the F59PHI is equipped with a secondary electrical generator – rated between {{convert|500|and|750|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} – for HEP.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Gerald L. |title=A field guide to trains of North America |date=1996 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0-395-70112-0 |page=94}}</ref> A total of 83 locomotives were built, most for commuter rail and Amtrak corridor services on the West Coast.<ref name=classic/>


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!Refs
!Refs
|-
|-
|Amtrak (for ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' and ''[[Amtrak Cascades|Cascades]]'')
|[[Amtrak]] (for ''[[Pacific Surfliner]]'' and ''[[Amtrak Cascades|Cascades]]'')
|21
|21
|1998
|1998
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|2010–2015
|2010–2015
|-
|-
|[[Exo (public transit)|Exo]]
|[[Exo commuter rail|Exo]]
|11
|11
|2000–2001
|2000–2001
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[[Category:EPA Tier 2-compliant locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:EPA Tier 2-compliant locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States]]
[[Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Canada]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada]]
[[Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Mexico]]
[[Category:Diesel–electric locomotives of Mexico]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Amtrak locomotives]]
[[Category:Amtrak locomotives]]

Latest revision as of 03:40, 30 November 2024

EMD F59PH and F59PHI

Top: F59PH operated by Amtrak on the Piedmont
Bottom: F59PHI operated by Amtrak on the Capitol Corridor
Type and origin
Power typeDiesel-electric
BuilderElectro-Motive Division (EMD)
Build date
  • F59PH: 1988–1994
  • F59PHI: 1994–2001
Total produced
  • F59PH: 72
  • F59PHI: 83[1]
Specifications
Configuration:
 • AARB-B
 • UICBo'Bo'
Gauge4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length
  • F59PH: 58 ft 2 in (17.73 m)
  • F59PHI: 58 ft 7 in (17.86 m)[2]
Prime mover
Cylinders12
Performance figures
Maximum speedF59PHI: 110 mph (177 km/h)[4]
Power output
  • F59PH: 3,000 hp (2.24 MW)
  • F59PHI: 3,200 hp (2.4 MW)
Career
LocaleCanada, United States

The EMD F59PH is a four-axle 3,000 hp (2 MW) B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division from 1988 to 1994. A variant, the F59PHI, was produced from 1994 to 2001. The F59PH was originally built for GO Transit commuter operation in the Toronto region. Metrolink in Southern California also purchased a fleet for its 1992 launch. The streamlined F59PHI was designed for Amtrak California intercity service. A total of 72 F59PH and 83 F59PHI locomotives were built.

F59PH

[edit]

Between May 1988 and May 1994, 72 F59PH locomotives were built for two commuter transit railroads: GO Transit of Toronto and Metrolink of Los Angeles.[1] Based on the GP59, the locomotives had a turbocharged EMD 12-710G3A, a 12-cylinder, two-stroke Diesel engine (prime mover).[5] Head end power was supplied by a separate diesel generator.[6]

GO Transit began retiring its F59PH locomotives in 2008 in favor of newer MPI MPXpress locomotives.[5] Most were purchased by other operators including Exo (10 locomotives),[7] Metra (3),[8][9] NCDOT (11) for use on the Piedmont,[10][11] and Trinity Railway Express (7).[12] Five of the NCDOT units were rebuilt into cab control units without prime movers.[13]

Seven Metrolink units were rebuilt as F59PHR. The non-rebuilt Metrolink locomotives were retired by 2020.[14] Five of those were purchased by NCDOT in 2018.[15]

Original owners
Owner Number Year built Unit numbers Refs
GO Transit 49 1988–1994 520–568 [1]
Metrolink 23 1992–1993 851–873 [14]

F59PHI

[edit]

The F59PHI is a variant with a fully enclosed streamlined carbody. The first nine units were purchased by Caltrans for use on Amtrak California services and entered service in 1994.[16] Like the F59PH, the F59PHI is equipped with a secondary electrical generator – rated between 500 and 750 kW (670 and 1,010 hp) – for HEP.[17] A total of 83 locomotives were built, most for commuter rail and Amtrak corridor services on the West Coast.[18]

Two F59PHI locomotives were built in 1995 for Philip Morris Companies to haul the Marlboro Unlimited, a custom built luxury train to carry winners of a Philip Morris sweepstakes around the country. After Philip Morris cancelled the train, the units were stored before being sold to Metrolink in 1998.[19][20]

Some units are still in service with the original owners, while others have been retired. The 21 ex-Amtrak units were sold to Metra in 2018.[21]

Original owners
Owner Number Year built Unit numbers Refs
Amtrak (for Pacific Surfliner and Cascades) 21 1998 450–470 [21][4][22]
Caltrans (for San Joaquin and Capitol Corridor) 9 1994 2001–2009 [22][23]
6 2001 2010–2015
Exo 11 2000–2001 1320–1330 [18]
Metrolink 10 1995 874–883 [14][19][20]
4 2001 884–887
NCDOT (for Piedmont) 2 1998 1755, 1797 [18][24]
North County Transit District (Coaster) 2 2001 3001–3002 [25][26]
Sound Transit (Sounder Commuter Rail) 11 1998–2001 901–911 [27]
Trinity Railway Express 2 2001 569–570 [12]
West Coast Express 5 1995 901–905 [28][29]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c McDonnell 2015, p. 208
  2. ^ Marre, Louis A.; Withers, Paul K. (2000). The Contemporary Diesel Spotter's Guide. Halifax, Pennsylvania: Withers Publishing. pp. 112–114. ISBN 1-881411-25-7. LCCN 99069543.
  3. ^ "Canadian Trackside Guide". Canadian Trackside Guide. Bytown Railway Society. 2019. p. 1-99. ISSN 0829-3023.
  4. ^ a b c Amtrak Cascades Fleet Management Plan (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. November 2017. pp. 29, 95.
  5. ^ a b Solomon 2011, p. 159
  6. ^ Weaver, Christopher S.; McGregor, Douglas B. (March 1995). Controlling Locomotive Emissions in California: Technology, Cost-Effectiveness, and Regulatory Strategy (PDF). California Air Resources Board. p. 27.
  7. ^ Vantuono, William C. (January 31, 2022). "Siemens Mobility Chargers for Montreal". Railway Age.
  8. ^ "Metra to buy three used locomotives" (Press release). Metra. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021.
  9. ^ Danneman, Tom (November 9, 2015). "Metra's first F59PH is now in service". Trains Newswire.
  10. ^ Warner, David; Sutton, Harry (March 1, 2022). "Amtrak Motive Power Roster: North Carolina DOT Equipment". On Track On Line. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022.
  11. ^ "NCDOT adds two refurbished locomotives to passenger fleet". Trains Newswire. August 4, 2017.
  12. ^ a b "TRE Facts". Dallas Area Rapid Transit. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022.
  13. ^ "Attachment 3E: Statement of Work (February 2014)". Brownfields Property Application: Charlotte Locomotive & Railcar Maintenance Facility. North Carolina Department of Transportation. September 9, 2014. p. 2.
  14. ^ a b c "Part 2: Existing Fleet and Facilities". Metrolink Rail Fleet Management Report FY2020 – FY2040 (PDF). Southern California Regional Rail Authority. 2020. pp. 32–35.
  15. ^ "Board of Directors Meeting Minutes – December 14, 2018". Southern California Regional Rail Authority. January 4, 2019. p. 4.
  16. ^ "F59PHI debuts in California". Railway Age. December 1, 1994. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015.
  17. ^ Foster, Gerald L. (1996). A field guide to trains of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 94. ISBN 0-395-70112-0.
  18. ^ a b c Solomon, Brian (2013). Classic Locomotives: Steam and Diesel Power in 700 Photographs. Voyageur Press. pp. 510, 527–529. ISBN 9780760345283 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ a b "The Motive Power and Equipment Scene" (PDF). Branchline. Vol. 35, no. 2. February 1996. p. 26. ISSN 0824-233X.
  20. ^ a b Metrolink Fleet Management Plan FY2015–FY2025. Southern California Regional Rail Authority. October 2015. pp. 42–45.
  21. ^ a b "Metra F59PHIs get ready for service". Trains. November 5, 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Appendix A: Asset Inventory". Amtrak Five Year Equipment Asset Line Plan: Base (FY 2019) + Five Year Strategic Plan (FY 2020–2024) (PDF). Amtrak. 2018. pp. 56–57, 104.
  23. ^ "Chapter II: Capital Program". California State Rail Plan 2005–06 to 2015–16 (PDF). California Department of Transportation. December 2005. p. 18.
  24. ^ Frey, H. Christopher; Graver, Brandon M. (August 13, 2012). "Chapter 2: Rail Yard Testing". Measurement and Evaluation of Fuels and Technologies for Passenger Rail Service in North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina Department of Transportation. p. 28.
  25. ^ "Staff Report" (PDF). North County Transportation District. February 21, 2019.
  26. ^ Luczak, Marybeth (February 12, 2021). "NCTD introduces new cleaner locomotives and refurbished coaches". International Railway Journal.
  27. ^ "Motion No. M2016-123 Sounder Locomotive Overhaul Contract Amendment" (PDF). Sound Transit. December 15, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2017.
  28. ^ van Hattem, Matt (June 30, 2006). "West Coast Express". Trains Magazine.
  29. ^ "The Long-Awaited "West Coast Express"" (PDF). Branchline. Vol. 35, no. 2. February 1996. p. 10. ISSN 0824-233X.

References

[edit]