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{{Short description|Type of living street design originally implemented in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium)}} |
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{{Italic title}} |
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The term |
The term {{lang|nl|woonerf}} has been adopted directly by some English-language publications. In the United Kingdom, these areas are called [[home zone]]s. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The word, of Dutch origin, literally translates as |
The word, of Dutch origin, literally translates as {{gloss|living yard}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vta.org/inside/boards/committee_advisory/bpac/agendas_minutes/2012/01_jan/bpac_011112_workshop.pdf |title=Bicycle & Pedestrian Advisory Committee - Agenda - Wednesday, January 11, 2012 |date=11 January 2012 |publisher=[[Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority]] |page=2 |access-date=25 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910041228/http://vta.org/inside/boards/committee_advisory/bpac/agendas_minutes/2012/01_jan/bpac_011112_workshop.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2013 }}</ref> or {{gloss|residential grounds}}.<ref name=Oxford>{{cite web|title=Woonerf|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/woonerf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722232312/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/woonerf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 22, 2013|website=Oxford Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2015-07-13}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Dutch woonerf.jpg|thumb|250px|An old Dutch street turned into a woonerf]] |
[[File:Dutch woonerf.jpg|thumb|250px|An old Dutch street turned into a {{lang|nl|woonerf}}]] |
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Since the invention of automobiles, cities have been predominantly constructed to accommodate the use of automobiles.<ref>{{cite web|last=MacPhee|first=Ian|title=Is Vancouver ready for pedestrian priority streets?|url=http://regardingplace.com/?p=3529|publisher=re:place Magazine|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> |
Since the invention of automobiles, cities have been predominantly constructed to accommodate the use of automobiles.<ref>{{cite web|last=MacPhee|first=Ian|title=Is Vancouver ready for pedestrian priority streets?|url=http://regardingplace.com/?p=3529|publisher=re:place Magazine|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> |
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The ''woonerf'' was created by residents of Delft who tore up pavement late at night to make it so cars had to drive slower to avoid the obstacles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lydon |first=Mike |title=Tactical urbanism: short-term action for long-term change |last2=Garcia |first2=Anthony |date=2015 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-61091-526-7 |series=Urban planning & design |location=Washington, DC |pages=28}}</ref> The ''woonerven'' (plural) was incorporated into the national street design standards in 1976.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ⚫ | In 1999 the Netherlands had over 6000 |
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| ⚫ | In 1999 the Netherlands had over 6000 {{lang|nl|woonerven}}<ref>Home Zones briefing sheet, Robert Huxford, Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, 135, 45-46, February, 1999</ref> and today around 2 million Dutch people are living in ''woonerven''.<ref>{{citation|title=Sterke woonerfwijken: voorkomen is beter dan herstructureren|url=http://g32.nl/DATABANK/Nieuwsarchief/2011/September_2011/Sterke_woonerfwijken_voorkomen_is_beter_dan_herstructureren|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112801/http://g32.nl/DATABANK/Nieuwsarchief/2011/September_2011/Sterke_woonerfwijken_voorkomen_is_beter_dan_herstructureren|archive-date=2014-09-03}}</ref> The benefits of the {{lang|nl|woonerf}} are promoted by {{lang|nl|woonERFgoed}}, a network of professionals and residents.<ref>{{citation|title=The woonerfgoed network|url=http://www.woonerfgoed.nl/int}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | In 2006 it was reported that people in Hesselterbrink, a neighborhood of Emmen, were disillusioned about how the woonerf principle had become another traffic engineering measure that "entailed precious little more than signs and uniform standards". They have now |
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| ⚫ | In 2006 it was reported that people in Hesselterbrink, a neighborhood of Emmen, were disillusioned about how the {{lang|nl|woonerf}} principle had become another traffic engineering measure that "entailed precious little more than signs and uniform standards". They have now adopted the [[shared space]] principles as a way of rethinking the {{lang|nl|woonerf}}. They are reported to "now know that car drivers should become residents. Eye contact and human interaction are more effective means to achieve and maintain attractive and safe areas than signs and rules".<ref name=revisited>{{cite web|title=Final evaluation by imma-san|publisher=Shared Space|year=2006|url=http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/immawidyawatiagustin-693595-final-evaluation-by-imma-san/}}</ref> |
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<ref name=newsletter>{{cite web|title=Woonerf revisited – The Emmen pilot in Shared Space|year=2006|url=http://www.urbansustainability.eu/Odorheiu%20Secuiesc%20Final%20Report/Resources/shared%20space%20documents/Newsletter_4.pdf}}</ref> |
<ref name=newsletter>{{cite web|title=Woonerf revisited – The Emmen pilot in Shared Space|year=2006|url=http://www.urbansustainability.eu/Odorheiu%20Secuiesc%20Final%20Report/Resources/shared%20space%20documents/Newsletter_4.pdf}}</ref> |
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=== Belgium === |
=== Belgium === |
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| ⚫ | Belgian traffic regulation (art. 2.32)<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgian traffic regulation, article 2.32 |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=nl&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwegcode.be%2Fwetteksten%2Fsecties%2Fkb%2Fwegcode%2F100-art2%232.32 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> defines the {{lang|nl|woonerf}} and the generic erf, and their traffic sign. The {{lang|nl|woonerf}} has a residential focus; the erf can have other primary uses like “crafts, trade, tourism, education and recreation”. |
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| ⚫ | Belgian traffic regulation (art. 2.32)<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgian traffic regulation, article 2.32 |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=nl&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwegcode.be%2Fwetteksten%2Fsecties%2Fkb%2Fwegcode%2F100-art2%232.32 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> defines the woonerf and the generic erf, and their traffic sign. The woonerf has a residential focus; the erf can have other primary uses like “crafts, trade, tourism, education and recreation”. |
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In art. 22bis<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgian traffic regulation, art. 22bis |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=nl&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwegcode.be%2Fwetteksten%2Fsecties%2Fkb%2Fwegcode%2F182-art22bis |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> |
In art. 22bis,<ref>{{cite web |title=Belgian traffic regulation, art. 22bis |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=&sl=nl&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwegcode.be%2Fwetteksten%2Fsecties%2Fkb%2Fwegcode%2F182-art22bis |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> the Belgian traffic regulation describes what is and what isn’t allowed in a (woon)erf: |
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{{Blockquote |
{{Blockquote |
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=== Netherlands === |
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Under Article 44 of the Dutch traffic code, motorised traffic in a woonerf or "recreation area" is restricted to |
Under Article 44 of the Dutch traffic code, motorised traffic in a {{lang|nl|woonerf}} or "recreation area" is restricted to 15 km/h in the Netherlands.<ref>[http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/Images/RVV_UK-versie_tcm195-163061.pdf Road Traffic Signs and Regulations in the Netherlands] Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, June 2006 Accessed 7 February 2007.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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*{{citation|title=Where 'Share the Road' Is Taken Literally|author=Paul Hockenos|date=April 26, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/automobiles/where-share-the-road-is-taken-literally.html}} |
*{{citation|title=Where 'Share the Road' Is Taken Literally|author=Paul Hockenos|date=April 26, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/automobiles/where-share-the-road-is-taken-literally.html}} |
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*{{citation|title=Traffic-Restricted Streets: Woonerfs and Transit Malls|author=Paul Chasan|publisher=University of Washington/Open Space Seattle 2100|url=http://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/woonerfs.pdf}} |
*{{citation|title=Traffic-Restricted Streets: Woonerfs and Transit Malls|author=Paul Chasan|publisher=University of Washington/Open Space Seattle 2100|url=http://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/woonerfs.pdf}} |
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*{{citation|date=June 30, 2014 | work=Streetsblog Chicago |publisher=[[OpenPlans]]|title=Woonerf in the West Suburbs Offers a Sneak Peek at Uptown Streetscapes | author= John Greenfield|url=http://chi.streetsblog.org/2014/06/30/a-woonerf-in-the-west-suburbs-offers-a-sneak-peek-at-argyle-shared-street/}} (about a [[Batavia, Illinois]] woonerf) |
*{{citation|date=June 30, 2014 | work=Streetsblog Chicago |publisher=[[OpenPlans]]|title=Woonerf in the West Suburbs Offers a Sneak Peek at Uptown Streetscapes | author= John Greenfield|url=http://chi.streetsblog.org/2014/06/30/a-woonerf-in-the-west-suburbs-offers-a-sneak-peek-at-argyle-shared-street/}} (about a [[Batavia, Illinois]], {{lang|nl|woonerf}}) |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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[[Category:Types of streets]] |
[[Category:Types of streets]] |
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[[Category:Types of roads]] |
[[Category:Types of roads]] |
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[[Category:Cycling in the Netherlands]] |
[[Category:Cycling infrastructure in the Netherlands]] |
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[[Category:Transportation planning]] |
[[Category:Transportation planning]] |
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[[Category:Pedestrian streets in the Netherlands]] |
[[Category:Pedestrian streets in the Netherlands]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:08, 30 November 2024
A woonerf (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋoːnɛr(ə)f]) is a living street, as originally implemented in the Netherlands and subsequently in Flanders (Belgium). Techniques include shared space, traffic calming, and low speed limits.
The term woonerf has been adopted directly by some English-language publications. In the United Kingdom, these areas are called home zones.
Etymology
[edit]The word, of Dutch origin, literally translates as 'living yard'[1] or 'residential grounds'.[2]
History
[edit]
Since the invention of automobiles, cities have been predominantly constructed to accommodate the use of automobiles.[3]
The woonerf was created by residents of Delft who tore up pavement late at night to make it so cars had to drive slower to avoid the obstacles.[4] The woonerven (plural) was incorporated into the national street design standards in 1976.[4]
The entire locality of Emmen in the Netherlands was designed as a woonerf in the 1970s.[5]
In 1999 the Netherlands had over 6000 woonerven[6] and today around 2 million Dutch people are living in woonerven.[7] The benefits of the woonerf are promoted by woonERFgoed, a network of professionals and residents.[8]
In 2006 it was reported that people in Hesselterbrink, a neighborhood of Emmen, were disillusioned about how the woonerf principle had become another traffic engineering measure that "entailed precious little more than signs and uniform standards". They have now adopted the shared space principles as a way of rethinking the woonerf. They are reported to "now know that car drivers should become residents. Eye contact and human interaction are more effective means to achieve and maintain attractive and safe areas than signs and rules".[5] [9]
Regulation
[edit]Belgium
[edit]
Belgian traffic regulation (art. 2.32)[10] defines the woonerf and the generic erf, and their traffic sign. The woonerf has a residential focus; the erf can have other primary uses like “crafts, trade, tourism, education and recreation”.
In art. 22bis,[11] the Belgian traffic regulation describes what is and what isn’t allowed in a (woon)erf:
Within erven and woonerven:
- Pedestrians can use the full width of the public road; and playing is also allowed.
- Drivers may not endanger pedestrians or hinder them; if necessary they must stop. Furthermore they need to be twice as careful regarding children. Pedestrians may not obstruct traffic unnecessarily.
- Speed is limited to 20 km per hour.
- Parking is forbidden, except where there are visual markings like different surface colors, a letter P or traffic signs allowing parking.
Netherlands
[edit]Under Article 44 of the Dutch traffic code, motorised traffic in a woonerf or "recreation area" is restricted to 15 km/h in the Netherlands.[12]
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Bicycle & Pedestrian Advisory Committee - Agenda - Wednesday, January 11, 2012" (PDF). Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. 11 January 2012. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "Woonerf". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-13.
- ^ MacPhee, Ian. "Is Vancouver ready for pedestrian priority streets?". re:place Magazine. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ a b Lydon, Mike; Garcia, Anthony (2015). Tactical urbanism: short-term action for long-term change. Urban planning & design. Washington, DC: Island Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-61091-526-7.
- ^ a b "Final evaluation by imma-san". Shared Space. 2006.
- ^ Home Zones briefing sheet, Robert Huxford, Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, 135, 45-46, February, 1999
- ^ Sterke woonerfwijken: voorkomen is beter dan herstructureren, archived from the original on 2014-09-03
- ^ The woonerfgoed network
- ^ "Belgian traffic regulation, article 2.32". Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ "Belgian traffic regulation, art. 22bis". Retrieved 1 June 2021.
- ^ Road Traffic Signs and Regulations in the Netherlands Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, June 2006 Accessed 7 February 2007.
Further reading
[edit]- Linda Baker (May 2004), "Why don't we do it in the road? A new school of traffic design says we should get rid of stop signs and red lights and let cars, bikes and people mingle together. It sounds insane, but it works.", Salon.com, archived from the original on 2012-01-27
- Paul Hockenos (April 26, 2013), "Where 'Share the Road' Is Taken Literally", The New York Times
- Paul Chasan, Traffic-Restricted Streets: Woonerfs and Transit Malls (PDF), University of Washington/Open Space Seattle 2100
- John Greenfield (June 30, 2014), "Woonerf in the West Suburbs Offers a Sneak Peek at Uptown Streetscapes", Streetsblog Chicago, OpenPlans (about a Batavia, Illinois, woonerf)
External links
[edit]- Case Studies: Woonerf at California Active Transportation Safety Information Pages (UC Berkeley)
- What in the World is a Woonerf? (Canin Associates)