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{{Short description|Biggest Parliament building in the world, located in Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand.}}
{{Short description|Parliament building of Thailand}}
{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
| name = The Parliament Complex
| name = Sappaya-Sapasathan
| native_name= อาคารรัฐสภา
| native_name= สัปปายะสภาสถาน
| native_name_lang= TH
| native_name_lang= TH
| image = Thai parliament.jpg
| image = Sappaya-Sapasathan (I).jpg
| caption = The new parliament house of Thailand, viewed from Chao Phraya river.
| caption = The "Chulamani Chedi" on the center of Sappaya-Sapasathan in 2023
| map_type =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| style = Buddhist-inspired, Modern
| style = Thai Contemporary
| location_town = [[Kiakkai]], [[Thanon Nakhon Chai Si Subdistrict|Thanon Nakhon Chai Si]], [[Dusit District|Dusit]], [[Bangkok]]
| location_town = [[Kiakkai]], [[Thanon Nakhon Chai Si Subdistrict|Thanon Nakhon Chai Si]], [[Dusit District|Dusit]], [[Bangkok]]
| location_country = [[Thailand]]
| location_country = [[Thailand]]
Line 23: Line 23:
}}
}}


The '''Parliament Complex''' ({{lang-th|อาคารรัฐสภา}}, {{RTGS|''The Parliament Complex''}}, {{IPA-th|Xākhār rạṭ̄hs̄p̣hā s̄p̣hā nitibạỵỵạti|pron}}) is the third and current meeting place of the [[National Assembly (Thailand)|National Assembly of Thailand]], the bicameral legislative branch of the [[Government of Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Realist|url=http://www.realist.co.th/blog/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88/|title=รัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ (อาคารรัฐสภา)แลนด์มาร์ค ริมเจ้าพระยา}}</ref> It is located on the left bank of the [[Chao Phraya River]] in [[Kiakkai]] neighbourhood of the [[Dusit District]]. It is the world's largest parliament building with 424,000 m<sup>2</sup> of floor space.
'''Sappaya-Sapasathan''' ({{langx|th|สัปปายะสภาสถาน}}, {{RTGS|''Sappayasaphasathan''}}, {{IPA|th|sàp.pāː.já(ʔ).sā.pʰāː.sā.tʰǎːn|pron}}) is the third and current meeting place of the [[National Assembly (Thailand)|National Assembly of Thailand]], the bicameral legislative branch of the [[Government of Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Realist|url=http://www.realist.co.th/blog/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88/|title=รัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ (สัปปายะสภาสถาน)แลนด์มาร์ค ริมเจ้าพระยา}}</ref> It is located in [[Bangkok]] on the east bank of the [[Chao Phraya River]] in [[Kiakkai]] neighbourhood of the [[Dusit District]]. It is the world's largest parliament building with 424,000 m<sup>2</sup> of floor space.


Once completed, [[Parliament House MRT station]] on [[MRT Purple Line]] will serve the area.
== History ==
== History ==
The parliament has changed its venue several times. Its first site was [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]], used from 1933 until 1974. It then moved to the [[Parliament House of Thailand]], but the building was soon outgrown. In 2008, three sites were considered for a new building. They were the [[Dusit District]], the [[Mueang Nonthaburi District]], and the [[Khlong Toei District]]. The Dusit District was chosen by the [[Samak Sundaravej]] government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.parliament.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/parliament_parcy/main.php?filename=history_newsapa|title=ความเป็นมาของโครงการ}}{{DL|date=June 2019}}</ref>
The Thai parliament has changed its venue several times. Its first site was [[Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall]], used from 1933 until 1974. It then moved to the [[Parliament House of Thailand]], but the building was soon outgrown. In 2008, three sites were considered for a new building. They were the [[Dusit district]], the [[Mueang Nonthaburi district]], and the [[Khlong Toei district]]. The Dusit district was chosen by the [[Samak Sundaravej]] government,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.parliament.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/parliament_parcy/main.php?filename=history_newsapa|title=โครงการก่อสร้างอาคารรัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ – ความเป็นมาของโครงการ |trans-title=New Parliament House Construction – Project background|website=parliament.go.th |publisher=[[Parliament of Thailand]] |access-date=20 December 2023 |language=th}}</ref> resulting in relocation of [[Yothinburana School|Yothinburana secondary school]] and some communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=โครงการก่อสร้างอาคารรัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ – การเตรียมการ |trans-title=New Parliament House Construction – Preparation|url=https://www.parliament.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/parliament_parcy/main.php?filename=prepare_newsapa |website=parliament.go.th |publisher=[[Parliament of Thailand]] |access-date=20 December 2023 |language=th}}</ref>


== Name ==
== Name ==
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The title of the winning design was ''Sappaya Sapha Sathan''. The architects who submitted it said that the Buddhist term ''sappaya'' means "comfortable in [[dharma]]", and the title is supposed to mean "a place for doing good deeds or good karma".<ref name="PE-20091215" />
The title of the winning design was ''Sappaya Sapha Sathan''. The architects who submitted it said that the Buddhist term ''sappaya'' means "comfortable in [[dharma]]", and the title is supposed to mean "a place for doing good deeds or good karma".<ref name="PE-20091215" />


The building's design was inspired by a classic Thai Buddhist tale, ''Trai Bhum Phra Ruang'', and was made to look like a temple as a reminder to officials of "[[Thainess]]" and morality, making it truly a ''Sappaya Sapasathan'', "peaceful parliament".<ref name="AC-20160726">{{cite news |title=A 'symbol of Thainess': Thousands of teak trees to be cut down for Thailand's new parliament building |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Asian Correspondent |date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192615/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |url-status=dead }} {{Cite web |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-06 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192615/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The building's design was inspired by a classic Thai Buddhist tale, ''Trai Bhum Phra Ruang'', and was made to look like a temple as a reminder to officials of "[[Thainess]]" and morality, making it truly a ''Sappaya Sapasathan'', "peaceful parliament".<ref name="AC-20160726">{{cite news |title=A 'symbol of Thainess': Thousands of teak trees to be cut down for Thailand's new parliament building |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Asian Correspondent |date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192615/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |url-status=dead }} {{Cite web |url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |title=A 'symbol of Thainess': Thousands of teak trees to be cut down for Thailand's new parliament building |access-date=2018-12-06 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206192615/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2016/07/thailand-teak-trees-parliament-building/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


''Sappaya-Sapasathan'' is a word combination with ''sappaya'' or the ''seven of Sappaya'', meaning "comfortable", "conducive conditions", "supportive", and the "right thing";<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm9RCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |title=ความหมายของสัปปายะ|year=1995|isbn=9789748357898}}</ref> and the word ''sapasathan'', meaning "council of the peaceful".
''Sappaya-Sapasathan'' is a word combination with ''sappaya'' or the ''seven of Sappaya'', meaning "comfortable", "conducive conditions", "supportive", and the "right thing";<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hm9RCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |title=ความหมายของสัปปายะ|year=1995|isbn=9789748357898}}</ref> and the word ''sapasathan'', meaning "council of the peaceful".


==Design==
==Design==
{{wide image|Sappaya-Sapasathan Pano (II).jpg|600px|Sappaya-Sapasathan in 2023, viewed from Yanhee Hospital}}
The Parliament Complex design by a team led by Theerapol Niyom was the winner in a new parliament building design competition.<ref name="PE-20091215">{{cite news |title=Design of new parliament focuses on morality in politics |url=https://prachatai.com/english/node/1541 |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Pratchatai English |date=2009-12-15}}</ref> Built to provide more than 424,000 m<sup>2</sup> of floor space, at a budget of approximately 23 billion [[Thai baht|baht]],<ref name = "EIA">[http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/doc_image/2554/9922849918.pdf Environmental Impact Assessment (summary version for the executives)] The Secretariat of the House of Representatives. April 2011</ref> it can accommodate more than 5,000 people and parking for 2,000 cars. Its main features are a Thai pagoda in the center of the building, Suriyan Hall (Hall of the Sun) for House of Representative, Chantra Hall (Hall of the Moon) for Senate, and the use of 5,018 [[teak]] trees as they represent the "[[DNA]] of Thailand".<ref name="KE-20160725">{{cite news |last1=Mokkhasen |first1=Sasiwan |title=No, 2,000 Teak Trees Won't Be Cut For New Parliament – More Like 5,000 |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2016/07/25/no-2000-teak-trees-wont-cut-new-parliament-try-5000/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Khaosod English |date=2016-07-25}}</ref> It also [[Thai Parliament Museum|houses museums]], a convention center, a seminar room, a banquet hall, and offices. The design has been criticised for being "religious architecture", embracing "elements of Buddhist and Hindu cosmology".<ref name="Nation-20190608"/>
Sappaya-Sapasathan was designed by a team led by Theerapol Niyom, who was the winner in the building's design competition.<ref name="PE-20091215">{{cite news |title=Design of new parliament focuses on morality in politics |url=https://prachatai.com/english/node/1541 |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Pratchatai English |date=2009-12-15}}</ref> Built to provide more than 424,000 m<sup>2</sup> of floor space, at a budget of approximately 23 billion [[Thai baht|baht]],<ref name = "EIA">[http://www.cabinet.soc.go.th/doc_image/2554/9922849918.pdf Environmental Impact Assessment (summary version for the executives)] The Secretariat of the House of Representatives. April 2011</ref> it can accommodate more than 5,000 people and parking for 2,000 cars. Its main features are a Thai pagoda in the center of the building, Suriyan Hall (Hall of the Sun) for [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representative]], Chantra Hall (Hall of the Moon) for [[Senate of Thailand]], and the use of 5,018 [[teak]] trees as they represent the "[[DNA]] of Thailand".<ref name="KE-20160725">{{cite news |last1=Mokkhasen |first1=Sasiwan |title=No, 2,000 Teak Trees Won't Be Cut For New Parliament – More Like 5,000 |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2016/07/25/no-2000-teak-trees-wont-cut-new-parliament-try-5000/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Khaosod English |date=2016-07-25}}</ref>

It also [[Thai Parliament Museum|houses museums]], a convention center, a seminar room, a banquet hall, and offices. The design has been criticised for being "religious architecture", embracing "elements of Buddhist and Hindu cosmology".<ref name="Nation-20190608">{{cite news |last1=Phataranawik |first1=Phatarawadee |date=8 June 2019 |title=Bless this house |work=The Nation |url=https://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/politics/30370725 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608010339/https://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/politics/30370725 |archive-date=8 June 2019}}</ref>


==Construction==
==Construction==
[[File:Sappaya-Sapasathan 2019-07-25.jpg|thumb|left|The Parliament Complex during construction in July 2019]]
[[File:Sappaya-Sapasathan 2019-07-25.jpg|thumb|left|Sappaya-Sapasathan during construction in July 2019]]
The new parliament building, after significant delays, is due to be inaugurated in late 2020.<ref name="Nation-20190608">{{cite news |last1=Phataranawik |first1=Phatarawadee |title=Bless this house |url=https://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/politics/30370725 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=The Nation |date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608010339/https://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/politics/30370725 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=February 2021}} It was contracted for in 2013 and was scheduled to be opened in 2015. It sits on a bank of the [[Chao Phraya River]] in [[Kiakkai]] neighbourhood of the [[Thanon Nakhon Chai Si Subdistrict]], Dusit District, occupying 300,000 m<sup>2</sup> of land. The site of the previous parliament building was returned to its owner, the [[Bureau of the Royal Household]], at the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=NLA seeks temporary venue for parliament |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1588262/nla-seeks-temporary-venue-for-parliament |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2018-12-06}}</ref> Construction of the new building has been delayed for four years. The project budget has ballooned from 14 billion [[Thai baht|baht]] to 23 billion baht.<ref name="Nation-20190608"/> Parliament has levied no penalties on the developer for missing the deadline. As the land where the old parliament building sits was already returned to the [[Crown Property Bureau]], Parliament met in an auditorium rented from telecom firm [[TOT Public Company Limited|TOT]] at a cost of 11 million baht per month from May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Stupidity Has to Stop |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1666040/the-stupidity-has-to-stop |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=Bangkok Post |date=24 April 2019 |format=Opinion}}</ref> Since August 2019, Parliament now meets in Sappaya-Sapasathan, although parts of the building remain unfinished.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/|title=รัฐสภาใหม่ "อาคารรัฐสภา" เปิดใช้แล้ว แต่ไม่พร้อม ก่อสร้างและตกแต่งไม่เสร็จหลายจุด|date=7 August 2019|work=Workpoint News|access-date=25 August 2019|language=th|trans-title=New parliament building "The Parliament Complex " now opened but unready; Construction and furnishing still unfinished at many points.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092625/https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |url=https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092625/https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
It was contracted for in 2013 and was scheduled to be opened in 2015. It sits on a bank of the [[Chao Phraya River]] in [[Kiakkai]] neighbourhood of the [[Thanon Nakhon Chai Si Subdistrict]], Dusit District, occupying 300,000 m<sup>2</sup> of land. The site of the previous parliament building was returned to its owner, the [[Bureau of the Royal Household]], at the end of 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=NLA seeks temporary venue for parliament |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1588262/nla-seeks-temporary-venue-for-parliament |access-date=2018-12-06 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2018-12-06}}</ref> Construction of the new building has been delayed for four years. The project budget has ballooned from 14 billion [[Thai baht|baht]] to 23 billion baht.<ref name="Nation-20190608"/> Parliament has levied no penalties on the developer for missing the deadline. As the land where the old parliament building sits was already returned to the [[Crown Property Bureau]], Parliament met in an auditorium rented from telecom firm [[TOT Public Company Limited|TOT]] at a cost of 11 million baht per month from May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Stupidity Has to Stop |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1666040/the-stupidity-has-to-stop |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=Bangkok Post |date=24 April 2019 |department=Opinion}}</ref>
Since August 2019, Parliament now meets in Sappaya-Sapasathan, although parts of the building remained unfinished.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/|title=รัฐสภาใหม่ "สัปปายะสภาสถาน" เปิดใช้แล้ว แต่ไม่พร้อม ก่อสร้างและตกแต่งไม่เสร็จหลายจุด|date=7 August 2019|work=Workpoint News|access-date=25 August 2019|language=th|trans-title=New parliament building "Sappaya-Sapasathan" now opened but unready; Construction and furnishing still unfinished at many points.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092625/https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |url=https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/ |title=รัฐสภาใหม่ "สัปปายะสภาสถาน" เปิดใช้แล้ว แต่ไม่พร้อม ก่อสร้างและตกแต่งไม่เสร็จหลายจุด &#124; Workpoint News |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825092625/https://workpointnews.com/2019/08/07/new-parliament-not-ready1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The building was officially opened on 1 May 2021 after significant delays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight years and billions of baht later, world’s largest Parliament opens in Thailand amid controversy |url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/eight-years-and-billions-of-baht-later-worlds-largest-parliament-opens-in-thailand-amid-controversy/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.thaipbsworld.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Phra Suriyan chamber.jpg|Phra Suriyan Chamber
File:Chantra Hall.jpg|Chantra Chamber
File:Committee meeting room No. 304.jpg|Committee meeting room
File:Sappaya-Sapasathan Pano (III).jpg|View of Sappaya-Sapasathan from Chao Phraya River
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 07:20, 30 November 2024

Sappaya-Sapasathan
สัปปายะสภาสถาน
The "Chulamani Chedi" on the center of Sappaya-Sapasathan in 2023
Map
General information
Architectural styleThai Contemporary
Town or cityKiakkai, Thanon Nakhon Chai Si, Dusit, Bangkok
CountryThailand
Coordinates13°47′45″N 100°31′02″E / 13.795823°N 100.517282°E / 13.795823; 100.517282
Construction started8 June 2013
Completed1 May 2021
ClientNational Assembly (2019–present)
Technical details
Floor count11
Floor area424,000 m2
Grounds300,000 m2
Design and construction
Architect(s)Theerapol Niyom
Website
www.parliament.go.th

Sappaya-Sapasathan (Thai: สัปปายะสภาสถาน, RTGS: Sappayasaphasathan, pronounced [sàp.pāː.já(ʔ).sā.pʰāː.sā.tʰǎːn]) is the third and current meeting place of the National Assembly of Thailand, the bicameral legislative branch of the Government of Thailand.[1] It is located in Bangkok on the east bank of the Chao Phraya River in Kiakkai neighbourhood of the Dusit District. It is the world's largest parliament building with 424,000 m2 of floor space.

Once completed, Parliament House MRT station on MRT Purple Line will serve the area.

History

[edit]

The Thai parliament has changed its venue several times. Its first site was Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, used from 1933 until 1974. It then moved to the Parliament House of Thailand, but the building was soon outgrown. In 2008, three sites were considered for a new building. They were the Dusit district, the Mueang Nonthaburi district, and the Khlong Toei district. The Dusit district was chosen by the Samak Sundaravej government,[2] resulting in relocation of Yothinburana secondary school and some communities.[3]

Name

[edit]

There are slightly different interpretations of the building's name.

The title of the winning design was Sappaya Sapha Sathan. The architects who submitted it said that the Buddhist term sappaya means "comfortable in dharma", and the title is supposed to mean "a place for doing good deeds or good karma".[4]

The building's design was inspired by a classic Thai Buddhist tale, Trai Bhum Phra Ruang, and was made to look like a temple as a reminder to officials of "Thainess" and morality, making it truly a Sappaya Sapasathan, "peaceful parliament".[5]

Sappaya-Sapasathan is a word combination with sappaya or the seven of Sappaya, meaning "comfortable", "conducive conditions", "supportive", and the "right thing";[6] and the word sapasathan, meaning "council of the peaceful".

Design

[edit]
Sappaya-Sapasathan in 2023, viewed from Yanhee Hospital

Sappaya-Sapasathan was designed by a team led by Theerapol Niyom, who was the winner in the building's design competition.[4] Built to provide more than 424,000 m2 of floor space, at a budget of approximately 23 billion baht,[7] it can accommodate more than 5,000 people and parking for 2,000 cars. Its main features are a Thai pagoda in the center of the building, Suriyan Hall (Hall of the Sun) for House of Representative, Chantra Hall (Hall of the Moon) for Senate of Thailand, and the use of 5,018 teak trees as they represent the "DNA of Thailand".[8]

It also houses museums, a convention center, a seminar room, a banquet hall, and offices. The design has been criticised for being "religious architecture", embracing "elements of Buddhist and Hindu cosmology".[9]

Construction

[edit]
Sappaya-Sapasathan during construction in July 2019

It was contracted for in 2013 and was scheduled to be opened in 2015. It sits on a bank of the Chao Phraya River in Kiakkai neighbourhood of the Thanon Nakhon Chai Si Subdistrict, Dusit District, occupying 300,000 m2 of land. The site of the previous parliament building was returned to its owner, the Bureau of the Royal Household, at the end of 2018.[10] Construction of the new building has been delayed for four years. The project budget has ballooned from 14 billion baht to 23 billion baht.[9] Parliament has levied no penalties on the developer for missing the deadline. As the land where the old parliament building sits was already returned to the Crown Property Bureau, Parliament met in an auditorium rented from telecom firm TOT at a cost of 11 million baht per month from May 2019.[11]

Since August 2019, Parliament now meets in Sappaya-Sapasathan, although parts of the building remained unfinished.[12] The building was officially opened on 1 May 2021 after significant delays.[13]

[edit]
  • Phra Suriyan Chamber
    Phra Suriyan Chamber
  • Chantra Chamber
    Chantra Chamber
  • Committee meeting room
    Committee meeting room
  • View of Sappaya-Sapasathan from Chao Phraya River
    View of Sappaya-Sapasathan from Chao Phraya River

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "รัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ (สัปปายะสภาสถาน)แลนด์มาร์ค ริมเจ้าพระยา". Realist.
  2. ^ "โครงการก่อสร้างอาคารรัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ – ความเป็นมาของโครงการ" [New Parliament House Construction – Project background]. parliament.go.th (in Thai). Parliament of Thailand. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  3. ^ "โครงการก่อสร้างอาคารรัฐสภาแห่งใหม่ – การเตรียมการ" [New Parliament House Construction – Preparation]. parliament.go.th (in Thai). Parliament of Thailand. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Design of new parliament focuses on morality in politics". Pratchatai English. 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  5. ^ "A 'symbol of Thainess': Thousands of teak trees to be cut down for Thailand's new parliament building". Asian Correspondent. 2016-07-26. Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-06. "A 'symbol of Thainess': Thousands of teak trees to be cut down for Thailand's new parliament building". Archived from the original on 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  6. ^ ความหมายของสัปปายะ. 1995. ISBN 9789748357898.
  7. ^ Environmental Impact Assessment (summary version for the executives) The Secretariat of the House of Representatives. April 2011
  8. ^ Mokkhasen, Sasiwan (2016-07-25). "No, 2,000 Teak Trees Won't Be Cut For New Parliament – More Like 5,000". Khaosod English. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  9. ^ a b Phataranawik, Phatarawadee (8 June 2019). "Bless this house". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
  10. ^ "NLA seeks temporary venue for parliament". Bangkok Post. 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  11. ^ "The Stupidity Has to Stop". Opinion. Bangkok Post. 24 April 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  12. ^ "รัฐสภาใหม่ "สัปปายะสภาสถาน" เปิดใช้แล้ว แต่ไม่พร้อม ก่อสร้างและตกแต่งไม่เสร็จหลายจุด" [New parliament building "Sappaya-Sapasathan" now opened but unready; Construction and furnishing still unfinished at many points.]. Workpoint News (in Thai). 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019. "รัฐสภาใหม่ "สัปปายะสภาสถาน" เปิดใช้แล้ว แต่ไม่พร้อม ก่อสร้างและตกแต่งไม่เสร็จหลายจุด | Workpoint News". Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  13. ^ "Eight years and billions of baht later, world's largest Parliament opens in Thailand amid controversy". www.thaipbsworld.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
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