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|name = Michael Powell
|name = Michael Powell
|image = Michael powell politician.jpg
|image = Michael powell politician.jpg
|office = 24th [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chair of the Federal Communications Commission]]
|office = 24th [[List of chairmen of the Federal Communications Commission|Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission]]
|president = [[George W. Bush]]
|president = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start = January 22, 2001
|term_start = January 22, 2001
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|death_place =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = Jane Knott
|spouse = {{marriage|Jane Knott|1988}}
|children = 2
|children = 2
|father = [[Colin Powell]]
|father = [[Colin Powell]]
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|unit = [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment]]
|unit = [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment]]
}}
}}
'''Michael Kevin Powell''' (born March 23, 1963) is an American attorney and lobbyist who served as the 24th chair of the [[Federal Communications Commission]] from 2001 to 2005. Since leaving office, Powell has since worked as the president of the [[National Cable & Telecommunications Association]] (NCTA), a broadband industry trade association.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thewrap.com/tv/column-post/former-fcc-head-michael-powell-lead-cable-lobbying-group-25508/|title = Michael Powell, Ex-FCC Head, Named Top Cable Industry Lobbyist}}</ref>
'''Michael Kevin Powell''' (born March 23, 1963) is an American attorney and lobbyist who served as the 24th chairman of the [[Federal Communications Commission]] from 2001 to 2005.<ref name="FCC"/> Since leaving office, Powell has since worked as the president of the [[National Cable & Telecommunications Association]] (NCTA), a broadband industry trade association.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thewrap.com/tv/column-post/former-fcc-head-michael-powell-lead-cable-lobbying-group-25508/|title = Michael Powell, Ex-FCC Head, Named Top Cable Industry Lobbyist}}</ref>


Powell was appointed to the FCC by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] on November 3, 1997, and was chosen by President [[George W. Bush]] to serve as chair of the commission on January 22, 2001. Powell is the son of former Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] and his wife [[Alma Powell]].
Powell was appointed to the FCC by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] on November 3, 1997, and was chosen by President [[George W. Bush]] to serve as chairman of the commission on January 22, 2001. Powell is the son of former Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] and his wife [[Alma Powell]].


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Powell was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], in 1963. He graduated from the [[College of William & Mary]], where he was initiated into [[Theta Delta Chi]], on an [[Reserve Officer Training Corps|ROTC]] [[Scholarship]]. Powell later received a [[Juris Doctor]] from the [[Georgetown University Law Center]]
Michael Kevin Powell was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], on March 23, 1963, the first child of [[Colin Powell|Colin]] and [[Alma Powell|Alma (née Johnson) Powell]].<ref name="My American Journey"/>{{rp|94}} Because of his father's military career, Michael grew up in various places in the U.S., including [[Dale City, Virginia]]; [[Fort Campbell, Kentucky]]; and [[Burke, Virginia]], graduating from [[Lake Braddock Secondary School|Lake Braddock High School]] in Burke in 1981.<ref name="My American Journey"/>{{rp|216, 266}} He graduated from the [[College of William & Mary]], where he was initiated into [[Theta Delta Chi]], on an [[Reserve Officer Training Corps|ROTC]] [[Scholarship]]. Powell later received a [[Juris Doctor]] from the [[Georgetown University Law Center]]


== Career ==
== Career ==
Powell served as an armor officer in the [[United States Army]]. He spent the majority of his active service with the [[2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] in [[Amberg]], [[Germany]], serving as a [[cavalry]] [[platoon leader]] and [[troop]] [[executive officer]]. In 1987, Powell was seriously injured during a training mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncs.gov/news/2001/press%20release/012901b.html |title=NCS &#124; National Communications System &#124; Press Releases 2001 |accessdate=2012-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117210147/http://ncs.gov/news/2001/press%20release/012901b.html |archive-date=2009-01-17 }}</ref> He and his unit were traveling in a convoy on the [[autobahn]]. Powell was riding in a jeep at the time. Due to heavy rain, the jeep crashed and Powell was ejected from the vehicle. After he hit the pavement, the jeep bounced and crashed down on Powell's midsection.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |last1=Currie |first1=Tyler |title=Michael Powell - Recently resigned chairman of the Federal Communications Commission |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2005/03/27/michael-powell-recently-resigned-chairman-of-the-federal-communications-commission/bbc148f0-8ce4-4a4d-bda1-b6146e65a242/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>
Powell served as an armor officer in the [[United States Army]]. He spent the majority of his active service with the [[2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] in [[Amberg]], [[Germany]], serving as a [[cavalry]] [[platoon leader]] and [[troop]] [[executive officer]]. In 1987, Powell was seriously injured during a training mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncs.gov/news/2001/press%20release/012901b.html |title=NCS &#124; National Communications System &#124; Press Releases 2001 |accessdate=2012-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117210147/http://ncs.gov/news/2001/press%20release/012901b.html |archive-date=2009-01-17 }}</ref> He and his unit were traveling in a convoy on the [[autobahn]]. Powell was riding in a jeep at the time. Due to heavy rain, the jeep crashed and Powell was ejected from the vehicle. After he hit the pavement, the jeep bounced and crashed down on Powell's midsection.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |last1=Currie |first1=Tyler |title=Michael Powell - Recently resigned chairman of the Federal Communications Commission |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2005/03/27/michael-powell-recently-resigned-chairman-of-the-federal-communications-commission/bbc148f0-8ce4-4a4d-bda1-b6146e65a242/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>


After his rehabilitation he served as an expert advisor to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]. and [[Law clerk|clerked]] for the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the D. C. Circuit]]. He then worked for a year and a half as a private [[lawyer|attorney]] in the Washington, D.C. office of [[O’Melveny & Myers]]. From 1996, Powell served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as chief of staff of the [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Department of Justice Antitrust Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement of Attorney General Janet Reno and Assistant Attorney General Joel I. Klein on the President's Nomination of Michael K. Powell as FCC Commissioner|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/atr/public/press_releases/1997/1199.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.justice.gov}}</ref>
After his rehabilitation he served as an expert advisor to the [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]. and [[Law clerk|clerked]] for the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]]. He then worked for a year and a half as a private [[lawyer|attorney]] in the Washington, D.C., office of [[O’Melveny & Myers]]. From 1996, Powell served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as chief of staff of the [[United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division|Department of Justice Antitrust Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement of Attorney General Janet Reno and Assistant Attorney General Joel I. Klein on the President's Nomination of Michael K. Powell as FCC Commissioner|url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/atr/public/press_releases/1997/1199.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=www.justice.gov}}</ref>


== Federal Communications Commission ==
== Federal Communications Commission ==
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During his tenure as chair, he spoke at the [[University of California, San Diego]] on January 26, 2004.<ref>[http://uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8436 FCC's Michael Powell: Charting the Future of the Telecom Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051114034450/http://uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8436|date=2005-11-14}}</ref> In the talk, Powell spoke about the policymaking process in Washington, and about how [[ultra-wideband]] might impact [[telecommunications]]. While at the FCC, Powell was also the FCC's defense commissioner and oversaw all National Security Emergency Preparedness functions for the Commission.<ref name="transition.fcc.gov" />
During his tenure as chair, he spoke at the [[University of California, San Diego]] on January 26, 2004.<ref>[http://uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8436 FCC's Michael Powell: Charting the Future of the Telecom Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051114034450/http://uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8436|date=2005-11-14}}</ref> In the talk, Powell spoke about the policymaking process in Washington, and about how [[ultra-wideband]] might impact [[telecommunications]]. While at the FCC, Powell was also the FCC's defense commissioner and oversaw all National Security Emergency Preparedness functions for the Commission.<ref name="transition.fcc.gov" />


Powell opposed applying telephone-era regulations to new Internet technologies, a move critics charged would deny [[Open access (infrastructure)|open access]] to communications facilities. He articulated a policy of [[network neutrality]], and in March 2005 fined Madison River Communications for blocking voice over [[Internet Protocol|IP]] applications, the first-ever government action of its kind.<ref>[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A1.pdf Madison River Communications, LLC and affiliated companies] (order text, PDF)</ref> Powell worked so consumers could keep phone numbers when switching wireless carriers and championed the [[National Do Not Call Registry]].<ref name="transition.fcc.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/commissioners/previous/powell/biography.html|title = Biography of Michael K. Powell|date = 26 October 2016}}</ref>
Powell opposed applying telephone-era regulations to new Internet technologies, a move critics charged would deny [[Open access (infrastructure)|open access]] to communications facilities. He articulated a policy of [[network neutrality]], and in March 2005 fined Madison River Communications for blocking voice over [[Internet Protocol|IP]] applications, the first-ever government action of its kind.<ref>[http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A1.pdf Madison River Communications, LLC and affiliated companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208112204/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-05-543A1.pdf |date=2013-12-08 }} (order text, PDF)</ref> Powell worked so consumers could keep phone numbers when switching wireless carriers and championed the [[National Do Not Call Registry]].<ref name="transition.fcc.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/commissioners/previous/powell/biography.html|title = Biography of Michael K. Powell|date = 26 October 2016}}</ref>


In a notable confrontation over the FCC's local telephone competition rules, Powell was outflanked by Republican [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]], who formed a majority with the FCC's two [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] commissioners. Powell was later vindicated by a D.C. Circuit Court decision on March 2, 2004 that struck down Martin's order. Three months later, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] let the D.C. Circuit decision stand. When Powell resigned, Kevin Martin, who served Bush's [[2000 U.S. presidential election|presidential campaign]] in [[Florida]], was named the FCC's new Chairman. Martin subsequently [[purge]]d the FCC of many of Powell's staff.
In a notable confrontation over the FCC's local telephone competition rules, Powell was outflanked by Republican [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]], who formed a majority with the FCC's two [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] commissioners. Powell was later vindicated by a D.C. Circuit Court decision on March 2, 2004, that struck down Martin's order. Three months later, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] let the D.C. Circuit decision stand. When Powell resigned, Kevin Martin, who served Bush's [[2000 U.S. presidential election|presidential campaign]] in [[Florida]], was named the FCC's new Chairman. Martin subsequently [[purge]]d the FCC of many of Powell's staff.


Some of Powell's initiatives were challenged in federal court. Notably, the FCC's BrandX [[cable modem]] service decision, which declared cable modem should be free from telephone service regulations, was overturned in the Ninth Circuit case but was reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. The FCC's [[Broadcast Flag]] proceeding was overturned by the D.C. Circuit Court as an inappropriate exercise of FCC jurisdiction. The FCC's Media Ownership rules were likewise blocked by federal court and the television ownership cap set directly by the U.S. Congress.
Some of Powell's initiatives were challenged in federal court. Notably, the FCC's BrandX [[cable modem]] service decision, which declared cable modem should be free from telephone service regulations, was overturned in the Ninth Circuit case but was reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. The FCC's [[Broadcast Flag]] proceeding was overturned by the D.C. Circuit Court as an inappropriate exercise of FCC jurisdiction. The FCC's Media Ownership rules were likewise blocked by federal court and the television ownership cap set directly by the U.S. Congress.
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A defining moment of his tenure as FCC chairman was the [[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy]], in which [[Janet Jackson]]'s breast was exposed on live-broadcast television. This high-profile incident increased public attention toward the FCC's enforcement of indecency rules, which had already stepped up following [[Bono]]'s use of an expletive on live TV. Powell himself later said that the controversy was overblown, although he recognized that it would cause concern when he saw it at a Super Bowl party.
A defining moment of his tenure as FCC chairman was the [[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy]], in which [[Janet Jackson]]'s breast was exposed on live-broadcast television. This high-profile incident increased public attention toward the FCC's enforcement of indecency rules, which had already stepped up following [[Bono]]'s use of an expletive on live TV. Powell himself later said that the controversy was overblown, although he recognized that it would cause concern when he saw it at a Super Bowl party.


In an interview with ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]'', he stated, "I think we’ve been removed from this long enough for me to tell you that I had to put my best version of outrage on that I could put on. Part of it was surreal, right? Look, I think it was dumb to happen, and they knew the rules and were flirting with them, and my job is to enforce the rules, but, you know, really? This is what we’re gonna do?" In the aftermath, the FCC processed hundreds times more complaints than they had ever received.<ref name="nipplegate">{{cite web|author=Cogan, Marin|date=January 28, 2014|title=In the beginning, there was a nipple|url=http://espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/10333439/wardrobe-malfunction-beginning-there-was-nipple|work=ESPN the Magazine|accessdate=January 30, 2014}}</ref>
In an interview with ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]'', he stated, "I think we’ve been removed from this long enough for me to tell you that I had to put my best version of outrage on that I could put on. Part of it was surreal, right? Look, I think it was dumb to happen, and they knew the rules and were flirting with them, and my job is to enforce the rules, but, you know, really? This is what we’re gonna do?" In the aftermath, the FCC processed hundreds times more complaints than they had ever received.<ref name="nipplegate">{{cite web|author=Cogan, Marin|date=January 28, 2014|title=In the beginning, there was a nipple|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/10333439/wardrobe-malfunction-beginning-there-was-nipple|work=ESPN the Magazine|access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref>


=== Approach to indecency ===
=== Approach to indecency ===
[[Howard Stern]] and other controversial on-air personalities felt the sting of record fines, and both the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]] separately approved legislation significantly increasing the amount of money a station could be fined for indecency. Although the legislation was not ultimately enacted, the climate in Washington became so grey that several TV stations across the country declined to air ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' on [[Veterans Day (United States)|Veterans Day]] for fear of FCC fines. Powell was interviewed on San Francisco talk radio station [[KGO (AM)]] when Stern called in to confront Powell. Stern questioned Powell's credentials, saying he got the job only because of his father and accused Powell of targeting him and fining him large amounts of money.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stern confronts FCC chair on call-in show|url=http://www.today.com/id/6343696#.Utc81p6wJcQ}}</ref>
[[Howard Stern]] and other controversial on-air personalities felt the sting of record fines, and both the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House]] and [[United States Senate|Senate]] separately approved legislation significantly increasing the amount of money a station could be fined for indecency. Although the legislation was not ultimately enacted, the climate in Washington became so grey that several TV stations across the country declined to air ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' on [[Veterans Day (United States)|Veterans Day]] for fear of FCC fines. Powell was interviewed on San Francisco talk radio station [[KGO (AM)]] when Stern called in to confront Powell. Stern questioned Powell's credentials, saying he got the job only because of his father and accused Powell of targeting him and fining him large amounts of money.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stern confronts FCC chair on call-in show|date=27 October 2004 |url=http://www.today.com/id/6343696#.Utc81p6wJcQ}}</ref>


== Post-FCC work ==
== Post-FCC work ==
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=== Political activity ===
=== Political activity ===
Described as a "moderate Republican", Powell has been involved with Republican political campaigns. In the 1990s, Powell urged his father, Colin Powell, to run for President.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=Deseret|date=1995-11-09|title=LACKED 'PASSION' TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT, POWELL SAYS|url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/11/9/19203687/lacked-passion-to-run-for-president-powell-says|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> During the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Powell advised and supported Republican nominee [[John McCain]], while his father supported Democratic nominee [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perks|first=Ashley|date=2008-10-20|title=Colin Powell splits with son over White House race|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/16764-colin-powell-splits-with-son-over-white-house-race|access-date=2022-02-16|website=TheHill|language=en}}</ref>
Described as a "moderate Republican," Powell has been involved with Republican political campaigns. In the 1990s, Powell urged his father, Colin Powell, to run for President.<ref>{{Cite web|author=<!--not stated-->|date=1995-11-09|title=LACKED 'PASSION' TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT, POWELL SAYS|url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/11/9/19203687/lacked-passion-to-run-for-president-powell-says|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Deseret News|language=en}}</ref> During the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Powell advised and supported Republican nominee [[John McCain]], while his father supported Democratic nominee [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Perks|first=Ashley|date=2008-10-20|title=Colin Powell splits with son over White House race|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/16764-colin-powell-splits-with-son-over-white-house-race|access-date=2022-02-16|website=The Hill|language=en}}</ref>


In 2012, the [[The Washington Post|''Washington Post'']] speculated that Powell was considering a candidacy for [[Mayor of the District of Columbia]] in the [[2014 Washington, D.C. mayoral election|2014 election]], though he declined to enter the race.<ref>{{Cite news|last=DeBonis|first=Mike|date=2012-08-03|title=Is Michael Powell considering a D.C. mayoral run?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/post/is-michael-powell-considering-a-dc-mayoral-run/2012/08/03/0412e85a-dd90-11e1-8e43-4a3c4375504a_blog.html|access-date=2022-02-16|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2013, Powell was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the [[Hollingsworth v. Perry]] case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html|title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=28 February 2013|last1=Avlon|first1=John}}</ref>
In 2012, the [[The Washington Post|''Washington Post'']] speculated that Powell was considering a candidacy for [[Mayor of the District of Columbia]] in the [[2014 Washington, D.C. mayoral election|2014 election]], though he declined to enter the race.<ref>{{Cite news|last=DeBonis|first=Mike|date=2012-08-03|title=Is Michael Powell considering a D.C. mayoral run?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/mike-debonis/post/is-michael-powell-considering-a-dc-mayoral-run/2012/08/03/0412e85a-dd90-11e1-8e43-4a3c4375504a_blog.html|access-date=2022-02-16|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2013, Powell was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html|title=The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=28 February 2013|last1=Avlon|first1=John}}</ref>


=== Lobbying and net neutrality ===
=== Lobbying and net neutrality ===
On March 15, 2011, the [[National Cable & Telecommunications Association]] (NCTA) announced that Powell would take the helm from [[Kyle E. McSlarrow|Kyle McSlarrow]] beginning April 25.<ref>[http://www.multichannel.com/article/465265-NCTA_Names_Powell_President.php NCTA Names Powell President], [[Multichannel News]], March 15, 2011.</ref> Powell left his advisory role with [[Providence Equity Partners]]. In 2012, he spoke with FCC Chairman [[Julius Genachowski]] and gave the keynote speech during the industry's Cable Show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2012.thecableshow.com/vod |title=The Cable Show Video Player :: The Cable Show 2012 |access-date=2012-08-31 |archive-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828165546/http://2012.thecableshow.com/VOD |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2012, he contributed an opinion piece to ''[[Politico]]'' about the importance of cyber threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0412/75544.html|title = To fight cyberthreats, let's share|website = [[Politico]]}}</ref>
On March 15, 2011, the [[National Cable & Telecommunications Association]] (NCTA) announced that Powell would take the helm from [[Kyle E. McSlarrow|Kyle McSlarrow]] beginning April 25.<ref>[http://www.multichannel.com/article/465265-NCTA_Names_Powell_President.php NCTA Names Powell President], [[Multichannel News]], March 15, 2011.</ref> Powell left his advisory role with [[Providence Equity Partners]]. In 2012, he spoke with FCC Chairman [[Julius Genachowski]] and gave the keynote speech during the industry's Cable Show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://2012.thecableshow.com/vod |title=The Cable Show Video Player :: The Cable Show 2012 |access-date=2012-08-31 |archive-date=2012-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828165546/http://2012.thecableshow.com/VOD |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2012, he contributed an opinion piece to ''[[Politico]]'' about the importance of cyber threats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0412/75544.html|title = To fight cyberthreats, let's share|website = [[Politico]]| date=24 April 2012 }}</ref>


As a lobbyist representing the telecommunications companies, Powell published numerous editorials and opinion pieces around the country claiming to support [[net neutrality]] and opposing the FCC's enforcement of net neutrality through broadband reclassification as a Title II service.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.cnet.com/news/i-support-net-neutrality-that-is-not-what-the-fcc-just-did/|title = I SUPPORT NET NEUTRALITY, BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT THE FCC JUST DID|last = Powell|first = Michael|date = February 28, 2015}}</ref>
As a lobbyist representing the telecommunications companies, Powell published numerous editorials and opinion pieces around the country claiming to support [[net neutrality]] and opposing the FCC's enforcement of net neutrality through broadband reclassification as a Title II service.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.cnet.com/news/i-support-net-neutrality-that-is-not-what-the-fcc-just-did/|title = I SUPPORT NET NEUTRALITY, BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT THE FCC JUST DID|last = Powell|first = Michael|date = February 28, 2015}}</ref>


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Powell is married to Jane Knott and has two children.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2016|title=Biography of Michael K. Powell|url=https://www.fcc.gov/biography-michael-k-powell}}</ref> While serving in the Army, half of Powell's [[Human pelvis|pelvis]] had snapped off its rear anchor on the lower [[vertebral column|spine]]. In the front, it had ripped free of the [[cartilage]] connecting it to its other half. His [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] were torn and several [[vertebra]]e were cracked.<ref name="Washington Post" />
Powell married Jane Knott in 1988; they have two children.<ref name="FCC">{{Cite web|date=January 18, 2005|title=Biography of Michael K. Powell|url=https://www.fcc.gov/biography-michael-k-powell|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220095117/http://www.fcc.gov:80/commissioners/powell/mkp_biography.html|archivedate=February 20, 2005|url-status=dead|accessdate=November 4, 2022|publisher=Federal Communications Commission |quote=Michael K. Powell was nominated by President William J. Clinton to a Republican seat on the Commission, and was sworn in on November 3, 1997. He was designated chairman by President George W. Bush on January 22, 2001, and served until March 17, 2005.}}</ref><ref name="My American Journey">{{cite book|last1=Powell|first1=Colin L.|last2=Persico|first2=Joseph E.|title=My American Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf4up--WyzMC|place=New York|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=1996|orig-year=1995|isbn=0-345-46641-1|via=Google Books}}</ref>{{rp|385}} While serving as a junior army officer in Germany, Powell suffered serious injuries in a Jeep accident. Half of Powell's [[Human pelvis|pelvis]] had snapped off its rear anchor on the lower [[vertebral column|spine]]. In the front, it had ripped free of the [[cartilage]] connecting it to its other half. His [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] and [[urethra]] were torn and several [[vertebra]]e were cracked.<ref name="Washington Post" /> After initial attention from German emergency room doctors, Powell was flown to a U.S. Army hospital in [[Nuremberg]]. After being stabilized, he was flown to [[Washington, D.C.]], and admitted to [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]] where he spent a year in recovery. His spine remained fused at its base, forcing him to walk with a slight forward pitch the rest of his life.<ref name="Washington Post" />

After initial attention from German emergency room doctors, Powell was flown to a U.S. Army hospital in [[Nuremberg]]. After being stabilized, he was flown to [[Washington, D.C.]] and admitted to [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center]] where he spent a year in recovery. To this day, his spine is still fused at its base, forcing him to walk with a slight forward pitch.<ref name="Washington Post" />


==References==
==References==
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* [http://www.ojr.org/ojr/law/powell.php Interview with the Online Journalism Review]
* [http://www.ojr.org/ojr/law/powell.php Interview with the Online Journalism Review]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041221200742/http://www.reason.com/0412/fe.dc.the.shtml Interview with Reason magazine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041221200742/http://www.reason.com/0412/fe.dc.the.shtml Interview with Reason magazine]
* [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-256206A1.pdf Powell's Statement On Leaving the Commission]
* [http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-256206A1.pdf Powell's Statement On Leaving the Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418112509/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-256206A1.pdf |date=2005-04-18 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWrGbBZoqls On-air Confrontation with Howard Stern (youtube)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWrGbBZoqls On-air Confrontation with Howard Stern (youtube)]
* {{C-SPAN|51163}}
* {{C-SPAN|51163}}
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[[Category:Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama]]
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[[Category:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:People from Christian County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:People from Dale City, Virginia]]
[[Category:Family of Colin Powell|Michael]]

Latest revision as of 07:33, 30 November 2024

Michael Powell
24th Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
In office
January 22, 2001 – January 21, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byWilliam Kennard
Succeeded byKevin Martin
Personal details
Born
Michael Kevin Powell

(1963-03-23) March 23, 1963 (age 61)
Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Jane Knott
(m. 1988)
Children2
Parents
RelativesLinda Powell (sister)
EducationCollege of William & Mary (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
Salary$4,645,202.00 (2015)[1]
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1985–1988
Unit2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment

Michael Kevin Powell (born March 23, 1963) is an American attorney and lobbyist who served as the 24th chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from 2001 to 2005.[2] Since leaving office, Powell has since worked as the president of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA), a broadband industry trade association.[3]

Powell was appointed to the FCC by President Bill Clinton on November 3, 1997, and was chosen by President George W. Bush to serve as chairman of the commission on January 22, 2001. Powell is the son of former Secretary of State Colin Powell and his wife Alma Powell.

Early life and education

[edit]

Michael Kevin Powell was born in Birmingham, Alabama, on March 23, 1963, the first child of Colin and Alma (née Johnson) Powell.[4]: 94  Because of his father's military career, Michael grew up in various places in the U.S., including Dale City, Virginia; Fort Campbell, Kentucky; and Burke, Virginia, graduating from Lake Braddock High School in Burke in 1981.[4]: 216, 266  He graduated from the College of William & Mary, where he was initiated into Theta Delta Chi, on an ROTC Scholarship. Powell later received a Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center

Career

[edit]

Powell served as an armor officer in the United States Army. He spent the majority of his active service with the 3rd Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in Amberg, Germany, serving as a cavalry platoon leader and troop executive officer. In 1987, Powell was seriously injured during a training mission.[5] He and his unit were traveling in a convoy on the autobahn. Powell was riding in a jeep at the time. Due to heavy rain, the jeep crashed and Powell was ejected from the vehicle. After he hit the pavement, the jeep bounced and crashed down on Powell's midsection.[6]

After his rehabilitation he served as an expert advisor to the Secretary of Defense. and clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He then worked for a year and a half as a private attorney in the Washington, D.C., office of O’Melveny & Myers. From 1996, Powell served in the Clinton Administration as chief of staff of the Department of Justice Antitrust Division.[7]

Federal Communications Commission

[edit]

As the chairman of the FCC, Powell led the charge to open up markets in VoIP, Wi-Fi, and Broadband over Powerline (BPL). His approach believed that these new communications technologies would allow small companies to take on established corporations, and that regulations often stood in the way of progress. Powell's deregulatory policy coincided with a period of significant consolidation in the communications market. He advocated an updating of media ownership rules to reflect new communications technologies such as the Internet, a move that critics derided as increasing rampant media consolidation.

During his tenure as chair, he spoke at the University of California, San Diego on January 26, 2004.[8] In the talk, Powell spoke about the policymaking process in Washington, and about how ultra-wideband might impact telecommunications. While at the FCC, Powell was also the FCC's defense commissioner and oversaw all National Security Emergency Preparedness functions for the Commission.[9]

Powell opposed applying telephone-era regulations to new Internet technologies, a move critics charged would deny open access to communications facilities. He articulated a policy of network neutrality, and in March 2005 fined Madison River Communications for blocking voice over IP applications, the first-ever government action of its kind.[10] Powell worked so consumers could keep phone numbers when switching wireless carriers and championed the National Do Not Call Registry.[9]

In a notable confrontation over the FCC's local telephone competition rules, Powell was outflanked by Republican Kevin Martin, who formed a majority with the FCC's two Democratic commissioners. Powell was later vindicated by a D.C. Circuit Court decision on March 2, 2004, that struck down Martin's order. Three months later, the U.S. Supreme Court let the D.C. Circuit decision stand. When Powell resigned, Kevin Martin, who served Bush's presidential campaign in Florida, was named the FCC's new Chairman. Martin subsequently purged the FCC of many of Powell's staff.

Some of Powell's initiatives were challenged in federal court. Notably, the FCC's BrandX cable modem service decision, which declared cable modem should be free from telephone service regulations, was overturned in the Ninth Circuit case but was reinstated by the Supreme Court. The FCC's Broadcast Flag proceeding was overturned by the D.C. Circuit Court as an inappropriate exercise of FCC jurisdiction. The FCC's Media Ownership rules were likewise blocked by federal court and the television ownership cap set directly by the U.S. Congress.

Super Bowl XXXVIII controversy

[edit]

A defining moment of his tenure as FCC chairman was the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, in which Janet Jackson's breast was exposed on live-broadcast television. This high-profile incident increased public attention toward the FCC's enforcement of indecency rules, which had already stepped up following Bono's use of an expletive on live TV. Powell himself later said that the controversy was overblown, although he recognized that it would cause concern when he saw it at a Super Bowl party.

In an interview with ESPN The Magazine, he stated, "I think we’ve been removed from this long enough for me to tell you that I had to put my best version of outrage on that I could put on. Part of it was surreal, right? Look, I think it was dumb to happen, and they knew the rules and were flirting with them, and my job is to enforce the rules, but, you know, really? This is what we’re gonna do?" In the aftermath, the FCC processed hundreds times more complaints than they had ever received.[11]

Approach to indecency

[edit]

Howard Stern and other controversial on-air personalities felt the sting of record fines, and both the U.S. House and Senate separately approved legislation significantly increasing the amount of money a station could be fined for indecency. Although the legislation was not ultimately enacted, the climate in Washington became so grey that several TV stations across the country declined to air Saving Private Ryan on Veterans Day for fear of FCC fines. Powell was interviewed on San Francisco talk radio station KGO (AM) when Stern called in to confront Powell. Stern questioned Powell's credentials, saying he got the job only because of his father and accused Powell of targeting him and fining him large amounts of money.[12]

Post-FCC work

[edit]

Powell resigned as chairman of the FCC on January 21, 2005. He said that he was glad to spend more time with his wife. In March 2006, Powell became a member of the board of trustees, for the RAND Corporation.[13] He served two terms as a member of the Board of Visitors at his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, from 2002 to 2009. On April 21, 2006, Powell was elected the Rector of the Board of Visitors, making him the first African-American to serve in that post in the College's 313-year history.[14] He served as rector for two terms, stepping down on July 1, 2009.[15]

Political activity

[edit]

Described as a "moderate Republican," Powell has been involved with Republican political campaigns. In the 1990s, Powell urged his father, Colin Powell, to run for President.[16] During the 2008 presidential election, Powell advised and supported Republican nominee John McCain, while his father supported Democratic nominee Barack Obama.[17]

In 2012, the Washington Post speculated that Powell was considering a candidacy for Mayor of the District of Columbia in the 2014 election, though he declined to enter the race.[18] In 2013, Powell was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case.[19]

Lobbying and net neutrality

[edit]

On March 15, 2011, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA) announced that Powell would take the helm from Kyle McSlarrow beginning April 25.[20] Powell left his advisory role with Providence Equity Partners. In 2012, he spoke with FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski and gave the keynote speech during the industry's Cable Show.[21] In April 2012, he contributed an opinion piece to Politico about the importance of cyber threats.[22]

As a lobbyist representing the telecommunications companies, Powell published numerous editorials and opinion pieces around the country claiming to support net neutrality and opposing the FCC's enforcement of net neutrality through broadband reclassification as a Title II service.[23]

Personal life

[edit]

Powell married Jane Knott in 1988; they have two children.[2][4]: 385  While serving as a junior army officer in Germany, Powell suffered serious injuries in a Jeep accident. Half of Powell's pelvis had snapped off its rear anchor on the lower spine. In the front, it had ripped free of the cartilage connecting it to its other half. His bladder and urethra were torn and several vertebrae were cracked.[6] After initial attention from German emergency room doctors, Powell was flown to a U.S. Army hospital in Nuremberg. After being stabilized, he was flown to Washington, D.C., and admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center where he spent a year in recovery. His spine remained fused at its base, forcing him to walk with a slight forward pitch the rest of his life.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Here's what D.C. region's top trade group CEOs get paid". Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Biography of Michael K. Powell". Federal Communications Commission. January 18, 2005. Archived from the original on February 20, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2022. Michael K. Powell was nominated by President William J. Clinton to a Republican seat on the Commission, and was sworn in on November 3, 1997. He was designated chairman by President George W. Bush on January 22, 2001, and served until March 17, 2005.
  3. ^ "Michael Powell, Ex-FCC Head, Named Top Cable Industry Lobbyist".
  4. ^ a b c Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1996) [1995]. My American Journey. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-46641-1 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ "NCS | National Communications System | Press Releases 2001". Archived from the original on 2009-01-17. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
  6. ^ a b c Currie, Tyler. "Michael Powell - Recently resigned chairman of the Federal Communications Commission". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  7. ^ "Statement of Attorney General Janet Reno and Assistant Attorney General Joel I. Klein on the President's Nomination of Michael K. Powell as FCC Commissioner". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  8. ^ FCC's Michael Powell: Charting the Future of the Telecom Industry Archived 2005-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b "Biography of Michael K. Powell". 26 October 2016.
  10. ^ Madison River Communications, LLC and affiliated companies Archived 2013-12-08 at the Wayback Machine (order text, PDF)
  11. ^ Cogan, Marin (January 28, 2014). "In the beginning, there was a nipple". ESPN the Magazine. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
  12. ^ "Stern confronts FCC chair on call-in show". 27 October 2004.
  13. ^ TIMOTHY F. GEITHNER, MICHAEL K. POWELL AND MARTA TIENDA JOIN RAND CORPORATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES
  14. ^ Michael Powell elected rector of College
  15. ^ Henry C. Wolf '64, J.D. '66 Elected Rector of the College
  16. ^ "LACKED 'PASSION' TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT, POWELL SAYS". Deseret News. 1995-11-09. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  17. ^ Perks, Ashley (2008-10-20). "Colin Powell splits with son over White House race". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  18. ^ DeBonis, Mike (2012-08-03). "Is Michael Powell considering a D.C. mayoral run?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  19. ^ Avlon, John (28 February 2013). "The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay Marriage Brief". The Daily Beast.
  20. ^ NCTA Names Powell President, Multichannel News, March 15, 2011.
  21. ^ "The Cable Show Video Player :: The Cable Show 2012". Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
  22. ^ "To fight cyberthreats, let's share". Politico. 24 April 2012.
  23. ^ Powell, Michael (February 28, 2015). "I SUPPORT NET NEUTRALITY, BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT THE FCC JUST DID".
[edit]
Government offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission
2001–2005
Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded by
Susan Aheron Magill
Rector of the College of William and Mary
2006–2009
Succeeded by
Henry Wolf