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{{short description|American psychologist}}
{{short description|American psychologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amy Cuddy
| name = Amy Cuddy
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| caption = Amy J. C. Cuddy
| caption = Amy J. C. Cuddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|7|23|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|7|23|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Robesonia, Pennsylvania]]
| birth_place = [[Robesonia, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| workplaces = [[Rutgers University]]<br />[[Kellogg School of Management]]<br />[[Harvard Business School]]
| workplaces = [[Rutgers University]]<br />[[Kellogg School of Management]]<br />[[Harvard Business School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Colorado]]<br />[[Princeton University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Colorado]]<br />[[Princeton University]]
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}}
}}


'''Amy Joy Casselberry Cuddy''' (born July 23, 1972)<ref>middle names and year of birth as reported by [https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2005099758/ worldcat.org]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/amyjccuddy/status/758615167211036672?lang=en Amy Cuddy Twitter - Birthday Confirmation]</ref> is an American [[Social psychology|social psychologist]], author and speaker. She is known for her promotion of "[[power posing]]."<ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Your body language shapes who you are|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are.html|accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>,<ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Most Viewed TEDTalks|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/browse?sort=popular|accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elsesser|first=Kim|title=Power Posing Is Back: Amy Cuddy Successfully Refutes Criticism|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2018/04/03/power-posing-is-back-amy-cuddy-successfully-refutes-criticism/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elsesser|first=Kim|title=The Debate On Power Posing Continues: Here’s Where We Stand|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2020/10/02/the-debate-on-power-posing-continues-heres-where-we-stand/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>,<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2017|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She has served as a faculty member at [[Rutgers University]], [[Kellogg School of Management]] and [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|title=Harvard Kennedy School, Center for Public Leadership|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019122108/https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|archive-date=2018-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cuddy's most cited academic work involves using the [[stereotype content model]] that she helped develop to better understand the way people think about stereotyped people and groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1kdjewoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|title=Google Scholar - Amy Cuddy|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Though Cuddy left her tenure-track position at [[Harvard Business School]] in the spring of 2017,<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy"/> she continues to contribute to its executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exed.hbs.edu/faculty/|title=Faculty - Executive Education|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>
'''Amy Joy Casselberry Cuddy''' (born July 23, 1972)<ref>middle names and year of birth as reported by [https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2005099758/ worldcat.org]</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=758615167211036672|user=amyjccuddy|title=Ah, thanks for all the birthday wishes yesterday, but my birthday was on the 23rd. Not sure what happened there.|date=28 July 2016}}</ref> is an American [[Social psychology|social psychologist]], author and speaker. She is a proponent of "[[power posing]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Your body language shapes who you are|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are.html|access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TedTalks: Most Viewed TEDTalks|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/browse?sort=popular|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> a [[self-improvement]] technique whose scientific validity has been questioned.<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html|title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=October 18, 2017|access-date=October 19, 2017|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name=Newsweek13Sep2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/power-poses-dont-make-you-more-powerful-studies-664261|title=Sorry, but standing like Superman probably won't make your life any better|website=[[Newsweek]] |date=13 September 2017|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> She has served as a faculty member at [[Rutgers University]], [[Kellogg School of Management]] and [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|title=Harvard Kennedy School, Center for Public Leadership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019122108/https://cpl.hks.harvard.edu/people/amy-cuddy|archive-date=2018-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cuddy's most cited academic work involves using the [[stereotype content model]] that she helped develop to better understand the way people think about stereotyped people and groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=1kdjewoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|title=Google Scholar - Amy Cuddy}}</ref> Though Cuddy left her tenure-track position at [[Harvard Business School]] in the spring of 2017,<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy"/> she continues to contribute to its executive education programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exed.hbs.edu/faculty/|title=Faculty - Executive Education}}</ref>


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Cuddy grew up in a small [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] town, [[Robesonia, Pennsylvania]]. She graduated from [[Conrad Weiser High School]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheid |first1=Lisa |title=Best-selling author and social psychologist recalls Berks roots |url=http://www.readingeagle.com/money/article/amy-cuddy-recalls-her-berks-roots |website=Reading Eagle |language=en|date=2016-07-17 }}</ref>
Cuddy grew up in [[Robesonia, Pennsylvania]]. She graduated from [[Conrad Weiser High School]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scheid |first1=Lisa |title=Best-selling author and social psychologist recalls Berks roots |url=http://www.readingeagle.com/money/article/amy-cuddy-recalls-her-berks-roots |website=Reading Eagle |language=en |date=2016-07-17 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718141305/http://www.readingeagle.com/money/article/amy-cuddy-recalls-her-berks-roots |url-status=dead }}</ref>


In 1998, Cuddy earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[psychology]], graduating [[magna cum laude]], from the [[University of Colorado]].<ref name="CV" />
In 1998, Cuddy earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[psychology]], graduating ''[[magna cum laude]]'' from the [[University of Colorado]].<ref name="CV" />
She attended the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] from 1998 to 2000 before transferring to [[Princeton University]] to follow her adviser, [[Susan Fiske]].<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy" />
She experienced a traumatic brain injury during college.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominus |first=Susan |date=2017-10-18 |title=When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/magazine/when-the-revolution-came-for-amy-cuddy.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She attended the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] from 1998 to 2000 before transferring to [[Princeton University]] to follow her adviser, [[Susan Fiske]].<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy" />
She received a [[Master of Arts]] in 2003 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in 2005 in [[Social psychology (sociology)|Social Psychology]] (dissertation: “The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes”) from [[Princeton University]].<ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.hbs.edu/acuddy/acuddy_cv_09_09_15.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae AMY J. C. CUDDY|last=|first=|date=|website=HBS|access-date=}}</ref>
She received a [[Master of Arts]] in 2003 and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in 2005 in [[Social psychology (sociology)|social psychology]] (dissertation: "The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes") from Princeton University.<ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.hbs.edu/acuddy/acuddy_cv_09_09_15.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae Amy J. C. Cuddy|website=HBS}}</ref>


==Academic career==
==Academic career==
⚫
From 2005 to 2006, Cuddy was an assistant professor of psychology at [[Rutgers University]].<ref name="CV" /> From 2006 to 2008, she was an assistant professor at the [[Kellogg School of Management]] at [[Northwestern University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Kellogg School of Management, Meet the new faculty|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/kwo/win06/departments/newfaculty.htm|work=Kellogg World |access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program.<ref name="CV" /> From 2008 to 2017, she was an assistant professor and then associate professor in the Negotiation, Organizations and Markets Unit at the [[Harvard Business School]], where she taught courses in negotiations, leadership, power and influence, and research methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pon.harvard.edu/faculty/amy-cuddy/|title=Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Academic Programs & Faculty|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> In the spring of 2017, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported, "she quietly left her tenure-track job at Harvard",<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy"/> where she lectured in the psychology department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.harvard.edu/detail?q=id:d_colgsas_2017_2_205536_001&returnUrl=search%3Fq%3DAmy%2520Cuddy%26sort%3Dcourse_title%2520asc%26start%3D0%26rows%3D25|title=Harvard University Course Catalog|website=courses.harvard.edu|access-date=2018-06-21|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621043020/https://courses.harvard.edu/detail?q=id:d_colgsas_2017_2_205536_001&returnUrl=search%3Fq%3DAmy%2520Cuddy%26sort%3Dcourse_title%2520asc%26start%3D0%26rows%3D25|url-status=dead}}</ref>


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===Research===
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From 2005 to 2006, Cuddy was an assistant professor of psychology at [[Rutgers University]].<ref name="CV" /> In 2012, Cuddy was an assistant professor at the [[Kellogg School of Management]] at Northwestern University,<ref>{{cite web|title=Kellog School of Management, Meet the new faculty|url=http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/kwo/win06/departments/newfaculty.htm|publisher=Kellog World, Alumni Magazine|accessdate=23 June 2012}}</ref> where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program.<ref name="CV" /> In 2013, Cuddy was an assistant professor in the Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit at the [[Harvard Business School]], where she taught courses in negotiations, leadership, power and influence, and research methods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pon.harvard.edu/faculty/amy-cuddy/|title=Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Academic Programs & Faculty|date=2013|website=|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> In the spring of 2017, ''The New York Times'' reported, "she quietly left her tenure-track job at Harvard,"<ref name="NYT_2017_Cuddy"/> where she lectured in the psychology department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.harvard.edu/detail?q=id:d_colgsas_2017_2_205536_001&returnUrl=search%3Fq%3DAmy%2520Cuddy%26sort%3Dcourse_title%2520asc%26start%3D0%26rows%3D25|title=Harvard University Course Catalog|website=courses.harvard.edu|access-date=2018-06-21}}</ref>
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====Stereotypes====
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{{See also|Stereotype content model}}
⚫
In 2002, Cuddy co-authored the proposal of the [[stereotype content model]], with [[Susan Fiske]] and [[Peter Glick (psychologist)|Peter Glick]] (Lawrence University).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|author4= Xu, Jun|title=A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=June 2002|volume=82|issue=6|pages=878–902|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878|pmid=12051578|s2cid=17057403 }}</ref> In 2007, the same authors proposed the "Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes" (BIAS) Map model.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|title=The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=April 2007|volume=92|issue=4|pages=631–648|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631|pmid=17469949|s2cid=16399286 }}</ref>
⚫
These models propose to explain how individuals make judgments of other people and groups within two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and to discern how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krakovsky|first=Marina|title=Mixed Impressions: How We Judge Others on Multiple Levels|journal=Scientific American Mind |volume=21|pages=12|doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0110-12|year=2010}}</ref>


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====Power posing====
⚫
==Research==
⚫
{{see also|Power posing}}
⚫
===Stereotypes===
⚫
In 2010, Cuddy, [[Dana R. Carney|Dana Carney]] and Andy Yap published the results of an experiment on how nonverbal expressions of power (such as expansive, open, space-occupying postures)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Venton|first=Danielle|title=Power Postures Can Make You Feel More Powerful|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/05/st_cuddy/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=28 May 2012|date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
⚫
{{main|stereotype content model}}
⚫
affect people's feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Carney|first=Dana R.|author2=Cuddy, Amy J. C.|author3= Yap, Andy J.|title=Power Posing&nbsp;– Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance|journal= Psychological Science|date=October 2010|volume=21|issue=10|pages=1363–1368|doi=10.1177/0956797610383437|pmid=20855902|s2cid=1126623}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Boost Power Through Body Language|url=http://blogs.hbr.org/video/2011/04/boost-power-through-body-langu.html|series=HBR Blog Network|journal=[[Harvard Business Review]]|access-date=28 May 2012|date=2011-04-06}}</ref>
⚫
In 2002, Cuddy co-authored the proposal of the [[stereotype content model]], with [[Susan Fiske]] and Peter Glick (Lawrence University).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|author4= Xu, Jun|title=A model of (often mixed) sterotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=June 2002|volume=82|issue=6|pages=878–902|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878|pmid=12051578}}</ref> In 2007, the same authors proposed the "Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes" (BIAS) Map model.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cuddy|first=Amy J. C.|author2=Fiske, Susan T.|author3= Glick, Peter|title=The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|date=April 2007|volume=92|issue=4|pages=631–648|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631|pmid=17469949}}</ref>
⚫
In particular, they claimed that adopting body postures associated with dominance and power ("power posing") for as little as two minutes can increase testosterone, decrease [[cortisol]], increase appetite for risk, and cause better performance in job interviews. This was widely reported in popular media.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buchanan|first=Leigh|title=Leadership Advice: Strike a Pose|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201205/leigh-buchanan/strike-a-pose.html|work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|access-date=28 May 2012|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baron|first=Neil|title=Power Poses: Tweaking Your Body Language for Greater Success|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1829616/power-poses-two-minutes-to-greater-sales-success|series=Expert Perspective|work=[[Fast Company]]|access-date=28 May 2012|date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Halverson, Ph.D.|first=Heidi Grant|title=Feeling Timid and Powerless? Maybe It's How You Are Sitting|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-science-success/201010/feeling-timid-and-powerless-maybe-its-how-youre-sitting|series=The Science of Success|work=[[Psychology Today]]|access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
⚫
These models propose to explain how individuals make judgments of other people and groups within two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and to discern how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Krakovsky|first=Marina|title=Mixed Impressions: How We Judge Others on Multiple Levels|journal=Scientific American Mind|volume=21|pages=12|doi=10.1038/scientificamericanmind0110-12|year=2010}}</ref>
⚫
[[David Brooks (commentator)|David Brooks]] summarized the findings, "If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully."<ref name=DBrooks2011>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=David|title=Matter Over Mind|url=http://brooks.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/20/matter-over-mind/|work=The New York Times|date=20 April 2011}}</ref>


⚫
Other researchers tried to replicate this experiment with a larger group of participants and a double-blind setup.<ref>Where the original experiment had 42 subjects (21 in each condition), Ranehill et al. had 200. The experimenters were kept unaware of which condition each subject was in to avoid [[experimenter bias]].</ref> The experimenters found that power posing increased subjective feelings of power, but did not affect hormones or actual risk tolerance. They published their results in ''[[Psychological Science]]''.<ref name="Ranehill2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ranehill|first1=E.|last2=Dreber|first2=A.|last3=Johannesson|first3=M.|last4=Leiberg|first4=S.|last5=Sul|first5=S.|last6=Weber|first6=R. A.|title=Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women|journal=Psychological Science|volume=26|issue=5|date=25 March 2015 |pages=653–656|issn=0956-7976|doi=10.1177/0956797614553946|pmid=25810452|s2cid=28372856}}</ref> Though Cuddy and others are continuing to carry out research into power posing, Carney has disavowed the original results. The theory is often cited as an example of the [[replication crisis]] in psychology, in which initially seductive theories cannot be replicated in follow-up experiments.<ref name=nymag>{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=There's an Interesting House-of-Cards Element to the Fall of Power Poses|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/the-fall-of-power-poses-has-a-house-of-cards-aspect-to-it.html|website=New York magazine|date=27 September 2016 |access-date=21 October 2017}}{{cite web |last1=Romm|first1=Cari|last2=Baer|first2=Drake|last3=Singal|first3=Jesse|last4=Dahl|first4=Melissa|title=Why People Love(d) Power Posing: A Science of Us Conversation|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/what-to-do-now-if-power-poses-used-to-help-you.html|website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=30 September 2016 |access-date=21 October 2017}}{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=How Should We Talk About Amy Cuddy, Death Threats, and the Replication Crisis?|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2017/04/amy-cuddy-death-threats.html|website=New York |date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/01/amy_cuddy_s_power_pose_research_is_the_latest_example_of_scientific_overreach.html|title=Amy Cuddy's Power Pose Research Is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach|last=Gelman|first=Andrew|date=January 1, 2016|website=Slate}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Tracy |title=Sajid Javid and the strange science behind power poses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/may/01/sajid-javid-and-the-strange-science-behind-power-poses |access-date=19 June 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=1 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
=== Power posing ===
⚫
{{main|Power posing}}
⚫
In 2010, Cuddy along with Dana Carney and Andy Yap published<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Carney|first=Dana R.|author2=Cuddy, Amy J. C.|author3= Yap, Andy J.|title=Power Posing&nbsp;– Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance|journal= Psychological Science|date=October 2010|volume=21|issue=10|pages=1363–1368|doi=10.1177/0956797610383437|pmid=20855902|s2cid=1126623}}</ref> the results of an experiment on how nonverbal expressions of power (i.e., expansive, open, space-occupying postures)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Venton|first=Danielle|title=Power Postures Can Make You Feel More Powerful|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/05/st_cuddy/|magazine=Wired|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
⚫
affect people's feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boost Power Through Body Language|url=http://blogs.hbr.org/video/2011/04/boost-power-through-body-langu.html|work=HBR Blog Network|publisher=Harvard Business Review|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=2011-04-06}}</ref>
⚫
In particular, they claimed that adopting body postures associated with dominance and power ("power posing") for as little as two minutes can increase testosterone, decrease [[cortisol]], increase appetite for risk, and cause better performance in job interviews. This was widely reported in popular media.<ref>{{cite web|last=Buchanan|first=Leigh|title=Leadership Advice: Strike a Pose|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201205/leigh-buchanan/strike-a-pose.html|publisher=Inc.Magazine|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Baron|first=Neil|title=Power Poses: Tweaking Your Body Language for Greater Success|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/1829616/power-poses-two-minutes-to-greater-sales-success|work=Expert Perspective|publisher=Fast Company|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Halverson, Ph.D.|first=Heidi Grant|title=Feeling Timid and Powerless? Maybe It's How You Are Sitting|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-science-success/201010/feeling-timid-and-powerless-maybe-its-how-youre-sitting|work=The Science of Success|publisher=Psychology Today|accessdate=28 May 2012}}</ref>
⚫
David Brooks summarized the findings, "If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully."<ref name=DBrooks2011>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=David|title=Matter Over Mind|url=http://brooks.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/20/matter-over-mind/|work=The Opinion Pages|publisher=The New York Times|date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

⚫
Other researchers tried to replicate this experiment with a larger group of participants and a double-blind setup.<ref>Where the original experiment had 42 subjects (21 in each condition), Ranehill ''et al'' had 200. The experimenters were kept unaware of which condition each subject was in to avoid [[experimenter bias]].</ref> The experimenters found that power posing increased subjective feelings of power, but did not affect hormones or actual risk tolerance. They published their results in ''[[Psychological Science]]''.<ref name="Ranehill2015">{{cite journal|last1=Ranehill|first1=E.|last2=Dreber|first2=A.|last3=Johannesson|first3=M.|last4=Leiberg|first4=S.|last5=Sul|first5=S.|last6=Weber|first6=R. A.|title=Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women|journal=Psychological Science|volume=26|issue=5|date=25 March 2015|pages=653–656|issn=0956-7976|doi=10.1177/0956797614553946|pmid=25810452|s2cid=28372856}}</ref> Though Cuddy and others are continuing to carry out research into power posing, Carney has disavowed the original results. The theory is often cited as an example of the [[replication crisis]] in psychology, in which initially seductive theories cannot be replicated in follow-up experiments.<ref name=nymag>{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=There's an Interesting House-of-Cards Element to the Fall of Power Poses|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/the-fall-of-power-poses-has-a-house-of-cards-aspect-to-it.html|website=New York magazine|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
{{cite web|last1=Romm|first1=Cari|last2=Baer|first2=Drake|last3=Singal|first3=Jesse|last4=Dahl|first4=Melissa|title=Why People Love(d) Power Posing: A Science of Us Conversation|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/09/what-to-do-now-if-power-poses-used-to-help-you.html|website=New York magazine|accessdate=21 October 2017}}
{{cite web|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|title=How Should We Talk About Amy Cuddy, Death Threats, and the Replication Crisis?|url=http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2017/04/amy-cuddy-death-threats.html|website=New York magazine|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2016/01/amy_cuddy_s_power_pose_research_is_the_latest_example_of_scientific_overreach.html|title=Amy Cuddy's Power Pose Research Is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach|last=Gelman|first=Andrew|date=January 1, 2016|website=Slate|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Tracy |title=Sajid Javid and the strange science behind power poses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2018/may/01/sajid-javid-and-the-strange-science-behind-power-poses |accessdate=19 June 2018 |work=the Guardian |date=1 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==
;Books
;Books
In December 2015 Cuddy published a [[self-help]] book advocating power posing, ''Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenges,'' which built on the value of the outward practice of power posing to focus on projecting one's authentic self with the inward-focused concept of ''presence''—defined as “believing in and trusting yourself – your real honest feelings, values and abilities.”<ref name="Forbes20160105">{{cite magazine |last1=Davis-Laack |first1=Paula |title=How To Bring Presence To Your Biggest Challenges |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |magazine=Forbes |date=January 5, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233829/http://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |archivedate=January 5, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In December 2015 Cuddy published a [[self-help]] book advocating power posing, ''Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenges'', which built on the value of the outward practice of power posing to focus on projecting one's authentic self with the inward-focused concept of ''presence''—defined as "believing in and trusting yourself – your real honest feelings, values and abilities."<ref name="Forbes20160105">{{cite magazine |last1=Davis-Laack |first1=Paula |title=How To Bring Presence To Your Biggest Challenges |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=January 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233829/http://www.forbes.com/sites/pauladavislaack/2016/01/05/how-to-bring-presence-to-your-biggest-challenges/ |archive-date=January 5, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The book reached at least as high as #3 on ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[The New York Times Best Seller list|Best Seller list]] (Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous) in February 2016.<ref name="NYTbestseller20160207">{{cite news |title=Best Sellers / Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129035656/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |archivedate=January 29, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The book reached at least as high as #3 on ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[The New York Times Best Seller list|Best Seller list]] (Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous) in February 2016.<ref name="NYTbestseller20160207">{{cite news |title=Best Sellers / Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous |url=https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129035656/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/ |archive-date=January 29, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The book was translated into 32 languages.<ref name="BusInsider20160102">{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Melia |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Shana |last3=Maisch |first3=Andreas |title="Power-Posen": So einfach verbessert ihr mit Körpersprache euer Selbstbewusstsein ("Power-poses": Improve your self-confidence with body language |url=http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |publisher=Business Insider Deutschland |date=January 2, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211031334/http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |archivedate=February 11, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The book was translated into 32 languages.<ref name="BusInsider20160102">{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Melia |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Shana |last3=Maisch |first3=Andreas |title="Power-Posen": So einfach verbessert ihr mit Körpersprache euer Selbstbewusstsein ("Power-poses": Improve your self-confidence with body language |url=http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |work=[[Business Insider]] |location=Germany |date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211031334/http://www.businessinsider.de/amy-cuddy-gesten-koennen-das-selbstbewusstsein-verbessern-2015-12 |archive-date=February 11, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>


;Academic papers
;Academic papers
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Fosse | first3 = N. E. | year = 2017 | title = P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 656–666 | doi=10.1177/0956797617746749 | pmid = 29498906 | citeseerx = | s2cid = 3675226 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = S. J. | last3 = Fosse | first3 = N. E. | year = 2017 | title = P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 656–666 | doi=10.1177/0956797617746749 | pmid = 29498906 | s2cid = 3675226 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Glick | first2 = P. | last3 = Beninger | first3 = A. | year = 2011 | title = The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations | journal = Research in Organizational Behavior | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 73–98 | doi=10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004| citeseerx = 10.1.1.250.9367 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Glick | first2 = P. | last3 = Beninger | first3 = A. | year = 2011 | title = The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations | journal = Research in Organizational Behavior | volume = 31 | pages = 73–98 | doi=10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004| citeseerx = 10.1.1.250.9367 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Carney | first1 = D. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Yap | first3 = A. | year = 2010 | title = Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 21 | issue = 10| pages = 1363–1368 | doi=10.1177/0956797610383437 | pmid=20855902| s2cid = 1126623 }}, listed among "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010" by Halvorson (2010).<ref>
* {{cite journal | last1 = Carney | first1 = D. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Yap | first3 = A. | year = 2010 | title = Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 21 | issue = 10| pages = 1363–1368 | doi=10.1177/0956797610383437 | pmid=20855902| s2cid = 1126623 }}, listed among "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010" by Halvorson (2010).<ref>
Heidi Grant Halvorson, "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010. Ten great studies from 2010 that can improve your life.", ''Psychology Today'', 20 December 2010.</ref>
Heidi Grant Halvorson, "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010. Ten great studies from 2010 that can improve your life", ''Psychology Today'', 20 December 2010.</ref>
* Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260107000020 Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map]. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology'' (vol. 40, pp.&nbsp;61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
* Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065260107000020 Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map]. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology'' (vol. 40, pp.&nbsp;61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Fiske | first2 = S. T. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 631–648 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631| pmid = 17469949 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cuddy | first1 = A. J. C. | last2 = Fiske | first2 = S. T. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 92 | issue = 4| pages = 631–648 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631| pmid = 17469949 | s2cid = 16399286 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 77–83 | doi=10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 | pmid=17188552| s2cid = 8060720 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence | journal = Trends in Cognitive Sciences | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 77–83 | doi=10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 | pmid=17188552| s2cid = 8060720 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | last4 = Xu | first4 = J. | year = 2002 | title = A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 82 | issue = 6| pages = 878–902 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 | pmid=12051578}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fiske | first1 = S. T. | last2 = Cuddy | first2 = A. J. C. | last3 = Glick | first3 = P. | last4 = Xu | first4 = J. | year = 2002 | title = A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 82 | issue = 6| pages = 878–902 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 | pmid=12051578| s2cid = 17057403 }}


;TED talk
;TED talk
* {{TED speaker|amy_cuddy}}
* {{TED speaker|amy_cuddy}}
** [http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are TED Talk: Amy Cuddy: "Your body language shapes who you are"] ([[TED (conference)|TED]] Global, June 2012), about the effect of peoples' body language on their perception of how powerful they themselves are.
** [http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are TED Talk: Amy Cuddy: "Your body language shapes who you are"] ([[TED (conference)|TED]] Global, June 2012), about the effect of peoples' body language on their perception of how powerful they themselves are.
*** PopTech Annual Conference, 'Talk of the Day' October 21, 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=PopTech Annual Conference|url=http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|work='Talk of the Day', October 21, 2011|accessdate=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607065233/http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|archive-date=2012-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*** PopTech Annual Conference, 'Talk of the Day' October 21, 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=PopTech Annual Conference|url=http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|work='Talk of the Day', October 21, 2011|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607065233/http://poptech.org/popcasts/amy_cuddy_power_poses|archive-date=2012-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Awards and honors==
==Awards and honors==
* World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = Young Global Leaders 2014 - World Economic Forum|url = http://widgets.weforum.org/ygl-2014/|website = widgets.weforum.org|accessdate = 2015-07-30}}</ref>
* World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = Young Global Leaders 2014 - World Economic Forum|url = http://widgets.weforum.org/ygl-2014/|website = widgets.weforum.org|access-date = 2015-07-30}}</ref>
* ''TIME'' magazine 'Game Changer', 2012<ref>{{cite news|last=Cuddy|first=Amy|title=Game Changers, Innovators and problem solvers that are inspiring change in America|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|work=TIME Specials|publisher=TIME, Inc.|accessdate=23 June 2012|date=19 March 2012}}
* ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine 'Game Changer', 2012<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Cuddy|first=Amy|title=Game Changers, Innovators and problem solvers that are inspiring change in America|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003239/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 20, 2012|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=23 June 2012|date=19 March 2012}}
"Amy Cuddy, Power Poser. Using a few simple tweaks to body language, Harvard researcher Amy Cuddy discovers ways to help people become more powerful"</ref>
"Amy Cuddy, Power Poser. Using a few simple tweaks to body language, Harvard researcher Amy Cuddy discovers ways to help people become more powerful"</ref>
* Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Association for Psychological Science (APS)|title=Rising Star Award, 2011|url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/rising-stars-3}}</ref>
* Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Association for Psychological Science (APS)|title=Rising Star Award, 2011 |website=Psychological Science |url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/rising-stars-3}}</ref>
* The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, ''Harvard Business Review''<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard Business Review|url=http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|work=The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009|accessdate=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708044754/http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|archive-date=2012-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, ''Harvard Business Review''<ref>{{cite web|title=Harvard Business Review|url=http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|work=The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708044754/http://hbr.org/2009/02/breakthrough-ideas-for-2009/ar/1|archive-date=2012-07-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2008<ref name="CV" />
* Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2008<ref name="CV" />
* [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC 100 Women]], 2017: glass ceiling team<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|title=BBC 100 Women: Who is on the list?|date=1 November 2017|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref>
* [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC 100 Women]], 2017: glass ceiling team<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-41380265|title=BBC 100 Women: Who is on the list?|work=BBC News |date=1 November 2017}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 80: Line 77:
* {{Twitter}}
* {{Twitter}}
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{cite web|title=What Your Sitting Style Says About You|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060313/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2012|work=TODAY Show|publisher=NBC|accessdate=28 May 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=What Your Sitting Style Says About You|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060313/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/47506037#47506037|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2012|work=[[Today (American TV program)|Today Show]]|publisher=NBC|access-date=28 May 2012}}
* {{cite news|title=Game Changers: Amy Cuddy, Power Poser|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2091589_2092033_2109441,00.html|publisher=TIME Inc.|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=19 March 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=Body Language {{!}} Your Business|url=http://www.openforum.com/idea-hub/topics/lifestyle/video/do-it-yourself-body-language|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=28 May 2012}}
* {{cite web|title=Body Language {{!}} Your Business|url=http://www.openforum.com/idea-hub/topics/lifestyle/video/do-it-yourself-body-language|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=28 May 2012}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Colorado alumni]]
[[Category:University of Colorado alumni]]
[[Category:BBC 100 Women]]
[[Category:American scientists with disabilities]]
[[Category:People with traumatic brain injuries]]
[[Category:21st-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School faculty]]
[[Category:Kellogg School of Management faculty]]
[[Category:Rutgers University faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]

Latest revision as of 18:35, 30 November 2024

Amy Cuddy
Amy J. C. Cuddy
Born (1972-07-23) July 23, 1972 (age 52)
Robesonia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Colorado
Princeton University
Scientific career
InstitutionsRutgers University
Kellogg School of Management
Harvard Business School
Thesis The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes  (2005)
Doctoral advisorSusan Fiske

Amy Joy Casselberry Cuddy (born July 23, 1972)[1][2] is an American social psychologist, author and speaker. She is a proponent of "power posing",[3][4] a self-improvement technique whose scientific validity has been questioned.[5][6] She has served as a faculty member at Rutgers University, Kellogg School of Management and Harvard Business School.[7] Cuddy's most cited academic work involves using the stereotype content model that she helped develop to better understand the way people think about stereotyped people and groups.[8] Though Cuddy left her tenure-track position at Harvard Business School in the spring of 2017,[5] she continues to contribute to its executive education programs.[9]

Early life and education

[edit]

Cuddy grew up in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Conrad Weiser High School in 1990.[10]

In 1998, Cuddy earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology, graduating magna cum laude from the University of Colorado.[11] She experienced a traumatic brain injury during college.[12] She attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1998 to 2000 before transferring to Princeton University to follow her adviser, Susan Fiske.[5] She received a Master of Arts in 2003 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 2005 in social psychology (dissertation: "The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes") from Princeton University.[11]

Academic career

[edit]

From 2005 to 2006, Cuddy was an assistant professor of psychology at Rutgers University.[11] From 2006 to 2008, she was an assistant professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University,[13] where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program.[11] From 2008 to 2017, she was an assistant professor and then associate professor in the Negotiation, Organizations and Markets Unit at the Harvard Business School, where she taught courses in negotiations, leadership, power and influence, and research methods.[14] In the spring of 2017, The New York Times reported, "she quietly left her tenure-track job at Harvard",[5] where she lectured in the psychology department.[15]

Research

[edit]

Stereotypes

[edit]
See also: Stereotype content model

In 2002, Cuddy co-authored the proposal of the stereotype content model, with Susan Fiske and Peter Glick (Lawrence University).[16] In 2007, the same authors proposed the "Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes" (BIAS) Map model.[17] These models propose to explain how individuals make judgments of other people and groups within two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and to discern how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.[18]

Power posing

[edit]
See also: Power posing

In 2010, Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap published the results of an experiment on how nonverbal expressions of power (such as expansive, open, space-occupying postures)[19] affect people's feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.[20][21] In particular, they claimed that adopting body postures associated with dominance and power ("power posing") for as little as two minutes can increase testosterone, decrease cortisol, increase appetite for risk, and cause better performance in job interviews. This was widely reported in popular media.[22][23][24] David Brooks summarized the findings, "If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully."[25]

Other researchers tried to replicate this experiment with a larger group of participants and a double-blind setup.[26] The experimenters found that power posing increased subjective feelings of power, but did not affect hormones or actual risk tolerance. They published their results in Psychological Science.[27] Though Cuddy and others are continuing to carry out research into power posing, Carney has disavowed the original results. The theory is often cited as an example of the replication crisis in psychology, in which initially seductive theories cannot be replicated in follow-up experiments.[28][29][30]

Publications

[edit]
Books

In December 2015 Cuddy published a self-help book advocating power posing, Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenges, which built on the value of the outward practice of power posing to focus on projecting one's authentic self with the inward-focused concept of presence—defined as "believing in and trusting yourself – your real honest feelings, values and abilities."[31] The book reached at least as high as #3 on The New York Times Best Seller list (Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous) in February 2016.[32] The book was translated into 32 languages.[33]

Academic papers
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Schultz, S. J.; Fosse, N. E. (2017). "P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn". Psychological Science. 29 (4): 656–666. doi:10.1177/0956797617746749. PMID 29498906. S2CID 3675226.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P.; Beninger, A. (2011). "The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations". Research in Organizational Behavior. 31: 73–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.250.9367. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004.
  • Carney, D.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Yap, A. (2010). "Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance". Psychological Science. 21 (10): 1363–1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437. PMID 20855902. S2CID 1126623., listed among "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010" by Halvorson (2010).[34]
  • Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 40, pp. 61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Fiske, S. T.; Glick, P. (2007). "The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631. PMID 17469949. S2CID 16399286.
  • Fiske, S. T.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P. (2007). "Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (2): 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005. PMID 17188552. S2CID 8060720.
  • Fiske, S. T.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P.; Xu, J. (2002). "A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (6): 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. PMID 12051578. S2CID 17057403.
TED talk

Awards and honors

[edit]
  • World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 2014[36]
  • Time magazine 'Game Changer', 2012[37]
  • Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011[38]
  • The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, Harvard Business Review[39]
  • Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2008[11]
  • BBC 100 Women, 2017: glass ceiling team[40]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ middle names and year of birth as reported by worldcat.org
  2. ^ @amyjccuddy (28 July 2016). "Ah, thanks for all the birthday wishes yesterday, but my birthday was on the 23rd. Not sure what happened there" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  3. ^ "TedTalks: Your body language shapes who you are". Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  4. ^ "TedTalks: Most Viewed TEDTalks". Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d Dominus, Susan (18 October 2017). "When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  6. ^ "Sorry, but standing like Superman probably won't make your life any better". Newsweek. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Harvard Kennedy School, Center for Public Leadership". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Google Scholar - Amy Cuddy".
  9. ^ "Faculty - Executive Education".
  10. ^ Scheid, Lisa (17 July 2016). "Best-selling author and social psychologist recalls Berks roots". Reading Eagle. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Curriculum Vitae Amy J. C. Cuddy" (PDF). HBS.
  12. ^ Dominus, Susan (18 October 2017). "When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  13. ^ "Kellogg School of Management, Meet the new faculty". Kellogg World. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  14. ^ "Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Academic Programs & Faculty". Harvard University. 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  15. ^ "Harvard University Course Catalog". courses.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  16. ^ Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, Peter; Xu, Jun (June 2002). "A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (6): 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. PMID 12051578. S2CID 17057403.
  17. ^ Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, Peter (April 2007). "The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631. PMID 17469949. S2CID 16399286.
  18. ^ Krakovsky, Marina (2010). "Mixed Impressions: How We Judge Others on Multiple Levels". Scientific American Mind. 21: 12. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0110-12.
  19. ^ Venton, Danielle (15 May 2012). "Power Postures Can Make You Feel More Powerful". Wired. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  20. ^ Carney, Dana R.; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Yap, Andy J. (October 2010). "Power Posing – Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance". Psychological Science. 21 (10): 1363–1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437. PMID 20855902. S2CID 1126623.
  21. ^ "Boost Power Through Body Language". Harvard Business Review. HBR Blog Network. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  22. ^ Buchanan, Leigh (May 2012). "Leadership Advice: Strike a Pose". Inc. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  23. ^ Baron, Neil (13 April 2012). "Power Poses: Tweaking Your Body Language for Greater Success". Fast Company. Expert Perspective. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  24. ^ Halverson, Ph.D., Heidi Grant. "Feeling Timid and Powerless? Maybe It's How You Are Sitting". Psychology Today. The Science of Success. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  25. ^ Brooks, David (20 April 2011). "Matter Over Mind". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Where the original experiment had 42 subjects (21 in each condition), Ranehill et al. had 200. The experimenters were kept unaware of which condition each subject was in to avoid experimenter bias.
  27. ^ Ranehill, E.; Dreber, A.; Johannesson, M.; Leiberg, S.; Sul, S.; Weber, R. A. (25 March 2015). "Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women". Psychological Science. 26 (5): 653–656. doi:10.1177/0956797614553946. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 25810452. S2CID 28372856.
  28. ^ Singal, Jesse (27 September 2016). "There's an Interesting House-of-Cards Element to the Fall of Power Poses". New York magazine. Retrieved 21 October 2017.Romm, Cari; Baer, Drake; Singal, Jesse; Dahl, Melissa (30 September 2016). "Why People Love(d) Power Posing: A Science of Us Conversation". New York. Retrieved 21 October 2017.Singal, Jesse (25 April 2017). "How Should We Talk About Amy Cuddy, Death Threats, and the Replication Crisis?". New York. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  29. ^ Gelman, Andrew (1 January 2016). "Amy Cuddy's Power Pose Research Is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach". Slate.
  30. ^ King, Tracy (1 May 2018). "Sajid Javid and the strange science behind power poses". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  31. ^ Davis-Laack, Paula (5 January 2016). "How To Bring Presence To Your Biggest Challenges". Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
  32. ^ "Best Sellers / Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous". The New York Times. 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
  33. ^ Robinson, Melia; Lebowitz, Shana; Maisch, Andreas (2 January 2016). ""Power-Posen": So einfach verbessert ihr mit Körpersprache euer Selbstbewusstsein ("Power-poses": Improve your self-confidence with body language". Business Insider. Germany. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016.
  34. ^ Heidi Grant Halvorson, "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010. Ten great studies from 2010 that can improve your life", Psychology Today, 20 December 2010.
  35. ^ "PopTech Annual Conference". 'Talk of the Day', October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  36. ^ "Young Global Leaders 2014 - World Economic Forum". widgets.weforum.org. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  37. ^ Cuddy, Amy (19 March 2012). "Game Changers, Innovators and problem solvers that are inspiring change in America". Time. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012. "Amy Cuddy, Power Poser. Using a few simple tweaks to body language, Harvard researcher Amy Cuddy discovers ways to help people become more powerful"
  38. ^ "Rising Star Award, 2011". Psychological Science. Association for Psychological Science (APS).
  39. ^ "Harvard Business Review". The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  40. ^ "BBC 100 Women: Who is on the list?". BBC News. 1 November 2017.
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